超导装置电流引线的研究进展

电流引线是连接室温端电源和低温端超导装置的重要部件,也是超导装置热损耗的主要热源之一。选择合适的电流引线形式,并进行引线结构优化设计,可以提高超导装置的可靠性和经济性。概述了电流引线的优化设计目标和分类形式,介绍了全金属电流引线、高温超导电流引线和珀尔帖电流引线的研究进展,分析比较了三类电流引线的工作特点和适用场景,可为超导装置的电流引线选型和优化设计提供参考。     

快前沿直线脉冲变压器驱动源模块中开关同步对放电电流的影响

介绍了4支路并联快前沿直线脉冲变压器驱动源(FLTD)模块的初步实验结果,在工作电压160 kV时,次级短路放电电流幅值达到103.4 kA,电流前沿为78 ns(10%~90%)。利用微分环测量了4只开关在工作电压120 kV时的同步情况,研究分析了开关同步对放电电流幅值和波形的影响。开关同步小于15ns时,放电电流幅值变化不明显,电流幅值的标准偏差约3.62 kA,电流波形没有明显畸变;开关同步15~25ns时,放电电流幅值略有下降,电流幅值的标准偏差约8.59 kA,电流波形有一定程度畸变;开关同步大于25ns时,放电电流幅值明显降低,电流的标准偏差显著增大,电流波形发生严重畸变。     

托卡马克等离子体电流爬升阶段逃逸电子行为

分析了电流爬升阶段等离子体密度和电流爬升率对逃逸电子行为的影响,研究了低杂波辅助电流驱动条件下的逃逸电子辐射行为。结果发现:电流爬升阶段等离子体密度的大小严重影响了电流爬升阶段甚至电流平顶阶段逃逸电子的行为,较低的等离子体密度将会导致放电过程中比较强的逃逸电子辐射;低能逃逸电子辐射随着电流爬升率的增大而增强;低杂波辅助电流爬升可以有效地节约装置的伏秒数;降低放电过程中的环电压,可有效抑制逃逸电子的产生。     

托卡马克等离子体电流爬升阶段逃逸电子行为

 分析了电流爬升阶段等离子体密度和电流爬升率对逃逸电子行为的影响,研究了低杂波辅助电流驱动条件下的逃逸电子辐射行为。结果发现：电流爬升阶段等离子体密度的大小严重影响了电流爬升阶段甚至电流平顶阶段逃逸电子的行为,较低的等离子体密度将会导致放电过程中比较强的逃逸电子辐射;低能逃逸电子辐射随着电流爬升率的增大而增强;低杂波辅助电流爬升可以有效地节约装置的伏秒数;降低放电过程中的环电压,可有效抑制逃逸电子的产生。     

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介绍了EAST装置新型离子回旋加热(ICRH)天线电流带的设计结构。通过对电流带实际工况的计算得出电流带的工作温度分布,以此来模拟实际工作条件下电流带的热载荷承受能力以及对电流带结构的影响。论证了在实际工况热载荷条件(0.2MW)下,电流带辐射面温度及电流带整体结构强度满足设计要求。     

影响倒装焊LED芯片电流分布均匀性的因素分析

为研究影响倒装LED芯片电流密度均匀分布的因素, 建立了芯片的三维有限元电学模型, 采用COMSOL有限元仿真方法, 分析了芯片尺寸、电极结构、电流注入点对倒装LED芯片电流分布均匀性的影响, 并对相关机理进行了探讨. 研究结果表明, 芯片尺寸的增加扩展了电流的横向传输路径与横向电阻, 使LED芯片电流分布的不均匀性呈指数型恶化; 叉指式电极结构可有效缩短电流传输途径, 增加叉指电极数目有利于电流均匀性的提高; 通过在块状电极上合理设计电流注入点可缩短电流传输路径, 显著提高电流的均匀性.     

