Orientational isomerism controlled by the difference in electronic environments of a self-assembling heterodimeric capsule

Tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-cavitand 1 and tetra(4-pyridyl)-cavitand 2 self-assemble into a heterodimeric capsule 1.2 via four ArOH...pyridyl hydrogen bonds in CDCl3. The 1.2 expresses the orientational isomerism of an encapsulated unsymmetrical guest with high orientational selectivity because the electronic environment of the 1 unit is different from that of the 2 unit. For p-ethoxyiodobenzene and 2-iodo-6-methoxynaphthalene encapsulated in 1.2, the iodo group is specifically oriented to the cavity of the 2 unit. The orientational isomeric selectivity for methyl p-acetoxybenzoate and methyl p-ethoxybenzoate within 1.2 is 1:0.11 and 1:<0.05, respectively, wherein the methyl ester group is preferentially oriented to the cavity of the 2 unit. The delicate balance among electrostatic potential repulsion, CH-pi interaction, or CH-halogen (halogen-pi) interaction, in 1.2-guest assembly influences the orientational isomeric selectivity of unsymmetrical guests within 1.2.     

Cycloalumination of allylbenzenes with triethylaluminum in the presence of Cp<Subscript>2</Subscript>ZrCl<Subscript>2</Subscript>. One-pot synthesis of 2-benzylbutane-1,4-diols as precursors of dibenzylbutane lignans

One-pot synthesis of 2-[(hydroxy- and methoxyphenyl)methyl]butane-1,4-diols in an overall yield of 60–65% by cycloalumination of allylbenzenes (4-allyl-1-methoxybenzene, 4-allyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene, 5-allyl-2-methoxyphenol, and 5-allyl-1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene) with triethylaluminum in the presence of Cp₂ZrCl₂ is reported for the first time. The developed procedure opens a new synthetic route to practically important β-substituted butane-1,4-diols that are precursors to dibenzylbutane lignans.     

Guest-encapsulation behavior in a self-assembled heterodimeric capsule

Tetra(4-pyridyl)-cavitand 1 and tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-cavitand 2 self-assemble into a heterodimeric capsule 1·2 via four PhOH?pyridyl hydrogen bonds in CDCl₃, wherein one molecule of 1,4-disubstituted-benzene as a guest is encapsulated to form a ternary complex, guest@(1·2). The X-ray crystallographic analysis of (methyl p-ethoxybenzoate)@(1·2) confirmed that the methyl ester and ethoxy groups of the encapsulated guest are oriented to the cavity ends of the 1 and 2 units, respectively. The scope and limitation of guest encapsulation in 1·2, including guest-binding selectivity and orientational isomeric selectivity, are described from the viewpoint of size complementarity and CH-π, CH-halogen, and halogen-π interactions between guest and the cavity of 1·2.     

Metallohosts with a heart of carbon

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies have confirmed that Ni(3)S(3)-based molecular bowls prepared in one-pot reactions capture either CH(2)Cl(2) or C(60). The nature of the pendant substituents (naphthalen-2-ylmethyl, benzyl, or ethyl) around the rim of the bowl dictates the formation of a 1:1 (bowl host-C(60) guest) or 2:1 (capsule host-C(60) guest) architecture. In CDCl(3), the trimeric complexes were found to be in equilibrium with dimeric analogues. For the naphthalen-2-ylmethyl-substituted host, NMR spectroscopic titration data confirmed a 1:1 host-C(60) guest complex in 1,2-Cl(2)C(6)D(4) solution.     

