母乳中钙、铁、锌含量与婴儿身高及体重关系的研究

对产后1－6个月的乳母及其婴儿分别进行了乳汗中钙、铁、锌含量测定和婴儿身高、体重测量。结果显示，母乳中钙、铁含量与国内资料接近， 而锌含量偏低；乳汁中的铁和锌含量随喂养时间延长而逐渐下降；钙含量在四个月半前无明显变化，五个月后呈下降趋势。相关统计结果表明，乳汁中的钙、铁与婴儿的身高、体重无显著相关（P＞0．05），锌与婴儿身高、体重呈显著正相关（P＜0．01）。     

母血、脐血、母乳锌、铁、硒水平配对分析

目的:了解母血、脐血、母乳之间锌、铁、硒含量的相关性。方法:对5 6例正常产妇进行了母血、脐血、母乳锌、铁、硒含量的配对分析。结果:各样本中锌在母乳中的含量比脐血中高,其差异具有显著性,P <0. 0 5 ;锌在脐血中的含量显著高于母血中,P <0 . 0 1 ;铁在脐血中含量明显高于母血,而母血又明显高于母乳,P <0 . 0 1 ;脐血、母血、母乳硒含量依次升高,其间差异不明显;母血与脐血中的锌含量具有明显的相关性(r =0 .478,P <0 .0 1 ) ,铁也具有相似的变化(r=0 . 5 2 2 ,P <0 . 0 1 ) ;母血与母乳中的锌、铁也具有相关性(r =0. 3 5 6) ,P <0 . 0 5 ;r =0. 42 1 ,P <0 . 0 1 )。结论:锌、铁、硒为胎儿生长发育中的重要元素,在母乳中含有大量的锌和硒,故应提倡母乳喂养,但4个月后应添加含铁辅食,补充母乳中铁的不足。     

母乳中甲硝唑、替硝唑测定及药代动力学

采用高效液相色谱法测定哺乳妇女单剂量静滴甲硝唑 ( 2 0mg/kg ,n =8)、替硝唑 ( 1 3mg/kg ,n =7)乳汁药物浓度 ,色谱柱为 pecoshereC1 8( 3μm ,3.3cm× 4.6mm) ,氯仿提取乳汁中药物 ,其平均回收率大于 88.8% .乳汁中甲硝唑与替硝唑药代动力学参数tmax,Cmax,t1 / 2Ke分别为 1 .7± 1 .0h ,2 0 .1 0± 4.95μg/mL ,6.4± 3.3h和 1 .3±0 .6h ,1 7.2 3± 3.1 2 μg/mL ,1 1 .0± 3.5h .     

深圳市母乳中铅水平的调查分析

采用原子吸收法测定了深圳市300例母乳中的铅含量。结果表明,小于100μg/kg有297人,100～317μg/kg有3人;深圳市2月龄母乳喂养的婴儿在铅含量水平上是处于安全喂养水平,但是以私家车作为主要外出工具的受试者乳铅含量水平要高于其它各组,因此需要加强深圳市儿童铅含量水平的长期监测和环境铅污染治理工作。     

贵州省两县市6岁以下儿童营养健康状况调查

为了解学龄前儿童营养健康状况，进一步开展营养干预改善工作，对两县市的821名儿童进行了营养健康状况、患病情况等调查，结果表明儿童中低体重发生率为20％，生长迟缓发生率为28．9％，两者在2－6岁的儿童中发生率较高，调查前两周儿童呼吸系统疾病和腹泻的发生率也较高。提出了进一步改善儿童营养健康状况的建议措施。     

消化道肿瘤患者术前营养状况分析

为了解消化道肿瘤患者术前的营养状况,给制订术前患者营养干预方案提供依据,运用NRS-2002和24 h回顾膳食调查法对120例消化道肿瘤患者术前进行了营养评价和膳食调查.结果表明,NRS-2002评分结果,有67.5%患者存在营养不良风险,且年龄越大营养不良风险发生率越高;膳食调查结果,消化道肿瘤患者术前实际营养素摄入...     

