A new dinuclear vanadium(V)-citrate complex from aqueous solutions. Synthetic,structural, spectroscopic,and pH-dependent studies in relevance to aqueous vanadium(V)-citrate speciation

Vanadium interactions with low molecular mass binders in biological fluids entail the existence of vanadium species with variable chemical and biological properties. In the course of efforts to elucidate the chemistry related to such interactions, we have explored the oxidative chemistry of vanadium(III) with the physiologically relevant tricarboxylic citric acid. Aqueous reactions involving VCl(3) and anhydrous citric acid, at pH approximately 7, resulted in blue solutions. Investigation into the nature of the species arising in those solutions revealed, through UV/visible and EPR spectroscopies, oxidation of vanadium(III) to vanadium(IV). Further addition of H(2)O(2) resulted in the oxidation of vanadium(IV) to vanadium(V), and the isolation of a new vanadium(V)-citrate complex in the form of its potassium salt. Analogous reactions with K(4)[V(2)O(2)(C(6)H(4)O(7))(2)].6H(2)O and H(2)O(2) or V(2)O(5) and citrate at pH approximately 5.5 afforded the same material. Elemental analysis pointed to the molecular formulation K(4)[V(2)O(4)(C(6)H(5)O(7))(2)].5.6H(2)O (1). Complex 1 was further characterized by FT-IR and X-ray crystallography. 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P(-)1, with a = 11.093(4) A, b = 9.186(3) A, c = 15.503(5) A, alpha = 78.60(1) degrees, beta = 86.16(1) degrees, gamma = 69.87(1) degrees, V = 1454.0(8) A(3), and Z = 2. The X-ray structure of 1 reveals the presence of a dinuclear vanadium(V)-citrate complex containing a V(V)(2)O(2) core. The citrate ligands are triply deprotonated, and as such they bind to vanadium(V) ions, thus generating a distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry. Binding occurs through the central alkoxide and carboxylate groups, with the remaining two terminal carboxylates being uncoordinated. One of those carboxylates is protonated and contributes to hydrogen bond formation with the deprotonated terminal carboxylate of an adjacent molecule. Therefore, an extended network of hydrogen-bonded V(V)(2)O(2)-core-containing dimers is created in the lattice of 1. pH-dependent transformations of 1 in aqueous media suggest its involvement in a web of vanadium(V)-citrate dinuclear species, consistent with past solution speciation studies investigating biologically relevant forms of vanadium.     

ZnVSe2O7 and Cd6V2Se5O21: new d10 transition-metal selenites with V(IV) or V(V) cations

Two new metal selenites with a combination of vanadium(IV) or vanadium(V) cations, namely, ZnVSe 2O 7 and Cd 6V 2Se 5O 21, have been synthesized by hydrothermal and high-temperature solid-state reactions, respectively. The structure of ZnVSe 2O 7 features a 3D network of vanadium(IV) selenite with 1D tunnels occupied by zinc(II) ions. The 3D network of vanadium(IV) selenite is formed by corner-sharing V (IV)O 6 octahedral chains bridged by selenite groups. In Cd 6V 2Se 5O 21, the interconnection of cadmium(II) ions by bridging and chelating selenite groups led to a 3D framework with large tunnels along the b axis, and the 1D chains of corner-sharing V (V)O 4 tetrahedra are inserted in the above large tunnels and are bonded to the cadmium selenite framework via Cd-O-V bridges. Both compounds exhibit broad emission bands in the blue-light region. Results of magnetic property measurements show there is significant antiferromagnetic interaction between V (4+) centers in ZnVSe 2O 7. The electronic structure calculations for both compounds have been also performed.     

Synthesis and characterizations of cyclic octanuclear mixed-valence vanadium(IV,V) clusters with polyoxometalate counterions

Hydrothermal reaction of Na2WO4, VOSO4, 2,2'-bpy and H3PO4 has afforded in high yield the compound [V(IV)2V(V)6O14(bpy)8(PO4)2][PW11V(V)O40](bpy).12H2O (1). Compound 1 contains a novel octanuclear mixed valence V(IV,V) cluster, [V(IV)2V(V)6O14(bpy)8(PO4)2]4+, with [PW11V(V)O40]4- as counterion. In the vanadium cluster, four V(V) centers are localized and the remaining two V(IV) and two V(V) ions are disordered over four crystallographically equivalent positions. The isostructural compound [V(IV)2V(V)6O14(bpy)8(PO4)2][PMo11V(V)O40](bpy).3H2O (2) has also been synthesized. Thermodiffractometry experiments indicate that 2 is stable up to 360 degrees C. Redox activities for both the vanadium and molybdenum centers have been observed by solid-state electrochemical measurements performed on mechanically attached microparticles of 2. Magnetic measurements performed on have shown the occurrence of weak ferromagnetic interactions between the V(IV) centres (J = +0.34 cm(-1), H(ex) = -JS1 x S2), and combined with DFT calculations, have allowed to propose a localization of the two V(IV) centers on two of the four equivalent crystallographic sites. Finally high field electron paramagnetic resonance has evidenced the magnetic axial anisotropy of the paramagnetic centers (g(x) = g(y) = 1.975(3); g(z) = 1.939(4)).     

