原油乳状液稳定性和破乳研究进展

本文从控制乳状液稳定性的一些因素－界面膜、界面张力、双电层、空间位阻、固体粒子、液晶、油相溶解度、连续相粘度等方面综述了有关乳状液稳定性的一些研究进展。对国内外有关原油乳状液的破乳研究也做了综述。同时，介绍了应用于乳状液稳定性研究的新的实验技术和仪器。     

破乳剂对复合驱乳状液的破乳机理研究

针对模拟采出液和三元复合驱矿场采出液,研究了破乳剂对复合体系界面张力和膜强度的影响.破乳剂浓度增加,二元复合体系界面张力降低,而三元复合体系界面张力升高.破乳剂分子部分顶替乳化剂分子并显著降低了界面膜强度.     

多元复合原油破乳剂的研究和应用

本文评价了几种破乳剂对克拉玛依原油的破乳效果。进行了单剂和复配剂的化学破乳及除油率的筛选。结果表明复配破乳剂在加药浓度、净化油含水和净化水含油、脱水速度等方面均优于单剂。表明复配破乳剂是高效原油破乳剂的研究方向之一。     

微波用于破乳的研究

原油自井下开采出来要穿过窄隙,与水和气混在一起。油中含有沥青质、石油环烷酸;水中含有各种矿物质,都是天然的乳化剂。因此,大量原油将以乳状液的形式被开采出来,大多数为油包水型(W/O),开发到中后期还会出现油包水、水又包油(O/W/O)型。这种原油无法进一步加工,于是,原油脱水成为采油和集输中一个普遍关注的问题。原油脱水国外较多使用化学破乳法,我国各油田多使用电—化学破乳。电—化学脱水法对高含水原油的适应性差,还需增设预脱水工序。而纯化学脱水,试剂昂贵,生产费用较高。因而,近年来人们开始探索将超声技术、微波技术用于破乳。本文考察了微波破乳效果及其机制,并与常规法进行比较。     

研磨破乳的规律及其机理

报道了研磨破乳的实验规律，讨论了研磨破乳的基本步骤：（１）过滤过程中乳状液内相液滴在研磨剂表面铺展成膜并进一步聚结──过滤破乳；（２）研磨剂的相互碰撞使乳状液的分散液滴受到摩擦力和剪切力，导致液滴聚结──研磨破乳。     

原油破乳剂-破乳剂复配的筛选

原油含水增加了储存、输送、炼制过程中设备的负荷,引起设备和管道的结垢或腐蚀。原油脱水是原油生产过程中必不可少的环节。原油中的天然乳化剂有沥青质、胶质、石蜡、石油酸皂及泥质固体颗粒等。乳状液的破坏一般经历分油(crearming)、絮凝(flocculation)、膜(破裂)排水、聚     

微波辐射破乳研究进展

综述了微波辐射破乳的有关研究进展。微波辐射是一种有效的破乳手段，与重力沉降、化学、加热等破乳方法相比，能显著地加速稠油体系，含天然表面活性物质、无机盐、固体粒子、三元复合驱剂等乳状液的破乳，提高破乳效果，并且能够提高破乳脱出水的透光率。无机盐与微波辐射两种破乳方式存在加和作用，在极少量的NaCl，MgCl2，caCl2，KCl存在时，用微波辐射120～150s，破乳率可达100％。微波辐射破乳作为一种很有吸引力的破乳方法已在实验室和油田现场取得成功。     

优秀原油破乳剂所具备的性能初探

原油破乳剂是国内外油田矿场所必需的化学药剂,可在针对性的破乳剂性能选择上一直缺乏系统的理论支持。由于原油组成的复杂性,加上影响形成乳化原油的因素众多,给原油破乳剂的研究工作带来许多困难。本文从原油乳状液的形成机理入手,分析了乳状液的稳定性原因、破乳机理、破乳剂分子结构性能、物化性能与破乳效果,提出了优秀的原油破乳剂所应具备的性能。     