母乳中多种含卤持久性有机污染物的联合检测方法

建立了母乳中多种含卤持久性有机污染物(POPs)的联合检测方法,目标化合物主要包括六溴环十二烷(HBCDs)、多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)等.样品的前处理采用液液萃取、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)净化和固相萃取(SPE)等技术,目标化合物经气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)、液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱联用仪(LC-MS/MS)和气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱联用仪(GC-MS/MS)等进行检测.样品通过GPC除去脂肪,然后经SPE柱进一步净化并进行多组分分离,极大程度地减小了生物样品中复杂基质的干扰,适合样品量相对较小的人体样本中多种超痕量POPs的分析.应用灵敏度高、选择性更好的GC-MS/MS对样品中的PCBs和OCPs等进行分析,进一步降低基质的干扰.方法经过小牛血清加标实验验证,稳定可靠.POPs的加标回收率分别为88.7％～98.8％(PBDEs), 88.5％～92.5％(HBCDs), 67.9％～82.3％(PCBs)和81.7％～116.1％(OCPs),方法检出限分别为0.13～1.8 pg/mL(PBDEs), 0.31～1.2 pg/mL(HBCDs), 0.22～1.4 pg/mL(PCBs)和0.20～1.5 pg/mL(OCPs).采用本方法对潍坊地区20例母乳样品进行分析,结果显示,潍坊市母乳中HBCDs, PBDEs, PCBs、HCHs和DDTs的中值浓度分别为2.86, 7.76, 8.84、140和503 ng/g 脂重,此浓度水平与国内其它地区人群相当.     

景德镇市陶瓷业家庭婴幼儿铅中毒状况调查

为了解景德镇市陶瓷业家庭婴幼儿铅中毒状况，用多通道原子吸收光谱仪BH2100测定了l298名婴幼儿末梢血铅，并对陶瓷业家庭与非陶瓷业家庭婴幼儿铅中毒状况进行了比较。结果表明，陶瓷业家庭婴幼儿铅中毒发生率为66．09％，明显高于非陶瓷业家庭婴幼儿（15．96％），且随年龄增长婴幼儿铅中毒有增加趋势。提示对陶瓷业家庭婴幼儿铅中毒防治刻不容缓。     

Study on the Effect of Moderate Exercise on Lactic Acid Content in Breast Milk by Indirect CE with Amperometric Detection

An indirect high-performance capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection (CE-AD) method has been developed for determination of lactic acid (LA) in body fluids of lactating postpartum women. Several important factors such as the running buffer additive and concentration, the working electrode potential, the pH value and concentration of the running buffer, the separation voltage and injection time were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, LA could be well separated with co-existing interferences including uric acid (UA) in real samples in a 90-cm-length capillary at separation voltage of 12 kV in 4.0 × 10^?6 g mL^?1 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine (DHBA)/40 mmol L^?1 H₃BO₃?CNa₂B₄O₇ buffer (pH 7.8). The linearity between peak current and concentration of LA was over three orders of magnitude with detection limit of 5.00 × 10^?7 g mL^?1 (S/N = 3). This proposed method has been successfully used to study the effects of moderate exercise on LA content in breast milk and urine samples of lactating postpartum women, and assay results showed that LA content in breast milk can return to normal level through 60 min rest without decreasing acceptance by breast-feeding infants, although the LA level did increase by 4?C6 times in both breast milk and urine samples at 10 min after moderate exercise.     

Isolation of Lipophilic Persistent Organic Pollutants From Human Breast Milk

Background: Lipid removal from biological samples can be achieved by addition of concentrated sulfuric acid. However, certain persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as chlorophenols are decomposed by sulfuric acid treatment and, thus, a more gentle lipid reduction method is needed for extraction of many environmental contaminants from biological samples. Membrane dialysis extraction (MDE) is a non-disruptive method to extract POPs from biological matrices.

Methods: Human breast milk samples were spiked with radiolabelled p,p′-dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane ([C-14]-DDT) as a POP proxy and extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE). The extracts obtained were dialyzed by MDE in low-density polyethylene tubings containing a mixture of n-hexane and dichloromethane for 24 h, 48 h, or 72 h.

Results: The lipid content was reduced by 86.2% after one dialysis cycle of 24 h using MDE, and 87.1% recovery of the [C-14]-DDT standard was obtained. The DDT recovery could be further increased up to 96.3% and 98.1% by repeating the dialyses for one or two more cycles, respectively. However, the increased [C-14]-DDT recovery includes a concomitant increase in lipid carryover from 13.8% with one dialysis cycle to 22.1% with three cycles.

Conclusion: An SPE procedure for extracting POPs from breast milk and dialytic conditions for isolation of the extracted POP with minimal lipid carryover was established. The method is nondestructive and acceptable recoveries can be obtained within a single solvent shift as demonstrated by spiking standards. The lipid carryover was minimized, and the method may be considered for lipid removal before HPLC or GC analysis of environmental contaminants.     