Synthesis and Structural Characterization of [(C_2H_5)_4N][V~((V))O_2(OC_6H_3(OCH_3)CHNNCSNH_2)]·H_2O

1 INTRODUCTIONAlthough vanadium plays an increasingly recognized role as a biometal[1~4], little is known about the structure and function of vanadium compounds in living organisms. A classical and nevertheless rapidly developing field of application for oxovanadates and related compounds is their use as catalysts in polymerization and oxidation reactions[5,6], and recent interest has focused on oxovanadates as model compounds for the interaction of oxovanadates with the active sites of en…     

Hydrothermal syntheses and structural characterizations of organic-inorganic hybrid materials of the M(II)-ligand/vanadium oxide system (M(II) = Cu(II) and Zn(II); ligand = 2,2'-bipyridine and 2,2':6',2"-terpyridine)

Investigation into the incorporation of complex transition metal-organic units into vanadium oxide structures has resulted in the preparation of several novel composite materials. Hydrothermal reactions of V(2)O(5), 2,2'-bipyridine, an appropriate Zn or Cu starting material, and H(2)O under a variety of conditions yielded the organic-inorganic hybrid materials [[Zn(2,2'-bpy)](2)V(4)O(12)] (1) and [Cu(2,2'-bpy)V(4)O(10.5)] (2). Blocking an additional coordination site on the secondary metal center by using a tridentate organonitrogen ligand, 2,2':6',2' '-terpyridine in place of 2,2'-bipyridine, allowed the isolation of [Cu(terpy)V(2)O(6)] (3) and [[Zn(terpy)](2)V(6)O(17)] (4). The structure of 1 is a two-dimensional zinc vanadate layer, composed of rings containing four corner-sharing [VO(4)] vanadium(V) tetrahedra linked through six zinc square pyramids, with the 2,2'-bipyridine groups attached to the zinc centers and directed above and below the plane of the layer. In contrast to 1, the layer of 2 is based on a two-dimensional vanadium oxide substructure composed of vanadium(IV) square pyramids and vanadium(V) tetrahedra with copper square pyramids attached through corner-sharing interactions with vanadium tetrahedra such that the bipyridine ligands attached to the copper sites form staggered stacks above and below the plane of the layer. Compound 3 consists of one-dimensional vanadium oxide chains of corner-sharing tetrahedra linked through copper-terpyridine units into a two-dimensional bimetallic oxide of composition [CuV(2)O(6)], while the layer structure of 4 contains more complex one-dimensional vanadium oxide chains composed of fused rings of six corner-sharing vanadium oxide tetrahedra which are linked into a layer through [Zn(terpy)](2+) units.     

A unique dinuclear mixed V(V) oxo-peroxo complex in the structural speciation of the ternary V(V)-peroxo-citrate system. potential mechanistic and structural insight into the aqueous synthetic chemistry of dinuclear V(V)-citrate species with H2O2

Diverse vanadium biological activities entail complex interactions with physiological target ligands in aqueous media and constitute the crux of the undertaken investigation at the synthetic level. Facile aqueous redox reactions, as well as nonredox reactions, of V(III) and V(V) with physiological citric acid and hydrogen peroxide, under pH-specific conditions, led to the synthesis and isolation of a well-formed crystalline material upon the addition of ethanol as the precipitating solvent. Elemental analysis pointed to the molecular formulation (NH4)4[(VO2){VO(O2)}(C6H5O7)2]·1.5H2O (1). Complex 1 was further characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Raman spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and X-ray crystallography. The crystallographic structure of 1 reveals the presence of the first dinuclear V(V)-citrate complex with non-peroxo- and peroxo-containing V(V) ions, concurrently present within the basic VV2O2 core. The nonperoxo unit VO2+ and the peroxo unit VO(O2)+ are each coordinated to a triply deprotonated citrate ligand in a distinct coordination mode and coordination geometry around the V(V) ions. These units are similar to those in homodinuclear complexes bearing oxo or peroxo groups. The unique assembly of both units in the anion of 1 renders the latter as a potential intermediate in the peroxidation process, from [V2O4(C6H5O7)2]4– to [V2O2(O2)2(C6H6O7)2]2–. The transformation reactions of 1 establish its connection with several V(V) and V(IV) dinuclear species present in the aqueous distribution of the V(IV,V)-citrate systems. The shown position of 1 as an intermediate in the mechanism of H2O2 addition to dinuclear V(V)-citrate species portends its role in the complex aqueous distribution of species in the ternary V(V)-peroxo-citrate system and its potential reactivity in (bio)chemically relevant media.     