固体粒子稳定的乳状液的微波破乳

固体稳定的乳状液在石油工业中是普遍存在的,为使生产正常进行,这些乳状液必须被处理,从而达到油水分离的目的。     

新型高效原油破乳剂PNT-05的研制与应用

针对中原油田采油六厂二区原油破乳脱水过程中存在的脱水速度慢,乳化中间层厚等问题,通过分子结构设计手段,在非离子型破乳剂基础上,经酯化,在破乳剂分子中引入阳离子基团,合成出季胺盐阳离子型破乳剂PNT－05,利用季胺盐阳离子型破乳剂与助剂复配的方法室内解决了中原油田二区原油破乳脱水过程中顾在的问题,与油田现场用破乳剂相比,新的破乳剂体系脱水速度快,脱水效率高,使乳化中间层变薄或消失,同时探讨了季胺盐阳离子型破乳剂PNT－05的作用机制。     

An Experimental Study on the Viscosity of Water-in-Oil Emulsions

Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions are very common in the petroleum industry, and their viscosities are the principle parameters for the operation design. Typical correlations composed by one or two factors cannot always fit the apparent viscosity of W/O emulsions very well, especially when applied to the crude oil/water emulsions. The viscosities of W/O emulsions, which were made from three kinds of crude oil, were measured by Anton Paar MCR302 viscometer at atmospheric pressure with different temperatures as well as shear rates. The experiment results indicate that W/O emulsion would exhibit Newtonian characteristic when water content is no higher than 0.2 and non-Newtonian characteristic otherwise. According to the experimental data, a modified correlation based on the Broughton–Squires model and Ronningsen model was introduced to predict the viscosity of W/O emulsions, and the comparison results showed that the new modified correlation has better accuracy than the original models.     

Attainment of Emulsions with Liquid Crystal from Marigold Oil Using the Required HLB Method

Development of new formulations for topical use and cosmetic and pharmaceutical delivery agents has increased the complexity of emulsified systems. Liquid crystals, known since the nineteenth century are the third phase of an emulsion, being responsible for increasing its stability and the solubility of substances poorly soluble in water, or the oily phase, modulating the release of drugs imprisoned in its structure and promoting hydration of the skin surface. In the present work we developed oil/water emulsions, making use of Marigold oil (Calendula officinalis L) and ethoxylated fat alcohols as surfactant. The required HLB value for marigold oil was determined to be 6.0. The surfactants were associated in lipophilic/hydrophilic pairs. The lipophilic surfactants were Ceteth‐2 and Steareth‐2 and the hydrophilic surfactants were Steareth‐20, Ceteareth‐20, Ceteareth‐5, and Ceteth‐10. To identify the liquid crystalline phases, the emulsions were analyzed by polarized light microscopy. The physical stability was evaluated by rheology and zeta potential analysis. All emulsions presented lamellar liquid crystal structures. Results showed that this type of surfactant is able to produce liquid crystal in the system, with slight difference in appearance, influencing the physical stability, according to the methods applied.     

Effect of Emulsifier Type on the Characterization of O/W Emulsions Using a Spectroscopy Technique

The droplet size distribution (DSD) of emulsions is the result of two competitive effects that take place during emulsification process, i.e., drop breakup and drop coalescence, and it is influenced by the formulation and composition variables, i.e., nature and amount of emulsifier, mixing characteristics, and emulsion preparation, all of which affect the emulsion stability. The aim of this study is to characterize oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions (droplet size and stability) in terms of surfactant concentration and surfactant composition (sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS)/Tween 80 mixture). Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) transmission spectroscopy has been applied to obtain droplet size and stability of the emulsions and the verification of emulsion stability with the relative cleared volume technique (time required for a certain amount of emulsion to separate as a cleared phase). It is demonstrated that the DSD of the emulsions is a function of the oil concentration and the surfactant composition with higher stability for emulsions prepared with higher SDBS ratio and lower relative cleared volume with the time. Results also show that smaller oil droplets are generated with increasing Tween 80 ratio and emulsifier concentration.     

