Precipitation Rate of Calcium Sulphate Crystals

Results of experiments with continuous neutralisation of sulphuric acid with milk of lime have been used for the calculation of the nucleation and growth rates of calcium sulphate dihydrate. The treatment is based on experimental values of the mass of deposited crystals and of the supersaturation measured for varying experimental conditions. The data so obtained are compared with values published in the literature.     

Precipitation of Strontium Sulphate

Precipitation of unseeded supersaturated aqueous solutions of SrSO₄ and growth of SrSO₄ crystals at the size of approximately 20 μm were studied. Within the examined range of supersaturations, i.e. S_a < 16, the nucleation in aqueous solutions is controlled by the heterogeneous nucleation mechanism. The induction period of precipitation depends on the rates of both the nucleation and growth of the formed nuclei. The growth of SrSO₄ crystals in supersaturated solutions at S ⪅ 5.6 is of the 2nd order with respect to the concentration and at temperatures 25 ÷ 45°C the process is controlled by the surface reaction mechanism. The number of crystals in the precipitated slurry is decreasing rapidly as a result of the Ostwald maturing.     

Semi-Batch Precipitation of Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate

Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) formation on the semi-batch precipitation of CaCl₂ and Na₂C₂O₄ solutions in the stoichiometric ratio carried out at pH = 6 and 37 or 70°C, respectively, was studied. When a certain level of supersaturation in the system is reached, individual COM crystals of a rather uniform size are formed. These crystals then grown and form ‘loose’ agglomerates that later develop into compact and spherical particles. The particle size distribution (PSD) rapidly shifts during early stages of precipitation towards larger sizes as a result of crystal growth and agglomeration. Later the PSD reaches a shape and position on the size axis that remain virtually constant with progressing precipitation. COM agglomerates consisting of mainly intergrown crystals are formed by mechanism of primary and secondary agglomeration. The primary agglomeration can constitute an important factor in urolithiasis.     

大豆脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀的多因素影响分析

本文探究了多个影响因素对大豆脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀(SICP)的影响,以优选出主要影响因素并提供其最佳范围.首先分析了脲酶浓度和温度对脲酶活性的影响;之后通过正交实验设计,进行25种工况的SICP水溶液实验,研究不同因素组合下Ca2+利用率的变化规律;最后借助扫描电子显微镜观测不同工况下生成碳酸钙的形态.结果表明:低温有利...     

Batch Precipitation of Potash Alum Crystals by Mixing Aqueous Solutions of the Component Salts

The effects of temperature, supersaturation, excess of reacting component salts and method of precipitation on the batchwise precipitation of potash alum crystals, by mixing aqueous solutions of potassium sulphate and aluminium sulphate, have been investigated. From the primary characteristics of the process (crystal size, size distribution and yield) relative crystal growth rates and relative nucleation rates are calculated and interrelation of these rates with the corresponding supersaturation leads to a value of the nucleation order. It is concluded that secondary nucleation plays an important role in the batch precipitation of potash alum crystals.     

PASP调控球形碳酸钙沉积过程研究

本文以聚天冬氨酸(PASP)为有机质模板,采用碳化法研究了水溶液中碳酸钙的沉积过程,利用FT-IR、XRD、SEM及粒度分析等方法对碳酸钙沉积样品晶型和晶貌进行了表征,并结合生物矿化的基本原理分析了晶体形成和成长变化过程.结果表明,有机质PASP能够调控碳酸钙沉积由方解石型转变为球霰石型,晶体形貌由菱形转变为球形,同时晶体平均粒径减小64.3;,且粒径分布收窄.主要原因是PASP模板中相邻两-COO-间距离与Ca2+的12配位体空间构型中的两个氧原子间距离相匹配,碳酸钙颗粒经过介晶形成了表面为小颗粒附着的球形晶体,PASP吸附在颗粒表面能够抑制晶体生长.     

Growth Kinetics of Adenine Sulphate Crystals

The kinetics of growth and dissolution of adenine sulphate in 1.5 mol · 1⁻¹ H₂SO₄ at different super- and undersaturations has been studied. The solubility of adenine sulphate in H₂SO₄ was determined over the temperature range 20–50 °C. The growth rate of the (100) face is by about 25% higher than that of (111) and the crystal habit is changed by a high supersaturation almost to a bipyramide. The surface diffusion was determined as a prevailing processes and the BaS model gives the best fit with experimental data.     

Growth Kinetics of Barium Sulphate in Suspension

The growth rate of barium sulphate seed crystals from stirred solutions was studied conductometrically at 25°C by a stopped-flow technique. The supersaturation ranged from 3 × 10⁻⁷ to 3 × 10⁻⁸ mol BaSO₄/cm³. The seed crystals were grown in the system during the initial (steady-state) period of the experiment. Crystal size distributions were determined by optical microscopy. The growth rate of barium sulphate under the conditions of the experiments can be expressed by a quadratic function of supersaturation. The results, which suggest an interface rate-controlling mechanism, are discussed with respect to published data.     

Growth and Kinetic Measurements of Triglycine Sulphate Crystals

Synthesis and two-step recrystallisation have been used to produce TGS basic substance. Kinetic measurements have been performed for (110)-type face on a large scale of supersaturations up to about 3%. Evidences of impurity influence for small supersaturation and the “coverage” effect has been estimated.     

Nucleation Studies in Supersaturated Triglycine Sulphate Solutions

Rates of nucleation of supersaturated aqueous solutions of Triglycine sulphate are measured by the induction period over the temperature range 30–50 °C. The effects of temperature and supersaturation on the induction period are reported. The interfacial tension, energy of formation and radius of the critical nuclei of the crystal are calculated in accordance with classical nucleation theory. Nucleation rate increases with increase in supersaturation and temperature, while interfacial tension decreases with increase in temperature.     