Structure, stability and guest affinity of tris(3-ureidobenzyl)amine capsules in solution

In non-competitive solvents, the tris(3-ureidobenzyl)amines 1 a-c form dimeric assemblies in which guests such as CH(3)CN, CH(3)NO(2), CH(2)Cl(2), CH(3)I, CH(2)BrCl, CH(2)Br(2), CHCl(3) and C(6)H(6) can be encapsulated. Variable temperature (1)H and (1)H,(1)H-ROESY NMR spectroscopy, as well as pulsed-gradient spin-echo (PGSE) diffusion measurements were used to investigate the encapsulation within 1 a1 a (1 a: tris{3-[N'-(4-butylphenyl)ureido]benzyl}amine). Kinetic parameters for the encapsulation of CH(3)NO(2), CH(2)Cl(2) and CH(3)I, both in CDCl(3) and in [D(8)]toluene have been obtained by using magnetisation transfer methods. These data are discussed together with the thermodynamic parameters. The affinity between guest and capsule seems to be dictated mainly by the electronic, size and shape complementarity between cavity and guest. A gating mechanism for guest exchange is proposed.     

Effect of a cationic guest on the characteristics of the molecular capsule of resorcinarene: a diffusion NMR study

[reaction: see text] NMR diffusion measurements were used to probe the differences in the characteristics of the hexameric capsule of [c]-undecane resorcin[4]arene (1b) in a CDCl(3) solution in the absence and presence of tetrahexylammonium bromide (THABr). It was found that the nonencapsulated THABr forms a 1:1 complex with 1b, which is in fast exchange with its constituents. We found that water molecules seem not to participate in the construction of the THABr hexameric capsule of 1b in a CDCl(3) solution, in contrast to the finding in the absence of THABr, where the major species in CDCl(3) seems to be [(1b)(6)(H(2)O)(8)].     

Orientational isomerism and binding ability of nonsymmetrical guests encapsulated in a self-assembling heterodimeric capsule

The ability of a guest to induce the assembly of tetracarboxyl-cavitand 1 and tetra(3-pyridyl)-cavitand 2 into a heterodimeric capsule 12, and the orientational isomerism of nonsymmetrical p-disubstituted-benzene guests encapsulated in 12, are described. For example, the ability of a guest to induce the assembly of guest subset(12) increases in the order p-iodoaniline< or =p-chloroanisole < p-bromoanisole < N-methyl-p-iodoaniline < p-iodoanisole. For these five guests encapsulated in 12, the halogen atoms are specifically oriented with respect to the cavity of the 2 unit. By contrast, the orientational isomeric selectivities of p-chloroiodobenzene, p-bromoiodobenzene, and p-methylanisole encapsulated in 12 are quite low, in the range of 1:1.7 to 1:1. The ortho-fluoro derivatives of these three guests, however, are encapsulated in 12 with a highly selective orientation, in which the substituent next to the fluorine atom greatly prefers the cavity of the 2 unit to that of the 1 unit.     

The first example of macrocycles containing butterfly transition metal cluster cores via novel tandem reactions

A novel type of double butterfly, two mu-CO-containing dianions {[(mu-CO)Fe2(CO)6]2[mu-SCH2(CH2OCH2)nCH2S-mu]}2- (m1, n = 2, 3), has been synthesized from dithiol HSCH2(CH2OCH2)nCH2SH (n = 2, 3), Fe3(CO)12, and Et3N in THF at room temperature. While dianions m1 react in situ with CS2 followed by treatment with dihalide 1,4-(BrCH2)2C6H4 or 1,4-I(CH2)4I to give macrocyclic clusters [mu-SCH2(CH2OCH2)nCH2S-mu](mu-CS2ZCS2-mu)[Fe2(CO)6]2 (1a, n = 2, Z = 1,4-(CH2)2C6H4; 1b, n = 3, Z = (CH2)4), reactions of dianions m1 with (mu-S2)Fe2(CO)6 followed by treatment with dihalide 1,4-I(CH2)4I afford macrocyclic clusters [mu-SCH2(CH2OCH2)nCH2S-mu]{[Fe2(CO)6]2(mu4-S)}2[mu-S(CH2)4S-mu] (2a, n = 2; 2b, n = 3). The crystal structures of 1a and 2b are described.     