Schiff base complexes of vanadium(III, IV, V) as catalysts for the electroreduction of O2 to H2O in acetonitrile

Fifteen Schiff base ligands were synthesized and used to form complexes with vanadium in oxidation states III, IV, and V. Electrochemical and spectral characteristics of the complexes were evaluated and compared. In acidified solutions in acetonitrile the vanadium(IV) complexes undergo reversible disproportionation to form V(III) and V(V) complexes. With several of the ligands the V(III) complexes are much more stable in the presence of acid than is the previously studied complex with salen, an unelaborated Schiff base ligand (H(2) salen = N,N'-ethylenebis(salicylideneamine)). Equilibrium constants for the disproportionation were evaluated. The vanadium(III) complexes reduce dioxygen to form two oxo ligands. The reaction is stoichiometric in the absence of acid, and second-order rate constants were evaluated. In the presence of acid some of the complexes investigated participate in a catalytic electroreduction of dioxygen.     

Synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of mononuclear O,N-chelated vanadium(IV) and -(III) complexes of methyl 2-Aminocyclopent-1-ene-1-dithiocarboxylate based ligand: reporting an example of conformational isomerism in the solid state

Vanadium(IV) and -(III) complexes of a tetradentate N(2)OS Schiff base ligand H(2)L [derived from methyl 2-((beta-aminoethyl)amino)cyclopent-1-ene-1-dithiocarboxylate and salicylaldehyde] are reported. In all the complexes, the ligand acts in a bidentate (N,O) fashion leaving a part containing the N,S donor set uncoordinated. The oxovanadium(IV) complex [VO(HL)(2)] (1) is obtained by the reaction between [VO(acac)(2)] and H(2)L. In the solid state, compound 1 has two conformational isomers 1a and 1b; both have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. Compound 1a has the syn conformation that enforces the donor atoms around the metal center to adopt a distorted tbp structure (tau = 0.55). Isomer 1b on the other hand has an anti conformation with almost a regular square pyramidal geometry (tau = 0.06) around vanadium. In solution, however, 1 prefers to be in the square pyramidal form. A second variety of vanadyl complex [VO(L(cyclic))(2)](I(3))(2) (2) with a new bidentate O,N donor ligand involving isothiazolium moiety has been obtained by a ligand-based oxidation of the precursor complex 1 with iodine. Preliminary X-ray and FAB mass spectroscopic data of 2 have supported the formation of a heterocyclic moiety by a ring closure reaction involving a N-S bond. Vanadium(III) complex [V(acac)(HL)(2)] (3) has been obtained through partial ligand displacement of [V(acac)(3)] with H(2)L. Compound 3 has almost a regular octahedral structure completed by two bidentate HL ligands along with an acetylacetonate molecule. Electronic spectra, magnetism, EPR, and redox properties of these compounds are reported.     

Vanadium complexes with mixed O,S anionic ligands derived from maltol: synthesis, characterization, and biological studies

Four mixed O,S binding bidentate ligand precursors derived from maltol (3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone) have been chelated to vanadium to yield new bis(ligand)oxovanadium(IV) and tris(ligand)vanadium(III) complexes. The four ligand precursors include two pyranthiones, 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyranthione, commonly known as thiomaltol (Htma), and 2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyranthione, commonly known as ethylthiomaltol (Hetma), as well as two pyridinethiones, 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4(H)-pyridinethione (Hmppt) and 3-hydroxy-1,2-dimethyl-4-pyridinethione (Hdppt). Vanadium complex formation was confirmed by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, and IR and EPR (where possible) spectroscopies. The X-ray structure of oxobis(thiomaltolato)vanadium(IV),VO(tma)(2), was also determined; both cis and trans isomers were isolated in the same asymmetric unit. In both isomers, the two thiomaltolato ligands are arranged around the base of the square pyramid with the V=O linkage perpendicular; the vanadium atom is slightly displaced from the basal plane [V(1) = 0.656(3) A, V(2) = 0.664(2) A]. All of the new complexes were screened for insulin-enhancing effectiveness in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats, and VO(tma)(2) was profiled metabolically for urinary vanadium and ligand clearance by GFAAS and ESIMS, respectively. The new vanadium complexes did not lower blood glucose levels acutely, possibly because of rapid dissociation and excretion.     