Gas Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Caffeine in Breast Milk and Blood Plasma

Abstract

An improved procedure for the determination of caffeine in the presence of bupivicaine (internal standard) using gas liquid chromatography with nitrogen phosphorous detection is described. The method is based on the extraction of caffeine from plasma with a mixture of chloroform and isopropanol (95:5). The chloroform and isopropanol mixture is evaporated to dryness and the residue dissolved in 500 μl of ethyl acetate. One to 2 μl samples are injected directly into the gas chromatograph. This extraction process doesn't give rise to troublesome interfering peaks in the chromatogram. The recovery of caffeine from plasma and breast milk is approximately 99.7% and 94.1% respectively. The coefficient variation of the assay from plasma and breast milk is 2.90% and 1.18% respectively. The limit of quantitation is 0.05 mcg/ml of plasma or breast milk. Data are presented to illustrate the practicality of the method for bioavailability and pharmacokinetic evaluation of caffeine plasma and breast milk levels after oral administration of 100 mg of caffeine to lactating mothers.     

Self‐Assembly Structure Formation during the Digestion of Human Breast Milk

An infant′s complete diet, human breast milk, is the basis for its survival and development. It contains water‐soluble and poorly water‐soluble bioactive components, metabolic messages, and energy, all of which are made bioavailable during the digestion process in the infant′s gastrointestinal tract. Reported is the first discovery of highly geometrically organized structures formed during the digestion of human breast milk under simulated in vivo conditions using small‐angle X‐ray scattering and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. Time of digestion, pH, and bile salt concentration were found to have symbiotic effects gradually tuning the oil‐based environment inside the breast milk globules to more water‐like structures with high internal surface area. The structure formation is necessarily linked to its function as carriers for poorly water‐soluble molecules in the digestive tract of the infant.     

母乳中溴代/氯代阻燃剂及其代谢产物的分析检测方法

建立了低分辨气相色谱-负化学源质谱法(GC/NCI-LRMS)定性与定量检测母乳中的溴代/氯代阻燃剂及其代谢产物的方法。所检测的溴代/氯代阻燃剂及其代谢产物分为中性化合物和羟基化合物两部分。采用RTX-1614(30 m)作为色谱分离柱,在优化的色谱条件下对8种多溴联苯醚PBDEs(包括BDE209)及其甲氧基代谢产物MeO-PBDEs,多种其它阻燃剂及代谢物等中性化合物同时进行了分离检测;采用DB-5(30 m)作为色谱分离柱,在优化的色谱条件下分离检测了9种羟基多溴联苯醚OH-PBDEs。在母乳样本中加入代用标准或内标,经过超声提取、液液萃取、硅胶净化和浓缩定容等预处理后,分别对中性和羟基化合物进行测定。十溴联苯醚、其它多溴联苯醚、甲氧基多溴联苯醚、得克隆及脱氯产物、其它阻燃剂等中性化合物,及羟基多溴联苯醚在两个添加浓度水平的回收率分别为66.5%～75.4%,84.2%～126.4%,60.9%～115.1%,86.7%～104.9%,42.9%～113.8%和64.7%～129.5%;中性化合物的相对标准偏差均小于22%,羟基化合物的相对标准偏差均小于30%。利用本方法对我国电子垃圾拆解区人体母乳中的目标物进行了分析检测,结果可靠。     

Simple and Rapid Method for Determination of Selenium in Breast Milk by HG-AFS

A digestion procedure using H₂SO₄/HNO₃/H₂O₂ was found to be effective for destruction of human milk samples. In conjunction with a sensitive hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry detection system, it is suitable for determination of selenium in those samples where the available mass of breast milk and the low selenium concentration are limiting factors. Only 1g of milk sample is needed. The procedure is simple, rapid and of low contamination potential since it is performed in the same Teflon tube from weighing to measurement. The digestion of 20 samples is completed in three hours. The detection limit is 0.25±0.04ngg^–1 of a measured solution of sample or 2.5ngg^–1 of milk. The relative uncertainty is 10% (coverage factor of 2.3, 95% probability). Because of these advantages the method is particularly suitable for epidemiological studies. The mean concentration of selenium in 62 samples of human milk from lactating women residing in the North East of Italy was 12±3ngg^–1, which is in the range of reference data.     

Direct Determination of Mn in Breast Milk by GF AAS After Multivariate Optimization

Abstract

The procedure proposed in this work includes a 50% v/v dilution of breast milk with TRIS (hidroximetilaminometano 80% v/v) or MEA (monoetanolamina 20% v/v) solutions and the introduction of 20 µL samples or analytical solutions in a graphite furnace. The optimization of the instrumental conditions was made using multivariate tools (fractional factorial and central composite design planning). The accuracy was tested with certified reference material (Infant Formulat NIST® 1846) using the optimized conditions for each diluent. The accuracy has only been acceptable when TRIS was used. The method used to determine Mn in breast milk with a limit of detection of 0.28 µg L^?1 and a characteristic mass of 1.9 pg.     

