Helical Mode Absolute Statistical Equilibrium of Ideal Three-Dimensional Hall Magnetohydrodynamics

Using the Fourier helical decomposition,we obtain the absolute statistical equilibrium spectra of left-and righthanded helical modes in the incompressible ideal Hall magnetohydrodynamics(MHD). It is shown that the left-handed helical modes play a major role on the spectral transfer properties of turbulence when the generalized helicity and magnetic helicity are both positive. In contrast, the right-handed helical modes will play a major role when both are negative. Furthermore, we also find that if the generalized helicity and magnetic helicity have opposite signs, the tendency of equilibrium spectra to condense at the large or small wave numbers will be presented in different helical sectors. This indicates that the generalized helicity dominates the forward cascade and the magnetic helicity dominates the inverse cascade properties of the Hall MHD turbulence.     

Hall Effects on Magnetic Relaxation

A generalized vorticity is introduced whose self-linkage (the hybrid helicity) and flux are invariants of ideal incompressible magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) when the Hall term is included. A model of magnetofluid relaxation is constructed for Hall magnetohydrodynamics by assuming that the energy seeks the minimum value compatible with constrained values of magnetic helicity, hybrid helicity, axial magnetic flux, and fluid vorticity flux. As a result of the coupling of magnetic field to fluid vorticity in the generalized vorticity, it is found that the relaxed magnetic-field configuration need not be force free. The presence of a nonvanishing fluid vorticity is shown to be necessary for the existence of relaxed magnetic-field configurations that confine a finite plasma pressure. The study has potential relevance to the dynamics and morphology of space and cosmic plasmas, as well as to pressure confinement and current drive in fusion plasmas.     

Variational principle in canonical variables,Weber transformation,and complete set of the local integrals of motion for dissipation-free magnetohydrodynamics

The intriguing problem of the “missing” MHD integrals of motion is solved in this paper; i.e., analogues of the Ertel, helicity, and vorticity invariants are obtained. The two latter have been discussed earlier in the literature only for specific cases, and the Ertel invariant is presented for the first time. The set of ideal MHD invariants obtained appears to be complete: to each hydrodynamic invariant corresponds its MHD generalization. These additional invariants are found by means of the fluid velocity decomposition based on its representation in terms of generalized potentials. This representation follows from the discussed variational principle in Hamiltonian (canonical) variables, and it naturally decomposes the velocity field into the sum of “hydrodynamic” and “ magnetic” parts. The “missing” local invariants are expressed in terms of the “ hydrodynamic” part of the velocity and therefore depend on the (nonunique) velocity decomposition; i.e., they are gauge-dependent. Nevertheless, the corresponding conserved integral quantities can be made decomposition-independent by the appropriate choice of the initial conditions for the generalized potentials. It is also shown that the Weber transformation of MHD equations (partial integration of the MHD equations) leads to the velocity representation coinciding with that following from the variational principle with constraints. The necessity of exploiting the complete form of the velocity representation in order to deal with general-type MHD flows (nonbarotropic, rotational, and with all possible types of breaks as well) in terms of single-valued potentials is also under discussion. The new basic invariants found allow one to widen the set of the local invariants on the basis of the well-known recursion procedure.     

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通过数值模拟研究了欧姆定律中的Hall效应修正对MHD湍流的能量衰减的影响。在低或没有磁螺旋性约束的情况下推导出了 t–1能量衰减律。     

Characteristics of plasma Beltrami states

Beltrami states in several models of plasma dynamics – incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model, barotropic compressible MHD model, incompressible Hall MHD model, barotropic compressible Hall MHD model, electron MHD model, barotropic compressible Hall MHD with electron inertia model, are considered. Notwithstanding the diversity of the physics underlying the various models, the Beltrami states are shown to exhibit some common features like – certain robustness with respect to the plasma compressibility effects (albeit in the barotropy assumption), the Bernoulli condition. The Beltrami states for these models are deduced by minimizing the appropriate total energy while keeping the appropriate total helicity constant.     

Helicity redistribution during relaxation of astrophysical plasmas

We present the first 3D numerical MHD simulations that show that Taylor's relaxation conjecture is not satisfied in some MHD evolution of magnetic configurations encountered in solar physics. We show that magnetic helicity can be slowly injected through the boundary into a magnetic configuration which then evolves into a MHD disruption, with the formation in finite time of a current sheet through which reconnection occurs, leading to a release of magnetic energy. While helicity is well conserved during the process, it is shown that the relaxed state is far from the constant- alpha linear force-free field that would be predicted by Taylor's conjecture.     

Magnetohydrodynamics in solar coronal and laboratory plasmas: A comparative study

In this review we discuss the application of MHD theory to plasma in two contexts: the solar atmosphere and magnetically confined fusion experiments. The MHD equations are set up, and their relevance to the two systems discussed. It is shown that in both cases the resistivity is small, and the magnetic field is strong, so that similar physical behaviour should be expected. Three areas of research with relevance to both systems are described, the basic theory and some recent developments being outlined. These are magnetostatic equilibrium, linear stability theory and wave propagation, and relaxation of magnetic fields and helicity conservation.     