M2(hpp)4Cl2 and M2(hpp)4, where M = Mo and W: preparations, structure and bonding, and comparisons with C2, C2H2, and C2Cl2 and the hypothetical molecules M2(hpp)4(H)2

The reaction between M(2)Cl(2)(NMe(2))(4), where M = Mo or W, and Hhpp (8 equiv) in a solid-state melt reaction at 150 degrees C yields the compounds M(2)(hpp)(4)Cl(2) 1a (M = Mo) and 1b (M = W), respectively, by the elimination of HNMe(2) [hpp is the anion derived from deprotonation of 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-2H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidine, Hhpp]. Purification of 1a and 1b is achieved by sublimation of the excess Hhpp and subsequent recrystallization from either CH(2)Cl(2) or CHCl(3) (or CDCl(3)). By single-crystal X-ray crystallography, the structures of 1a and 1b are shown to contain a central paddlewheel-like M(2)(hpp)(4) core with Mo-Mo = 2.1708(8) A (from CH(2)Cl(2)), 2.1574(5) A (from CDCl(3)), W-W = 2.2328(2) A (from CDCl(3)), and M-N = 2.09(1) (av) A. The Cl ligands are axially ligated (linear Cl-M-M-Cl) with abnormally long M-Cl bond distances that, in turn, depend on the presence or absence of hydrogen bonding to chloroform. The quadruply bonded compounds M(2)(hpp)(4), 2a (M = Mo), and 2b (M = W), can be prepared from the reactions between 1,2-M(2)R(2)(NMe(2))(4) compounds, where R = (i)()Bu or p-tolyl, and Hhpp (4 equiv) in benzene by ligand replacement and reductive elimination. The compounds 2a and 2b are readily oxidized, and in chloroform they react to form 1a and 1b, respectively. The electronic structure and bonding in the compounds 1a, 1b, 2a, and 2b have been investigated using gradient corrected density functional theory employing Gaussian 98. The bonding in the M-M quadruply bonded compounds, 2a and 2b, reveals M-M delta(2) HOMOs and extensive mixing of M-M pi and nitrogen ligand lone-pair orbitals in a manner qualitatively similar to that of the M(2)(formamidinates)(4). The calculations indicate that in the chloride compounds, 1a and 1b, the HOMO is strongly M-Cl sigma antibonding and weakly M-M sigma bonding in character. Formally there is a M-M triple bond of configuration pi(4)sigma(2), and the LUMO is the M-M delta orbital. An interesting mixing of M-M and M-Cl pi interactions occurs, and an enlightening analogy emerges between these d(4)-d(4) and d(3)-d(3) dinuclear compounds and the bonding in C(2), C(2)H(2), and C(2)Cl(2), which is interrogated herein by simple theoretical calculations together with the potential bonding in axially ligated compounds where strongly covalent M-X bonds are present. The latter were represented by the model compounds M(2)(hpp)(4)(H)(2). On the basis of calculations, we estimate the reactions M(2)(hpp)(4) + X(2) to give M(2)(hpp)(4)X(2) to be enthalpically favorable for X = Cl but not for X = H. These results are discussed in terms of the recent work of Cotton and Murillo and our attempts to prepare parallel-linked oligomers of the type [[bridge]-[M(2)]-](n)().     

Arylation of adamantanamines: IX. Copper(I)-catalyzed arylation of adamantane-containing amines

Copper(I)-catalyzed arylation of 14 adamantane-containing amines with iodobenzene, 1-fluoro-4-iodobenzene, 1-iodo-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene, and 1-iodo-4-methoxybenzene has been studied under the conditions optimized previously. The yields of the N-arylation products have been shown to depend in a complicated manner on the amine structure, steric environment of the amino group, and substituent nature in iodobenzene.     