Solution study of a structurally characterized monoalkoxo-bound monooxo-vanadium(V) complex: spontaneous generation of the corresponding oxobridged divanadium(V,V) complex and its electroreduction to a mixed-valence species in solution

An interesting transformation of a structurally characterized monooxoalkoxovanadium(V) complex [VO(OEt)L] (LH 2 = a dibasic tridentate ONO donor ligand) in solution leading to the formation of the corresponding monooxobridged divanadium(V,V) complex (VOL) 2O is reported. This binuclear species in solution is adequately characterized by elemental analysis, measurement of conductance (in solution), various spectroscopic (UV-vis, IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry) techiniques and by cyclic voltammetry. The corresponding mixed-valence vanadium(IV,V) species has been generated in CH 3CN solution by controlled potential electrolysis of (VOL) 2O. This mixed-valence species is identified and studied by EPR technique (at room temperature and at liquid nitrogen temperature) and also by UV-vis spectroscopy. This study may be regarded as a general method of obtaining monooxo-bridged binuclear vanadium(V,V) species from the corresponding mononuclear monooxoalkoxovanadium(V) complexes of some selected dibasic tridentate ONO chelating ligands, which can be utilized as the precursor of monooxobridged divanadium(IV,V) mixed-valence species in solution obtainable by controlled potential electrolysis.     

pH-Specific structural speciation of the ternary V(V)-peroxido-betaine system: a chemical reactivity-structure correlation

Vanadium involvement in cellular processes requires deep understanding of the nature and properties of its soluble and bioavailable forms arising in aqueous speciations of binary and ternary systems. In an effort to understand the ternary vanadium-H(2)O(2)-ligand interactions relevant to that metal ion's biological role, synthetic efforts were launched involving the physiological ligands betaine (Me(3)N(+)CH(2)CO(2)(-)) and H(2)O(2). In a pH-specific fashion, V(2)O(5), betaine, and H(2)O(2) reacted and afforded three new, unusual, and unique compounds, consistent with the molecular formulation K(2)[V(2)O(2)(O(2))(4){(CH(3))(3)NCH(2)CO(2))}]·H(2)O (1), (NH(4))(2)[V(2)O(2)(O(2))(4){(CH(3))(3)NCH(2)CO(2))}]·0.75H(2)O (2), and {Na(2)[V(2)O(2)(O(2))(4){(CH(3))(3)NCH(2)CO(2))}(2)]}(n)·4nH(2)O (3). All complexes 1-3 were characterized by elemental analysis; UV/visible, FT-IR, Raman, and NMR spectroscopy in solution and the solid state; cyclic voltammetry; TGA-DTG; and X-ray crystallography. The structures of 1 and 2 reveal the presence of unusual ternary dinuclear vanadium-tetraperoxido-betaine complexes containing [(V(V)═O)(O(2))(2)] units interacting through long V-O bonds. The two V(V) ions are bridged through the oxygen terminal of one of the peroxide groups bound to the vanadium centers. The betaine ligand binds only one of the two V(V) ions. In the case of the third complex 3, the two vanadium centers are not immediate neighbors, with Na(+) ions (a) acting as efficient oxygen anchors and through Na-O bonds holding the two vanadium ions in place and (b) providing for oxygen-containing ligand binding leading to a polymeric lattice. In 1 and 3, interesting 2D (honeycomb) and 1D (zigzag chains) topologies of potassium nine-coordinate polyhedra (1) and sodium octahedra (3), respectively, form. The collective physicochemical properties of the three ternary species 1-3 project the chemical role of the low molecular mass biosubstrate betaine in binding V(V)-diperoxido units, thereby stabilizing a dinuclear V(V)-tetraperoxido dianion. Structural comparisons of the anions in 1-3 with other known dinuclear V(V)-tetraperoxido binary anionic species provide insight into the chemical reactivity of V(V)-diperoxido systems and their potential link to cellular events such as insulin mimesis and anitumorigenicity modulated by the presence of betaine.     