Rotamak中离子运动对旋转磁场电流驱动的影响

研究了旋转磁场电流驱动理论模型中离子运动的影响。考虑无限长的等离子体柱,在二维(r, θ)磁流体理论模型的基础上,采用电子运动方程和离子运动方程,并考虑离子的径向运动速度,建立了新的二维磁流体理论模型。然后把得出的结果与离子静止模型下的结果进行比较,并讨论了相应的物理过程。这个模型同样适用于平行于磁场线(Z方向)的流动效应和场旋转位形的压力平衡的理论计算。     

Analytical studies on the evolution processes of rarefied deuterium plasma shell Z-pinch by PIC and MHD simulations

In this paper, we analytically explore the magnetic field and mass density evolutions obtained in particle-in-cell(PIC)and magnetohydrodynamics(MHD) simulations of a rarefied deuterium shell Z-pinch and compare those results, and also we study the effects of artificially increased Spitzer resistivity on the magnetic field evolution and Z-pinch dynamic process in the MHD simulation. There are significant differences between the profiles of mass density in the PIC and MHD simulations before 45 ns of the Z-pinch in this study. However, after the shock formation in the PIC simulation,the mass density profile is similar to that in the MHD simulation in the case of using multiplier 2 to modify the Spitzer resistivity. Compared with the magnetic field profiles of the PIC simulation of the shell, the magnetic field diffusion has still not been sufficiently revealed in the MHD simulation even though their convergence ratios become the same by using larger multipliers in the resistivity. The MHD simulation results suggest that the magnetic field diffusion is greatly enhanced by increasing the Spitzer resistivity used, which, however, causes the implosion characteristic to change from shock compression to weak shock, even shockless evolution, and expedites the expansion of the shell. Too large a multiplier is not suggested to be used to modify the resistivity in some Z-pinch applications, such as the Z-pinch driven inertial confinement fusion(ICF) in a dynamic hohlraum. Two-fluid or Hall MHD model, even the PIC/fluid hybrid simulation would be considered as a suitable physical model when there exist the plasma regions with very low density in the simulated domain.     

Generalized Ohm’s law and potential equation in computational weakly-ionized plasmadynamics

A variant of the generalized Ohm’s law that is suited for a weakly-ionized multicomponent plasma in a magnetic field is here derived. The latter takes into consideration the current due to the non-neutrality of the plasma, the current due to the Hall effect, and the currents due to the ion slip associated with each type of ion. An equation for the electric field potential applicable to a non-neutral multicomponent plasma in the presence of a magnetic field is then presented. Despite some similarities between the potential equation and the Poisson equation, it is argued that the discretization of the potential equation cannot be accomplished in the same manner by using only central differences. It is here proven (and subsequently verified through a test case) that when the plasma exhibits conjunctly a high Hall parameter and a high electrical conductivity gradient, the centered stencils introduce spurious oscillations which can lead to severe numerical error. A novel discretization of the potential equation consisting of a blend of central and upwind differences is then presented. The proposed scheme is consistently monotonic for any value of the Hall parameter and is second-order accurate except in the vicinity of discontinuities.     

Integral invariants for non-barotropic flows in a four dimensional space time manifold

Properties of non-barotropic flows are described using Lie derivatives of differential forms in a Euclidean four dimensional space-time manifold. Vanishing of the Lie derivative implies that the corresponding physical quantity remains invariant along the integral curves of the flow. Integral invariants of non-barotropic perfect and viscous flows are studied using the concepts of relative and absolute invariance of forms. The four dimensional expressions for the rate of change of the generalized circulation, generalized vorticity flux, generalized helicity and generalized parity in the case of ideal and viscous non-barotropic flows are thereby obtained.     

高超声速飞行器磁控热防护霍尔电场数值方法研究

作为一种新概念高超声速热防护手段,磁控热防护系统在实际应用中往往需要考虑霍尔效应的影响.为了在真实气体环境下求解霍尔电场,采用交替隐式近似因子分解法建立并验证了热化学非平衡流体域电场数值求解方法.分析了电场虚拟步进因子和收敛性的关系以及影响步进因子取值的因素,提出了当地变步进因子加速电场收敛方法.研究表明,存在一个最优的步进因子a_p使得霍尔电场收敛速度最快,并且随网格尺度的减小和霍尔系数的增加,最优步进因子a_p变大,电势场收敛速率变慢.对于局部加密网格而言,当地变步进因子法的电势收敛性明显优于常规的定步进因子法.     

Hyperbolic Divergence Cleaning for the MHD Equations

In simulations of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) processes the violation of the divergence constraint causes severe stability problems. In this paper we develop and test a new approach to the stabilization of numerical schemes. Our technique can be easily implemented in any existing code since there is no need to modify the solver for the MHD equations. It is based on a modified system in which the divergence constraint is coupled with the conservation laws by introducing a generalized Lagrange multiplier. We suggest a formulation in which the divergence errors are transported to the domain boundaries with the maximal admissible speed and are damped at the same time. This corrected system is hyperbolic and the density, momentum, magnetic induction, and total energy density are still conserved. In comparison to results obtained without correction or with the standard “divergence source terms,” our approach seems to yield more robust schemes with significantly smaller divergence errors.     