重庆地区特需人群碘营养水平及影响因素分析

为了解重庆地区孕妇、婴儿及其母亲碘营养现状,给该地区实施科学补碘提供科学依据,采用砷铈催化分光光度法测定了当地水碘和孕妇、婴儿及其母亲的尿碘,电化学发光法检查了孕妇甲状腺功能.结果表明,水碘为5.99 μg/L,孕妇、乳母、婴儿尿碘中位数为203.80 μg/L、218.3 μg/L、288.4 μg/L,FT3、FT4为(3.94±0.59) pmol/L、(12.44±2.30) pmol/L;逐步回归分析表明,碘营养与文化程度、食用优质蛋白及富硒食品呈正相关,母亲缺碘是小孩缺碘的危险因素之一.提示特需人群的碘营养水平适宜,文化程度、食用优质蛋白及富硒食品为主要影响因素,婴儿尿碘与母亲相关.     

Determination of Propylthiouracil in Human Breast Milk by Direct Injection High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

A high-performance liquid chromatographic(HPLC) method was developed for the assay of propylthiouracil in human breast milk. After filtration with membran filter(Molcut II), the eluent was injected into a liquid chromatogaph equipped with C₁₈ precolumn and analytical column in series according to column switching techniques. This method is sufficiently sensitive for most pharmacokinetic studies in human breast milk. The concentration of propylthiouracil was linear over the 50 – 5000ng/ml range. The recovery and the coefficient of variation was 92.0 – 100.6% and 1.6 – 2.9%, respectivery. This assay has the advantages of specificity, simplicity and reproducibility for the measurement of propylthiouracil in human breast milk.     

孕期乳房按摩对促进母乳喂养的效果研究

目的研究孕期乳房按摩对促进母乳喂养的效果。方法选取2014年3月—2014年12月在广东省清远连州市妇幼保健院定期检查并怀孕36周的产妇84例作为研究对象,抽签随机分为观察组与对照组,每组42例。对观察组每天进行乳房与乳头按摩1~2次(37周前不作乳头按摩);对照组不作乳房乳头按摩,仅采取常规的孕期检查与护理。比较两组产妇产后泌乳始动时间、始动泌乳量、纯母乳喂养率以及不同喂养方式对婴儿体内血红蛋白数、钙、锌、铁含量的影响。结果泌乳始动时间观察组(15.9±2.6)h快于对照组(24.4±2.7)h;始动泌乳量观察组(24.61±4.95)m L多于对照组(13.27±4.56)m L,两组比较均有统计学意义(P0.05)。6个月纯母乳喂养率观察组92.8%高于对照组61.9%,两组比较有统计学意义(P0.05)。6个月母乳喂养的婴儿血红蛋白数、钙、锌、铁含量均高于人工喂养的婴儿,比较有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论孕期乳房按摩对母乳喂养的促进效果显著,能明显加快泌乳始动时间,提高始动泌乳量,增加纯母乳的喂养率,提高婴儿体内血红蛋白数、钙、锌、铁含量。     

Application of d-SPE before SPE and HPLC-FLD to Analyze Bisphenols in Human Breast Milk Samples

In this study, we propose a simple, cost-effective, and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) for the simultaneous determination of seven bisphenols (bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol E (BPE), bisphenol B (BPB), BADGE (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether), BADGE∙2H₂O, BADGE∙H₂O, BADGE∙2HCl) in human breast milk samples. The dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) coupled with solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure performed well for the majority of the analytes with recoveries in the range 57–88% and relative standard deviations (RSD%) of less than 9.4%. During the d-SPE stage, no significant matrix effect was observed thanks to the application of different pairs of salts such as zirconium-dioxide-based sorbents (Z-Sep or Z-Sep +) and primary secondary amine (PSA) or QuEChERS Enhanced Matrix Removal-Lipid (EMR-Lipid) and PSA. The method limits of quantification (mLOQs) for all investigated analytes were set at satisfactory low values in the range 171.89–235.11 ng mL⁻¹. Analyte concentrations were determined as the average value from human breast milk matrix samples. The results show that the d-SPE/SPE procedure, especially with the application of EMR-Lipid and PSA, could be used for further bisphenol analyses in human breast milk samples.