Neutral and cationic V(IV)/V(V) mixed-valence alkoxo-polyoxovanadium clusters [V6O7(OR)12]n+ (R = -CH3, -C2H5): structural, cyclovoltammetric and IR-spectroscopic investigations on mixed valency in a hexanuclear core

The alkoxo-polyoxovanadium clusters [V6O7(OR)12]n+ (R = -CH3, -C2H5) are fully alkylated polyoxometalate derivatives comprising a hexavanadate core with the vanadium ions organized in an octahedral fashion, a classic isopolyoxometalate structure (Lindqvist) which as an entity is not known for vanadium. The clusters are highly redox-active compounds, displaying a large number of thermodynamically stable redox isomers of which the chemical syntheses and structural characterization of the neutral and cationic V(IV)/V(V) mixed-valence species [V(IV)(4-n)V(V)(2+n)O7(OR)12]n+ [SbCl6]n (R = -CH3, n = 0, 1; R = -C2H5, n = 0, 1, 2) are presented here. Neutral and positively charged clusters remain exceptional in the field of polyoxometalate chemistry. Results obtained from cyclic voltammetry, infrared spectroscopy, and from valence sum calculations conducted on X-ray structural data classify these clusters as class II mixed-valence compounds. Their highly symmetrical molecular structures make them particularly interesting as model compounds for the investigation of intervalence charge transfer and electron delocalization in the hexanuclear core. Furthermore, the large number of isostructural redox isomers affords a high variability in d-electron content. Accordingly, a dependency could clearly be established between the extent of electron delocalization and the V(IV)/V(V) ratio in a cluster species. A further interesting observation concerns the neutral ethoxo compound [V(IV)4V(V)2O7(OC2H5)12] (3) which exhibits a crystallographic phase transition accompanied by the conversion from a structure at 173 K with fully localized valencies to a room-temperature modification displaying complete d-electron delocalization.     

Generation of gas-phase VO2+, VOOH+, and VO2+-nitrile complex ions by electrospray ionization and collision-induced dissociation

Cationic metal species normally function as Lewis acids, accepting electron density from bound electron-donating ligands, but they can be induced to function as electron donors relative to dioxygen by careful control of the oxidation state and ligand field. In this study, cationic vanadium(IV) oxohydroxy complexes were induced to function as Lewis bases, as demonstrated by addition of O2 to an undercoordinated metal center. Gas-phase complex ions containing the vanadyl (VO2+), vanadyl hydroxide (VOOH+), or vanadium(V) dioxo (VO2+) cation and nitrile (acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, or benzonitrile) ligands were generated by electrospray ionization (ESI) for study by multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry. The principal species generated by ESI were complexes with the formula [VO(L)n]2+, where L represents the respective nitrile ligands and n=4 and 5. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of [VO(L)5]2+ eliminated a single nitrile ligand to produce [VO(L)4]2+. Two distinct fragmentation pathways were observed for the subsequent dissociation of [VO(L)4]2+. The first involved the elimination of a second nitrile ligand to generate [VO(L)3]2+, which then added neutral H2O via an association reaction that occurred for all undercoordinated vanadium complexes. The second [UO(L)4]2+ fragmentation pathway led instead to the formation of [VOOH(L)2]+ through collisions with gas-phase H2O and concomitant losses of L and [L+H]+. CID of [VOOH(L)2]+ caused the elimination of a single nitrile ligand to generate [VOOH(L)]+, which rapidly added O2 (in addition to H2O) by a gas-phase association reaction. CID of [VONO3(L)2]+, generated from spray solutions created by mixing VOSO4 and Ba(NO3)2 (and precipitation of BaSO4), caused elimination of NO2 to produce [VO2(L)2]+. CID of [VO2(L)2]+ produced elimination of a single nitrile ligand to form [VO2(L)]+, a V(V) analogue to the O2-reactive V(IV) species [VOOH(L)]+; however, this V(V) complex was unreactive with O2, which indicates the requirement for an unpaired electron in the metal valence shell for O2 addition. In general, the [VO2(L)2]+ species required higher collisions energies to liberate the nitrile ligand, suggesting that they are more strongly bound than the [VOOH(L)2]+ counterparts.     

Coordination asymmetry in divanadium(V) compounds containing a V2O3 core: synthesis, characterization, and redox properties

A general protocol for the synthesis of micro-oxo divanadium(V) compounds [LOV(micro-O)VO(Salen)] (1-5) incorporating coordination asymmetry has been developed for the first time. One of the vanadium centers in these compounds has an octahedral environment, completed by tetradentate Salen ligand, while the remaining center has square pyramidal geometry, made up of tridentate biprotic Schiff-base ligands (L2-) with ONO (1-3) and ONS (4, 5) type donor combinations. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, ESI-MS, and NMR (both 1H and 51V) spectroscopy have been used extensively to establish their identities. The V(1)-O(6)-V(2) bridge angle in these compounds, save 3, lie in a narrow range (166.20(9)-157.79(16) degrees) with the V2O3 core having a rare type of twist-angular structure, somewhat intermediate between the regular anti-linear and the syn-angular modes. For 3, however, the bridge angle is sufficiently smaller 117.92(8) degrees that it forces the V2O3 core to adopt an anti-angular geometry. The V(1)...V(2) separations in these molecules (3.7921(7)-3.3084(6) A) are by far the largest compared to their peers containing a V2O3 core. The molecules retain the binuclear structures also in solution as confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. Their redox behaviors appear quite interesting, each undergoing a one-electron reduction in the positive potential range (E1/2, 0.42-0.45 V vs Ag/AgCl) to generate a trapped-valence mixed-oxidation products [LVVO-(micro-O)-OVIV(salen)]1-, confirmed by combined coulometry-EPR experiments. The bent V-O-V bridge in these molecules probably prevents the symmetry-constrained vanadium d xy orbitals, containing the unpaired electron, to overlap effectively via the ppi orbitals of the bridging oxygen atom, thus accounting for the trapped-valence situation in this case.     