Restricted guest tumbling in phosphorylated self-assembled capsules

ABii diphosphonatocavitands self-assemble in chloroform solution to form dimeric molecular capsules. The molecular capsules can incarcerate an N-methylpyridinium or N-methylpicolinium guest. We have demonstrated that the supramolecular assembly acts as a molecular rotor as a result of the restricted motion of the guest inside the molecular cavity. In the solid state, X-ray diffraction analysis of the free host showed that two cavitands interact through strong hydrogen bonds to give the supramolecular self-assembled capsule. The solid-state structure of the N-methylpicolinium complex is comparable to that of the free host and indicates that the guest is not a prerequisite for the formation of the capsule. DOSY NMR studies provided a definitive argument for the formation of the free and complexed supramolecular capsule in CDCl(3) solution. In solution, the tumbling of the N-methylpyridinium and N-methylpicolinium guests about the equatorial axes of the host can be frozen and differs by the respective energy barriers, with the larger picolinium substrate having a larger value (ΔG(++) = 69.7 kJ mol(-1)) than the shorter pyridinium guest (ΔG(++) = 44.8 kJ mol(-1)). This behavior corresponds to the restricted rotation of a rotator in a supramolecular rotor.     

Potential cerebral perfusion agents. Synthesis and evaluation of new radioiodinated barbituric acid analogs

Two new ¹²⁵I-labeled barbituric acid analogs, 5-ethyl-5-(E-1-iodo-1-penten-5-yl)2-thiobarbituric acid ( 4 ) and 5-ethyl-5-( m -iodophenyl)barbituric acid ( 7 ), have been prepared and evaluated in rats as potential cerebral perfusion agents. Annulation of 2-ethyl-2-(E-1-iodo-1-penten-5-yl)malonate ( 3 ) with thiourea in the presence of sodium ethoxide gave the 5-ethyl-5-(E-1-iodo-1-penten-5-y1)-thiobarbituric acid ( 4 ). Diethyl 2-ethyl-2-phenyl-malonate was treated with thallium(III) trifluoroacetate followed by addition of aqueous potassium iodide to provide diethyl 2-ethyl-2-(m-iodophenyl)malonate ( 10 ). The malonic ester derivative 10 was condensed with urea in the presence of sodium hydride to give the desired 5-ethyl-5-(m-iodophenyl)barbituric acid ( 7 ), and a decarbethoxylation product, 2-(m-iodophenyl)butyric acid ( 11 ). Iodine-125-labeled 4 and 7 were synthesized in the same manner and the tissue distribution of these new agents evaluated in rats. Both [¹²⁵I] 4 and [¹²⁵I] 7 showed high brain uptake. Significant in vivo deiodination was detected with [¹²⁵I] 4 whereas [¹²⁵I] 7 was found to be stable to deiodination.     

Anodic oxidation of mono- and disubstituted 1,4-dimethoxybenzenes

The electrochemical oxidation of mono- and disubstituted 1,4-dimethoxybenzene derivatives with zero, one, and two benzylic CH(2)X groups (X = OAc, Cl, OH) (5a-c and 6a-c) has been carried out by using both constant-current and controlled-potential techniques in methanol and in the presence of different electrolytes and working electrodes. Constant-current electrolysis in KOH-methanol solutions yielded mostly the corresponding 1,4-quinone derivatives from 5a-c and 6b, whereas the disubstituted 1,4-dimethoxybenzenes 6a,c underwent side-chain oxidation to form 2,5-dimethoxyterephthalaldehydes. Upon alteration of the medium from the commonly used basic KOH-methanol to neutral LiClO(4)-methanol, a new spectrum of products was achieved in most cases, involving novel coupling products from monosubstituted substrates and quinone derivatives from disubstituted ones. Controlled-potential oxidation at the glassy carbon anodes and in a neutral LiClO(4)-methanol medium led to more complex mixtures of products, namely, polymers and new coupling products from monosubstituted substrates and quinones and side-chain oxidation (or substitution) products from the disubstituted ones. Three new coupling products were isolated and characterized by X-ray measurements.     