Growth of Potassium Sulphate Crystals by Silica Gel Technique

Single and transparent crystals of potassium sulphate up to 30 × 3 × 3 mm in size have been grown by silica gel technique, using various methods (two-layers three-layers and hybrid gel technique) which are described. The effects of the three differents alcohols (used as top solutions) upon the quality and nucleation of crystals are also reported. The “growth and equilibrium” morphologies and microstructures of the habit faces are discussed.     

On Isotropic Points in Potassium Ammonium Sulphate Crystals

Crystallography Reports - An effect of uniaxial pressure on the spectral and temperature dependences of birefringence of K1.75[NH4]0.25SO4 single crystals has been studied. Different changes in the...     

Effect of Selected Parameters on Crystallization of Copper Sulphate Pentahydrate

Different batch cooling modes (quick and slow cooling with constant cooling rate, program-med cooling with nearly constant supersaturation) of copper sulphate aqueous solutions have been studied in order to find best conditions for the investigation of the effect of additives on crystallization. Three types of additives (solvents, ionic substances and surfactants) have been used and their effect on crystal size, habit and yield was studied.     

Precipitation of magnesium hydroxide

Mg(OH)₂ was precipitated from MgCl₂ and NaOH solutions in a continuous agitated reactor and the effects of the solutions concentration, residence time of suspension in the reactor and stoichiometric ratio of the reacting components on the properties of Mg(OH)₂ were studied. The properties of the resulting suspension were evaluated on the basis of its filtration resistance α as determined by a filtration test. The value of α is inversely proportional to mean residence time of the suspension in the reactor and it depends, at the same time, on the ratio of concentration of the precipitated solutions γ = [MgCl₂]/[NaOH]. A critical value of γ can be assessed for a continuous reactor and when this value is exceeded a comparatively well filtering suspension with α ≦ 10¹² m · kg⁻¹ is always obtained. The relationship between α and the parameters of the precipitation process was expressed quantitatively within the framework of the exiting theories.     

Some Factors Influencing the Rate of Heterogeneous Nucleation of Strontium Sulphate

The effect of the agitation intensity on nucleation, agglomeration, ripening, and recrystallization of SrSO₄ crystals prepared by batch precipitation of equimolar solutions of SrCl₂ and Na₂SO₄ (0.01, 0.015, and 0.02 M) at 25 °C was investigated. The dependence of the SrSO₄ crystals shape and number on the time of the suspension ageing was also studied.     

硫酸钾铵混晶组成及特性研究

采用恒速冷却的方法首次制备出不同组分的[(NH4)1-xKx]2SO4(0＜x＜1)单晶,并分别对固溶体晶体进行了XRD、XRSD、FTIR、SEM和TG-DTA表征,获得了晶胞参数、晶相组成及热物性规律.结果表明,制备得到硫酸钾铵和硫酸铵钾两类固溶体,其中硫酸钾铵单晶为四棱柱外形,硫酸铵钾单晶为六棱球外形;同时得到,同类固溶体晶体结构相似,但都属于正交晶系;随着NH4+浓度降低,热重损失减少,热稳定性增强.     

硫酸盐对KDP晶体完整性的影响

本文利用高分辨X射线衍射技术,在"点籽晶"陕速生长法基础上,研究了掺杂K2SO4对KDP晶体锥面及柱面扇形结构完整性的影响.结果表明,在5×10-5的掺杂条件下,K2SO4对KDP晶体不同扇形区域的影响略有不同,其原因主要在于[SO42-]与KDP晶体各扇形相互作用不同有关.     

Influence of the pH-Value on the Metastable Zone Width of Potassium Sulphate

Aqueous solution of the potassium sulphate with addition of sulphuric acid or potassium hydroxide has been chosen for the metastable zone width measurements in order to check how the solution structure affects the nucleation. Hydration analysis of corresponding sub-systems indicated involved structure changes. The solubility of K₂SO₄ increases with addition of H₂SO₄ and decreases with addition of KOH. The hydration analysis has shown that low acid concentrations have an inexpressive effect on the structure of solution. Much distinct effect exhibit low concentrations of the hydroxide. The metastable zone width decreases with increasing the value of pH. This decrease is less perceptible in the acidic region but more distinct in the alkaline region. The same holds for the critical nucleus size L* and the specific surface energy σ*. The behaviour quoted above supports the conception that the pH affects the solution structure and that the latter has a significant effect on the nucleation.     

Microcomputer Programming of Temperature in a Batch Cooling Crystallizer

A new highly flexible batch crystallizer control system and suite of software using a BBC model B microcomputer to programme the cooling rate and log data is described. The programs were tested satisfactorily with the cooling crystallization of potassium sulphate solutions. Both linear and controlled cooling increased the mean crystal size with lower coefficient of variation compared to natural cooling crystallization with a consequent improvement in filtrability characteristics.     

Effect of Doping and Irradiation on Optical Parameters of Triglycine Sulphate Single Crystals

Crystals of triglycine sulphate (TGS) doped with orthonitroaniline (ONA) irradiated with different doses of gamma-radiation were used to investigate gamma-radiation effect on electrical and optical parameters. The absorption coefficient and the reflectance were measured and hence the extinction coefficient, the optical refractive index and the dielectric constants (e_r′, e_r″) of unirradiated and irradiated TGS crystals were calculated. Values of the allowed indirect optical energy gap E_g^opt. of TGS doped with ONA were calculated as a function of gamma-dose. Value of E_g^opt. decreases from 4.72 eV to 4.25 eV with increasing gamma-doses from 0 up to 3 Mrad. The values of the static dielectric constant e_r(0) and the effective electrical conductivity sigma₀ at room temperature and their dependence on gamma-dose were also calculated.