First example of mu(3)-sulfido bridged mixed-valent triruthenium complex triangle Ru(III)(2)Ru(II)(O,O-acetylacetonate)(3)(mu-O,O,gamma-C-acetylacetonate)(3)(mu(3)-S) (1) incorporating simultaneous O,O- and gamma-C-bonded bridging acetylacetonate units. Synthesis,crystal structure,and spectral and redox properties

The reaction of mononuclear ruthenium precursor [Ru(II)(acac)(2)(CH(3)CN)(2)] (acac = acetylacetonate) with the thiouracil ligand (2-thiouracil, H(2)L(1) or 6-methyl -2-thiouracil, H(2)L(2)) in the presence of NEt(3) as base in ethanol solvent afforded a trinuclear triangular complex Ru(3)(O,O-acetylacetonate)(3)(mu-O,O,gamma-C-acetylacetonate)(3)(mu(3)-sulfido) (1). In 1, each ruthenium center is linked to one usual O,O-bonded terminal acetylacetonate molecule whereas the other three acetylacetonate units act as bridging functions: each bridges two adjacent ruthenium ions through the terminal O,O-donor centers at one end and via the gamma-carbon center at the other end. Moreover, there is a mu(3)-sulfido bridging in the center of the complex unit, which essentially resulted via the selective cleavage of the carbon-sulfur bond of the thiouracil ligand. In diamagnetic complex 1, the ruthenium ions are in mixed valent Ru(III)Ru(III)Ru(II) state, where the paramagnetic ruthenium(III) ions are antiferromagnetically coupled. The single crystal X-ray structure of 1 showed two crystallographically independent C(3)-symmetric molecules, Ru(3)(O,O-acetylacetonate)(3)(mu-O,O,gamma-C-acetylacetonate)(3)(mu(3)-S) (1), in the asymmetric unit. Bond distances of both crystallographically independent molecules are almost identical, but there are some significant differences in bond angles (up to 6 degrees ) and interplanar angles (up to 8 degrees ). Each ruthenium atom exhibits a distorted octahedral environment formed by four oxygen atoms, two from each of the terminal and bridging acetylacetonate units, one gamma-carbon of an adjacent acetylacetonate ligand, and the sulfur atom in the center of the complex. In agreement with the expected 3-fold symmetry of the complex molecule, the (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra of 1 in CDCl(3) displayed signals corresponding to two types of ligand units. In dichloromethane solvent, 1 exhibited three metal center based successive quasireversible redox processes, Ru(III)Ru(III)Ru(III)-Ru(III)Ru(III)Ru(II) (couple I, 0.43 V vs SCE); Ru(III)Ru(III)Ru(IV)-Ru(III)Ru(III)Ru(III) (couple II, 1.12 V); and Ru(III)Ru(III)Ru(II)-Ru(III)Ru(II)Ru(II) (couple III, -1.21 V). However, in acetonitrile solvent, in addition to the three described couples [(couple I), 0.34 V; (couple II), 1.0 V; (couple III), -1.0], one irreversible oxidative response (Ru(III)Ru(III)Ru(IV) --> Ru(III)Ru(IV)Ru(IV) or oxidation of the coordinated sulfide center) appeared at E(pa), 1.50 V. The large differences in potentials between the successive couples are indicative of strong coupling between the ruthenium ions in the mixed-valent states. Compound 1 exhibited a moderately strong charge-transfer (CT) transition at 654 nm and multiple ligand based intense transitions in the UV region. In the Ru(III)Ru(III)Ru(III) (1(+)) state, the CT band was slightly blue shifted to 644 nm; however, the CT band was further blue shifted to 520 nm on two-electron oxidation to the Ru(III)Ru(III)Ru(IV) (1(2+)) state with a reduction in intensity.     