Simultaneous bridge-localized and mixed-valence character in diruthenium radical cations featuring diethynylaromatic bridging ligands

A series of bimetallic ruthenium complexes [{Ru(dppe)Cp*}(2)(μ-C≡CArC≡C)] featuring diethynylaromatic bridging ligands (Ar = 1,4-phenylene, 1,4-naphthylene, 9,10-anthrylene) have been prepared and some representative molecular structures determined. A combination of UV-vis-NIR and IR spectroelectrochemical methods and density functional theory (DFT) have been used to demonstrate that one-electron oxidation of compounds [{Ru(dppe)Cp*}(2)(μ-C≡CArC≡C)](HC≡CArC≡CH = 1,4-diethynylbenzene; 1,4-diethynyl-2,5-dimethoxybenzene; 1,4-diethynylnaphthalene; 9,10-diethynylanthracene) yields solutions containing radical cations that exhibit characteristics of both oxidation of the diethynylaromatic portion of the bridge, and a mixed-valence state. The simultaneous population of bridge-oxidized and mixed-valence states is likely related to a number of factors, including orientation of the plane of the aromatic portion of the bridging ligand with respect to the metal d-orbitals of appropriate π-symmetry.     

Reactions of some arenes and pyrazoles in MeCN under conditions of undivided-cell electrolysis

As exemplified for the first time by pyrazole and its 4-nitro and 3,5-dimethyl derivatives, N-arylation of pyrazoles can be performed under conditions of undivided-cell amperostatic electrolysis (Pt electrodes, MeCN) of systems containing the pyrazolate anion and (or) pyrazole, arene (benzene, 1,4-dimethoxybenzene, or xylene), and a supporting electrolyte. In the case of electrolysis involving 1,4-dimethoxybenzene as arene, N-arylation followed simultaneously three routes to form an ortho-substitution product (1,4-dimethoxy-2-(pyrazol-1-yl)benzene), an ipso-substitution product (4-methoxy-1-(pyrazol-1-yl)benzene), and an ipso-bisaddition product (1,4-dimethoxy-1,4-di(pyrazol-1-yl)cyclohexa-2,5-diene) in a total current yield of up to 50%. The acid-base properties of the pyrazoles under study affect the ratio of the N-arylation products and govern the required composition of the starting reaction mixture. In the case of a stronger base, such as 3,5-dimethylpyrazole, N-arylation with 1,4-dimethoxybenzene occurred even in the pyrazole—arene—tetraalkylammonium perchlorate system, whereas N-arylation of 4-nitropyrazole (a weaker base) proceeded only in the presence of the pyrazolate anion or another base, viz., sym-collidine. Oxidation of arene to the radical cation is the key anodic reaction. Not only the pyrazolate anion, but also highly basic pyrazole or a solvate complex of weakly basic pyrazole with collidine can serve as a nucleophilic partner in subsequent transformations of these radical cations.     

Enols of amides. The effect of fluorine substituents in the ester groups of dicarboalkoxyanilidomethanes on the enol/amide and E-enol/Z-enol ratios. A multinuclei NMR study.