托卡马克等离子体电流爬升阶段逃逸电子行为

分析了电流爬升阶段等离子体密度和电流爬升率对逃逸电子行为的影响,研究了低杂波辅助电流驱动条件下的逃逸电子辐射行为。结果发现：电流爬升阶段等离子体密度的大小严重影响了电流爬升阶段甚至电流平顶阶段逃逸电子的行为,较低的等离子体密度将会导致放电过程中比较强的逃逸电子辐射;低能逃逸电子辐射随着电流爬升率的增大而增强;低杂波辅助电流爬升可以有效地节约装置的伏秒数;降低放电过程中的环电压,可有效抑制逃逸电子的产生。     

EAST装置离子回旋加热天线电流带热结构分析

介绍了EAST装置新型离子回旋加热(ICRH)天线电流带的设计结构。通过对电流带实际工况的计算得出电流带的工作温度分布,以此来模拟实际工作条件下电流带的热载荷承受能力以及对电流带结构的影响。论证了在实际工况热载荷条件(0.2MW)下,电流带辐射面温度及电流带整体结构强度满足设计要求。     

光纤光栅大电流传感研究

利用电磁力的原理,提出了一种测量高压大电流的方法,将高压大电流母线缠绕成单匝或双匝螺线管,产生吸引力,使光纤光栅产生应变以此来测量大电流.通过实验使用多匝螺线管和小电流进行了模拟大电流测量.模拟实验结果表明,光纤光栅波长对电流大小的灵敏性逐步增强,特别适合于大电流的测量.     

快前沿直线脉冲变压器驱动源模块中开关同步对放电电流的影响

介绍了4支路并联快前沿直线脉冲变压器驱动源(FLTD)模块的初步实验结果,在工作电压160 kV时,次级短路放电电流幅值达到103.4 kA,电流前沿为78 ns（10%~90%）。利用微分环测量了4只开关在工作电压120 kV时的同步情况,研究分析了开关同步对放电电流幅值和波形的影响。开关同步小于15 ns时,放电电流幅值变化不明显,电流幅值的标准偏差约3.62 kA,电流波形没有明显畸变;开关同步15~25 ns时,放电电流幅值略有下降,电流幅值的标准偏差约8.59 kA,电流波形有一定程度畸变;开关同步大于25 ns时,放电电流幅值明显降低,电流的标准偏差显著增大,电流波形发生严重畸变。     

ICP-AES法测定金属硅中的Al、B、Ba、Ca、Cr、Cu、 Fe、Mg、Mn、Ni、Sr、Ti、V和Zn杂质元素

本文提供了一种测定金属硅中Ｂ,Ｆｅ,Ａｌ,Ｃａ,Ｍｎ等１４个杂质元素的ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ方法,在样品处理过程中,加入适量体积的甘露醇能够抑制Ｂ的挥发。用本方法测定了一个国家地球化学标准样（ＧＳＲ－４）,结果令人满意。     

Density-functional calculations of alpha, beta, gamma, delta, delta', and epsilon plutonium

Total energies for the six known polymorphs of plutonium metal have been calculated within spin and orbital polarized density-functional theory as a function of lattice constant. Theoretical equilibrium volumes and bulk moduli correspond well with experimental data and the calculated total energies are consistent with the known phase diagram of Pu. It is shown that a preference for the formation of magnetic moments, increasing through the alpha-->beta-->gamma phases, explains their position in the ambient pressure phase diagram and their anomalous variation of atomic density. A simple model is presented that establishes a relationship between atomic density, crystal symmetry, and magnetic moments which is universally valid for all Pu phases.     

Bits,time, carriers,and matter

The formal structure of quantum information theory is based on the well-founded concepts and postulates of quantum mechanics. In the present contribution, I am inverting the usual approach presented in textbooks by beginning with the use of bit states as basic and fundamental units of information and establish a dynamical map for them. The condition of reversibility, imposed on an ordered sequence of actions operating on a bit state, introduces, by necessity, the unitarity property of actions. I also verify that the uniformity of time, as a parameter for ordering events, is due to the admission of a composition law for the actions. In the limit of infinitesimal intervals between actions, a reversible and linear equation arises for the dynamical changes in time of a qubit (superposition of bit states). The admission that a bit of information is stored or carried by a massive particle necessarily leads to the Schrödinger–Pauli equation (SPE); the bit is associated to a spin 1/2. Within this approach, I verify that the particle dynamical equation becomes “enslaved” by the spin dynamics. In other words, the bit (or spin) precedes in status the particle dynamical evolution, being at the root of the quantum character of the standard Schr¨odinger equation, even when spin and spatial degrees of freedom are uncoupled.     