Application of the response surface methodology for modeling demulsification of crude oil emulsion using a demulsifier

The main objective of this research is to determine the capability of four surface-active compounds namely poly(ethylene glycol) distearate, N,N-dimethyldodecylamine N–oxide solution, polyoxyethylene (10) tridecyl ether, and polyethylene glycol sorbitan monooleate as demulsifier agents in breaking water-in-crude oil emulsion through the bottle test method. The influence of temperature, concentration, water content, and pH on demulsification efficiency of the studied demulsifiers was investigated via the response surface methodology (RSM) and the central composite design method (CCD) was applied to design the experiments. The optimum values of input variables to obtain the maximum water separation efficiency were determined based on the developed model by analyze of variance (ANOVA). The R-squared values demonstrate that the developed models could appropriately predict the experimental results of all demulsifier agents.     

十二烷基苯磺酰胺喹啉作载体的液膜法提取水中铅的研究

研究了十二烷基苯磺酰胺喹啉萃取铅（Ⅱ）的行为。研究表明，此种萃取剂在一定的条件下，能有效萃取铅（Ⅱ），并采用斜率法探讨了对铅（Ⅱ）的萃取机理。在此基础上，研究了该萃取剂作为载体的乳状液膜对铅的提取。     

Span80-TBP-NaOH体系破乳方法及膜内反应研究

采用Span80-TBP-NaOH体系乳状液膜法提取红土矿浸出液中的镍,对提取分离后的乳液进行破乳实验,经过加热-离心联合破乳法,破乳率可达90%.通过比较提取镍前后,乳液的红外光谱图,证明了膜内反应的发生;通过比较原始油相和破乳后油相的红外光谱图,证明了破乳后油相的重复利用性.     

Study on the oscillating phenomena of electrical potential across a liquid membrane

The electrical oscillations across a liquid membrane in water/oil/water system was studied with octanol as oil phase by introducing two opposite charged surfactants in oil and aqueous phase, respectively. The sustained and rhythmic oscillation was observed. To a certain extent, the features of the oscillation (e.g. induction time, frequency, life time and orientation of the pulse pikes) strongly depend on the property of surfactant, dissolved in octanol. The mechanism may be explained by the formation and destruction of dual-ion surfactant membrane accompanying with emulsification at the interface and considering the coupling effect of diffusion and associated reaction in the vicinity of the interface.     

无机盐对支状嵌段聚醚破乳作用的影响

通过阴离子聚合反应合成了一种七支状聚氧丙烯/聚氧乙烯(PPO/PEO)三嵌段聚醚;考察了不同无机盐存在时对原油乳状液的破乳效果的影响;通过界面张力、浊点和界面膨胀流变性的测定探讨了其界面聚集行为和破乳作用对无机盐的依赖性.结果表明,盐溶型无机离子存在时,能提高聚醚的破乳效果,而盐析型无机离子存在时,不利于聚醚的破乳作用;温度升高破乳速度加快,但45℃时脱出的水质最清.     

高压差示扫描量热法评价抗氧剂对润滑油基础油氧化稳定性的影响

结合环境友好润滑油产品的开发工作,利用高压差示扫描量热法(PDSC)研究了3种典型抗氧剂T501(2,6-二叔丁基对甲基苯酚)、T531(N-苯基-α-萘胺)和DNA(二壬基二苯胺)对菜籽油氧化稳定性的影响,并考察了浓度对抗氧剂作用效果的影响。结果证明,PDSC是一种快速简便评价基础油氧化稳定性的方法,适用于抗氧剂的筛选工作。另外,根据阿仑尼乌斯公式计算了不同油样氧化反应的表观活化能。     

水热合成CdS纳米晶体的形貌控制研究

研究了水热合成CdS纳米晶体形貌的化学控制，选择不同的络合试剂为模板,研究其对水热合成CdS纳米晶体形貌的影响.实验发现若以络合试剂乙二胺、甲胺为模板时，产品CdS晶体的形貌分别为（20～30） nm×（200～600） nm和（40～50） nm×（200～600） nm尺寸的纳米棒;而以络合试剂吡啶、 氨为模板时，产品CdS晶体的形貌分别为平均尺寸约30 nm和20 nm的纳米颗粒.用XRD、TEM、XPS、PL和Raman光谱等技术对所得CdS纳米棒进行了表征.同时对水热合成CdS纳米晶体形貌的模板控制机制进行了探讨，提出了一种水热合成CdS纳米棒的络合物结构诱导生长机理.