Condensation of phenyl isocyanate substituted by 4-MeO, 4-Me, 4-H, 4-Br, and 2,4-(MeO)(2) with esters CH(2)(CO(2)R)CO(2)R', R = CH(2)CF(3), R' = CH(3), CH(2)CF(3), CH(CF(3))(2), or R = CH(3), R' = CH(CF(3))(2) gave 17 "amides" ArNHCOCH(CO(2)R)CO(2)R' containing three, six, or nine fluorines in the ester groups. X-ray crystallography of six of them revealed that compounds with > or =6 fluorine atoms exist in the solid state as the enols of amides ArNHC(OH)=C(CO(2)R)CO(2)R' whereas the ester with R = R' = CH(3) was shown previously to have the amide structure. In the solid enols, the OH is cis and hydrogen bonded to the better electron-donating (i.e., with fewer fluorine atoms) ester group. X-ray diffraction could not be obtained for compounds with only three fluorine atoms, i.e., R = CH(2)CF(3), R' = CH(3) but the (13)C CP-MAS spectra indicate that they have the amide structure in the solid state, whereas esters with six and nine fluorine atoms display spectra assigned to the enols. The solid enols show unsymmetrical hydrogen bonds and the expected features of push-pull alkenes, e.g., long C(alpha)=C(beta) bonds. The structure in solution depends on the number of fluorine atoms and the solvent, but only slightly on the substituents. The symmetrical systems (R = R' = CH(2)CF(3)) show signals for the amide and the enol, but all systems with R not equal R' displayed signals for the amide and for two enols, presumably the E- and Z-isomers. The [Enol I]/[Enol II] ratio is 1.6-2.9 when R = CH(2)CF(3), R' = CH(3), CH(CF(3))(2) and 4.5-5.3 when R = CH(3), R' = CH(CF(3))(2). The most abundant enol display a lower field delta(OH) and a higher field delta(NH) and assigned the E-structure with a stronger O-H.O=C(OR) hydrogen bond than in the Z-isomer. delta(OH) and delta(NH) values are nearly the same for all systems with the same cis CO(2)R group. The [Enols]/[Amide] ratio in various solvents follows the order CCl(4) > CDCl(3) > CD(3)CN > DMSO-d(6). The enols always predominate in CCl(4) and the amide is the exclusive isomer in DMSO-d(6) and the major one in CD(3)CN. In CDCl(3) the major tautomer depends on the number of fluorines. For example, in CDCl(3,) for Ar = Ph, the % enol (K(Enol)) is 35% (0.54) for R = CH(2)CF(3,) R' = CH(3), 87% (6.7) for R = R' = CH(2)CF(3), 79% (3.8) for R = CH(3), R' = CH(CF(3))(2) and 100% (> or =50) for R = CH(2)CF(3), R' = CH(CF(3))(2). (17)O and (15)N NMR spectra measured for nine of the enols are consistent with the suggested assignments. The data indicate the importance of electron withdrawal at C(beta), of intramolecular hydrogen bonding, and of low polarity solvents in stabilizing the enols. The enols of amides should no longer be regarded as esoteric species.     

Water‐Soluble Molecular Capsules: Self‐Assembly and Binding Properties

The self‐assembly and characterization of water‐soluble calix[4]arene‐based molecular capsules ( 1?2 ) is reported. The assemblies are the result of ionic interactions between negatively charged calix[4]arenes 1 a and 1 b , functionalized at the upper rim with amino acid moieties, and a positively charged tetraamidiniumcalix[4]arene 2 . The formation of the molecular capsules is studied by ¹H NMR spectroscopy, ESI mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS), and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). A molecular docking protocol was used to identify potential guest molecules for the self‐assembled capsule 1 a?2 . Experimental guest encapsulation studies indicate that capsule 1 a?2 is an effective host for both charged (N‐methylquinuclidinium cation) and neutral molecules (6‐amino‐2‐methylquinoline) in water.     

Enhanced thermodynamic and kinetic stability of calix[4]arene dimers locked in the cone conformation

Wide rim tetraurea derivatives (2a,b) have been prepared from a calix[4]arene rigidified in the cone conformation by two diethyleneglycol ether bridges between adjacent oxygens. In comparison to the analogous tetraurea derivatives (3a,b) of a tetrapentoxy calix[4]arene, 2a,b show an increased thermodynamic stability in mixtures of CDCl(3) and DMSO-d(6). Their kinetic stability as expressed by the rate of guest exchange (benzene or cyclohexane against the solvent benzene-d(6)) is also strongly increased by factors of 30-38. Noticeable differences for the inclusion of selected guests are found.     