The First Example of Inorganic-organic Compound Involving the Largest Vanadium Cluster of [V_(34)O_(82)]~(10-): Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of a One-dimensional Chain of {[NiC_(16)H_(36)N_4]_5[V_(34)O_(82)]}_n

The title compound, [NiL]5[V34O82·8H2O (1, L=5,5,7,12,12,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane), has been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and structurally characterized by EA, IR, XPS, TG and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C2/c with a=33.061(4), b=15.3457(17), c=33.902(4), β=101.930(2)°, Mr=4904.08, V=16828(3)3 , Z=4, Dc=1.936 g/cm3 , F(000)=9832, μ=2.425 mm-1 , the final R=0.0402 and wR=0.0969. The mixed valence vanadium clusters of [V34O82]10- bridges [NiL]2+ to form a one-dimensional chain in 1. To the best of our knowledge, the title complex is the first example of organic-inorganic hybrid material involving the largest vanadium cluster of [V34O82]10-.     

Complex formation in aqueous solution and in the solid state of the potent insulin-enhancing V(IV)O2+ compounds formed by picolinate and quinolinate derivatives

The complexation of V(IV)O(2+) ion with 10 picolinate and quinolinate derivatives, provided with the donor set (N, COO(-)), was studied in aqueous solution and in the solid state through the combined application of potentiometric (pH-titrations), spectroscopic (EPR, UV/vis and IR spectroscopy), and computational (density functional theory (DFT) calculations) methods. Such derivatives, that form potent insulin-enhancing V(IV)O(2+) compounds, are picolinic (picH), 6-methylpicolinic (6-mepicH), 3-methylpicolinic (3-mepicH), 5-butylpicolinic or fusaric (fusarH), 6-methyl-2,3-pyridindicarboxylic (6-me-2,3-pdcH(2)), 2-pyridylacetic (2-pyacH), 2-quinolinecarboxylic or quinaldic (quinH), 4-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic or kynurenic (kynurH), 1-isoquinolinecarboxylic (1-iqcH) and 3-isoquinolinecarboxylic (3-iqcH) acid. On the basis of the potentiometric, spectroscopic, and DFT results, they were divided into the classes A, B, and C. The ligands belonging to class A (3-mepicH, 1-iqcH, 2-pyacH) form square pyramidal complexes in aqueous solution and in the solid state, and those belonging to class B (picH, fusarH, 3-iqcH) form cis-octahedral species, in which the two ligands adopt an (equatorial-equatorial) and an (equatorial-axial) arrangement and one water molecule occupies an equatorial site in cis position with respect to the V═O bond. Class C ligands (6-mepicH, 6-me-2,3-pdcH(2), quinH, kynurH) yield bis chelated species, that in water are in equilibrium between the square pyramidal and trans-octahedral form, where both the ligand molecules adopt an (equatorial-equatorial) arrangement and one water is in trans position with respect to the V═O group. The trans-octahedral compounds are characterized by an anomalous electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) response, with A(z) value being reduced by about 10% with respect to the prediction of the "additivity rule". DFT methods allow to calculate the structure, (51)V hyperfine coupling constant (A(z)), the stretching frequency of V═O bond (ν(V═O)), the relative stability in aqueous solution, and the electronic structure and molecular orbital composition of bis chelated complexes. The results were used to explain the biotransformation of these potent insulin-enhancing compounds in blood serum.     

Synthesis and Characterization of New M‐Triazole Complexes (M = Co,Cu, Zn)

Three new complexes with the ligand 3,5‐diamino‐1,2,4‐triazole (Hdatrz), [Co₃(μ₂‐Hdatrz)₆(H₂O)₆]·(NO₃)₈·4H₂O ( 1 ), [Cu₃(μ₂‐Hdatrz)₄(μ₂‐Cl)₂(H₂O)₂Cl₂]·Cl₂·4H₂O·2C₂H₅OH ( 2 ) and {[Zn₂(μ₂‐SO₄) (μ₃‐datrz)₂]·2H₂O}_n ( 3 ) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Complex 1 has a linear trinuclear mixed‐valence cobalt structure with six neutral triazole ligands in the N(1), N(2)‐bridging mode. The central cobalt atom, Co(1), is coordinated to six nitrogen atoms (octahedral) whereas the terminal cobalt atom, Co(2), is coordinated to an N₃O₃ moiety (octahedral). In complex 1 , the uudd cyclic water clusters, nitrate anions and the trimeric cations are linked to a supramolecular structure. Complex 2 features a linear trinuclear copper(II) core, with four N(1), N(2)‐bridging triazole ligands and two chlorido bridges. The central copper atom is coordinated to an N₄Cl₂ moiety (octahedral) whereas the terminal copper is coordinated to an N₂Cl₂O moiety (square‐pyramidal). In complex 2 , tetrahedral hydrogen bonding interactions play an important role to form a supramolecular network. Complex 3 exhibits a polymeric structure, with N(1), N(2), N(4)‐bridging triazolate ligands and sulfate bridges, in which zinc is coordinated to an N₃O moiety (tetrahedral). In complex 3 , water molecules and sulfate anions construct the sulfate‐water supramolecular chain with hydrogen bonding interactions. In addition, the complexes were investigated by elemental analyses, IR spectroscopic, and thermogravimetric measurements.     