Vortical dynamics of spinning quantum plasmas: helicity conservation

It is shown that a vorticity, constructed from the spin field of a quantum spinning plasma, combines with the classical generalized vorticity (representing the magnetic and the velocity fields) to yield a new grand generalized vorticity that obeys the standard vortex dynamics. Expressions for the quantum or spin vorticity and for the resulting generalized helicity invariant are derived. Reduction of the rather complex spinning quantum system to a well known and highly investigated classical form opens familiar channels for the delineation of physics peculiar to dense plasmas spanning solid state to astrophysical objects. A simple example is worked out to show that the magnetics of a spinning plasma can be much richer than that of the corresponding classical system.     

Relation between Hall-magnetohydrodynamics and the kinetic Alfvén wave

Effects of a finite ion temperature on the Hall magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), which breaks down for a finite ion temperature, are clarified in terms of a rigorous three-field kinetic dispersion relation. The MHD mode equation becomes anisotropic with respect to the ion pressure because of the double adiabaticity in ion dynamics.     

Three-dimensional structures of MHD flow in a disk generator

Three-dimensional nonuniform plasmas and boundary layers have been studied numerically under an MHD interaction. The nonuniform plasma of “streamer” owing to weak ionization of seed material has a spiral structure in the r-&thetas; plane, and the plasma becomes almost uniform between the walls in the r-z plane. This structure is almost the same as that in our previous paper (1997), where the gas (heavy particle) properties are assumed to be invariant and steady. In addition to the streamer, the nonuniform plasma of “domain” owing to weak ionization of noble gas is revealed. The domain has the structure perpendicular to the streamer. In a strong MHD interaction case, the static pressure considerably increases in the upstream region of a generation channel, and the pseudo-shock waves appear in the generator, but the plasma is almost uniform along the &thetas; direction. The boundary layer in the strong MHD interaction is considerably thick, and in the broad region near the wall the Hall current flows reversely. In the weak MHD interaction case, the plasma forms a nonuniform structure along the &thetas; direction, and the Hall current does not always flow in the opposite direction even on the insulator wall since the azimuthal electric field is not zero     

Link invariants of electromagnetic fields

The cross-helicity integral is known in fluid dynamics and plasma physics as a topological invariant which measures the mutual linkage of two divergence-free vector fields, e.g., magnetic fields, on a three-dimensional domain. Generalizing this concept, a new topological invariant is found which measures the mutual linkage of three closed two-forms, e.g., electromagnetic fields, on a four-dimensional domain. The integral is shown to detect a separation of the cross helicity between two of the fields with the help of the third field. It can be related to the triple linking number known in knot theory. Furthermore, it is shown that the well-known three-dimensional cross helicity and the new four-dimensional invariant are the first two examples of a series of topological invariants which are defined by n-1 field strengths F=dA on a simply connected n-dimensional manifold M(n).     

Quantitative, comprehensive, analytical model for magnetic reconnection in Hall magnetohydrodynamics

Dissipation-independent, or "fast", magnetic reconnection has been observed computationally in Hall magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and predicted analytically in electron MHD. However, a quantitative analytical theory of reconnection valid for arbitrary ion inertial lengths, d{i}, has been lacking and is proposed here for the first time. The theory describes a two-dimensional reconnection diffusion region, provides expressions for reconnection rates, and derives a formal criterion for fast reconnection in terms of dissipation parameters and d{i}. It also confirms the electron MHD prediction that both open and elongated diffusion regions allow fast reconnection, and reveals strong dependence of the reconnection rates on d{i}.     

Effects of hall current on MHD Couette flow in a rotating system with arbitrary magnetic field

Author has studied the MHD Couette flow in a rotating environment with non- conducting walls in the presence of an arbitrary magnetic field. The solution in dimensionless form contains four pertinent flow parameters, viz. the Hartmann number, the rotation parameter which is the reciprocal of the Ekman number, the Hall current parameter, and the angle of inclination of the magnetic field to the positive direction of the axis of rotation. An interplay of hydromagnetic force and Coriolis force with an inclusion of Hall current plays a significant role in determining the MHD flow behaviour. The velocity and induced magnetic field distributions are depicted graphically. Also, the numerical results of shear stresses and the rate of mass flows are presented graphically.     

Computation of the electric potential and the Lorentz force in a locally ionized magnetohydrodynamic flow in a nonuniform magnetic field for a transverse flow past a circular cylinder

An analytical solution to electrodynamic equations is obtained for the electric potential in a locally ionized magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow for a transverse flow past a circular cylinder in the non-uniform magnetic field of a rectilinear conductor. Analytical formulas for computing the volume density of the Lorentz force acting on the flow in a locally ionized MHD flow are obtained for the case of the conducting and nonconducting surfaces of the cylinder. The influence of the Hall parameter and width of the MHD interaction region on the value of the Lorentz force is analyzed. It is demonstrated that the Lorentz force, which accelerates and not decelerates the flow, appears under certain conditions near the surface of the cylinder in the neighborhood of the critical point.