An in-depth correlation of perturbation of the organic-inorganic interface topology,electronic structure,and transport properties within beta''-(BEDT-TTF)(4) x (guest)(n) x [Re(6)Q(6)Cl(8)], (Q=S,Se)

An in-depth analysis of a set of 21 layered structures of metallic pseudopolymorphs of general formulation, beta'-(BEDT-TTF)(4) x (guest)(n) x [Re(6)Q(6)Cl(8)], (BEDT-TTF=bis-ethylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene; Q = S, Se; guest = H(2)O, 1,4-dioxane, THF, CCl(4), C(2)H(5)OH, CHCl(3), CH(2)ClI, CH(2)ClBr, CH(2)Cl(2), CH(2)OH-CH(2)OH, C(5)H(5)N, CH(3)COCH(3), 2-hydroxy-tetrahydrofuran, CH(3)CN, CS(2), C(6)H(6)), with diverse low-temperature behaviors, which differ solely by the nature of the cosolvent molecule selectively included during the electrocrystallization process, reveals a precise set of weak HO-H...Cl-mu-Re, (C-H)(BEDT-TTF)...Cl-mu-Re, C-H...O(guest), (C-H)(guest)...Cl-mu-Re hydrogen bonds at the organic-inorganic interface, none of which dominates any of the others and whose balance is adjusted upon substitution of one guest molecule by another. The electronic structure of the host adjusts to the weak perturbation imposed by exchanging the guest molecules and by balancing the former interfacial interactions; this correlates to a net activation of up to 0.1 eV of the energy of the HOMO level of one of the two donors, while keeping the pattern of HOMO-HOMO intermolecular interactions in the donor layer essentially unaltered. It is suggested that this controls the stability of the metallic state at low temperature or the occurrence of a metal-to-insulator phase transition for particular guests along the series. It is concluded that by allowing for numerous tiny modifications at the organic-inorganic interface within a single, robust host structure, one sees a concerted, inherently weak structural response of the system that is proportional to the magnitude of the underlying, equally weak activation of the HOMO energy of a fraction of the pi-donor molecules within the slabs; this has a sizeable influence on the macroscopic transport properties of the system.     

Cis-Trans Isomerization and Oxidation of Radical Cations of Stilbene Derivatives

Isomerization from cis stilbene derivatives (c-S (S = RCH=CHC(6)H(5): 1, R = C(6)H(5); 2, R = 4-CH(3)C(6)H(4); 3, R = 4-CH(3)OC(6)H(4) (= An); 4, R = 2,4-(CH(3)O)(2)C(6)H(3); 5, R = 3,4-(CH(3)O)(2)C(6)H(3); 6, R = 3,5-(CH(3)O)(2)C(6)H(3); 7, AnCH=C(CH(3))C(6)H(5); 8, AnCH=CHAn)) to trans isomers (t-S) and oxidation of S with O(2) were studied in gamma-ray radiolyses of c-S in Ar-saturated 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) and of S in O(2)-saturated DCE, respectively. On the basis of product analyses, it is suggested that a smaller barrier to c-t unimolecular isomerization for c-3(*+)-5(*+) and 8(*+) than for c-1(*+), 2(*+), and 6(*+) due to the single bond character of the central C=C double bond for c-3(*+)-5(*+) and 8(*+) with a p-methoxyl group but not for c-1(*+), 2(*+), and 6(*+) without a p-methoxyl group because of the contribution of a quinoid-type structure induced by charge-spin separation. The isomerization proceeds via chain reaction mechanisms involving c-t unimolecular isomerization and endergonic hole transfer or dimerization and decomposition. The isomerization of c-3(*+) to t-3(*+) is catalyzed by addition of 1,4-dimethoxybenzene but terminated by triethylamine. The regioselective formation of 3d in oxidation of 3(*+) with O(2) is explained by spin localization on the beta-olefinic carbon in 3(*+). The results of product analyses are compared with the rate constants of the unimolecular isomerization and the oxidation for S(*+) measured with pulse radiolyses.