Polyoxometalates functionalized by bisphosphonate ligands: synthesis, structural, magnetic, and spectroscopic characterizations and activity on tumor cell lines

We report the synthesis and characterization of eight new Mo, W, or V-containing polyoxometalate (POM) bisphosphonate complexes with metal nuclearities ranging from 1 to 6. The compounds were synthesized in water by treating Mo(VI), W(VI), V(IV), or V(V) precursors with biologically active bisphosphonates H(2)O(3)PC(R)(OH)PO(3)H(2) (R = C(3)H(6)NH(2), Ale; R = CH(2)S(CH(3))(2), Sul and R = C(4)H(5)N(2), Zol, where Ale = alendronate, Sul = (2-Hydroxy-2,2-bis-phosphono-ethyl)-dimethyl-sulfonium and Zol = zoledronate). Mo(6)(Sul)(2) and Mo(6)(Zol)(2) contain two trinuclear Mo(VI) cores which can rotate around a central oxo group while Mo(Ale)(2) and W(Ale)(2) are mononuclear species. In V(5)(Ale)(2) and V(5)(Zol)(2) a central V(IV) ion is surrounded by two V(V) dimers bound to bisphosphonate ligands. V(6)(Ale)(4) can be viewed as the condensation of one V(5)(Ale)(2) with one additional V(IV) ion and two Ale ligands, while V(3)(Zol)(3) is a triangular V(IV) POM. These new POM bisphosphonates complexes were all characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The stability of the Mo and W POMs was studied by (31)P NMR spectroscopy and showed that all compounds except the mononuclear Mo(Ale)(2) and W(Ale)(2) were stable in solution. EPR measurements performed on the vanadium derivatives confirmed the oxidation state of the V ions and evidenced their stability in aqueous solution. Electrochemical studies on V(5)(Ale)(2) and V(5)(Zol)(2) showed reduction of V(V) to V(IV), and magnetic susceptibility investigations on V(3)(Zol)(3) enabled a detailed analysis of the magnetic interactions. The presence of zoledronate or vanadium correlated with the most potent activity (IC(50)~1-5 μM) against three human tumor cell lines.     

Flow injection analysis for oxidation state speciation of vanadium(IV) and vanadium(V) in natural water.

A sensitive and simultaneous spectrophotometric flow injection method for the determination of vanadium(IV) and vanadium(V) is proposed. The method is based on the effect of ligands such as 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ) and diphosphate on the conditional redox potential of iron(III)/iron(II) system. A four-channel flow system is assembled. In this flow system, diluted hydrochloric acid (1.0 x 10(-2) mol dm(-3)) as a carrier for standard/sample, acetate buffer (pH 5.5) as a carrier for diphosphate solution, an equimolar mixed solution of iron(III) and iron(II) and a TPTZ solution are delivered, so that the baseline absorbance can be established by forming a constant amount of iron(II)-TPTZ complex (lambda(max) = 593 nm). Vanadium(IV) and/or vanadium(V) (400 microL) and diphosphate (200 microL) solutions are simultaneously introduced into the flow system; in this system the diphosphate solution passes through a delay coil. The potential of the iron(III)/iron(II) system increases in the presence of TPTZ, and therefore vanadium(IV) is easily oxidized by iron(III) to vanadium(V) to produce an iron(II)-TPTZ complex (a positive peak for vanadium(IV) appears). On the other hand, the potential of the redox system decreases in the presence of diphosphate, so that vanadium(V) can be easily reduced by iron(II) to vanadium(IV). In this case, the amount of iron(II) decreases according to the amount of vanadium(V). As a result, the produced iron(II)-TPTZ complex decreases (a negative peak for vanadium(V) appears). In this manner, two peaks for vanadium(IV) and vanadium(V) can be alternately obtained. The limits of detection (S/N = 3) are 1.98 x 10(-7) and 2.97 x 10(-7) mol dm(-3) for vanadium(IV) and vanadium(V), respectively. The method is applied to the simultaneous determination of vanadium(IV) and vanadium(V) in commercial bottled mineral water samples.