Surface energies of the solid solutions between Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, and W

The surface energy for different surface orientations of the solid solutions as a function of concentration formed by Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, and W is computed and analyzed using the BFS method for alloys. Similarities and differences among the different binary alloys are examined in terms of strain and chemical effects.     

Onsager,ice, biomembranes,dimer models and the F-model

Personal recollections give a sampling of some of Onsager's later interests in ice and biomembranes. The author's involvement in these topics led to modeling a particular biomembrane phase transition using dimer models. Recent work is described for a particularly rich dimer model which is isomorphic to the F-model in three kinds of fields (direct, staggered, and quarter). New results for the full three-dimensional phase diagram show (1) how the anomalous OK multicritical point is destroyed by a direct field, and (2) how a new line of critical points must be added to the phase diagram in direct and staggered fields obtained previously by Baxter, due to diverging susceptibilities in the quarter field.     

Optical emission behaviors of C,Al, Ti,Fe, Cu,Mo, Ag,Ta, and W wire explosions in gaseous media

Electrical explosion of wires (EEW) is a promising method for nanopowders preparation and insensitive explosives ignition. Plasma radiation plays a key role in the ignition process while little attention has been paid on this phenomenon before. This letter introduces optical emission behaviors of electrical explosions for nine materials in air, Helium, and Argon with the SWE-2 platform. Experimental results indicated that the light intensity for non-refractory metals decayed rapidly after the discharge ended. In contrast, for refractory metals, the emission continued to increase and lasted for a long period after the discharge ceased. As for spectra, the emission consisted of line and continuous spectra. With the atomic number increased, the density of lines grew rapidly, leading to a “continuous” appearance.     

Entropy,Economics, and Criticality

Information theory is a well-established method for the study of many phenomena and more than 70 years after Claude Shannon first described it in A Mathematical Theory of Communication it has been extended well beyond Shannon’s initial vision. It is now an interdisciplinary tool that is used from ‘causal’ information flow to inferring complex computational processes and it is common to see it play an important role in fields as diverse as neuroscience, artificial intelligence, quantum mechanics, and astrophysics. In this article, I provide a selective review of a specific aspect of information theory that has received less attention than many of the others: as a tool for understanding, modelling, and detecting non-linear phenomena in finance and economics. Although some progress has been made in this area, it is still an under-developed area that I argue has considerable scope for further development.     

原子吸收光谱法测定中成药阿胶中铜、铬、镉、铅、砷、锑、锡和汞

本文以５０ｍｌ比色管作消化容器，硝酸－高氯酸混酸消化中成药阿胶，采用火焰原子吸收法测定其中的铜；石墨炉法测定其中的铬、镉、铅；氢化物法测定其中的砷、锑、锡。以硝酸－硫酸加过氧化氢水浴加热消化处理样品、采用冷原子法测定其中的汞，均取得较满意的结果。     

Walks,walls, wetting,and melting

New results concerning the statistics of, in particular,p random walkers on a line whose paths do not cross are reported, extended, and interpreted. A general mechanism yielding phase transitions in one-dimensional or linear systems is recalled and applied to various wetting and melting phenomena in (d=2)-dimensional systems, including fluid films and p×1 commensurate adsorbed phases, in which interfaces and domain walls can be modelled by noncrossing walks. The heuristic concept of an effective force between a walk and a rigid wall, and hence between interfaces and walls and between interfaces, is expounded and applied to wetting in an external field, to the behavior of the two-point correlations of a two-dimensional Ising model belowT _c and in a field, and to the character of commensurate-incommensurate transitions ford=2 (recapturing recent results by various workers). Applications of random walk ideas to three-dimensional problems are illustrated in connection with melting in a lipid membrane model.Based on the Boltzmann Medalist address presented at the 15th IUPAP International Conference on Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, Edinburgh, July 1983.     

Function Computation under Privacy,Secrecy, Distortion,and Communication Constraints

The problem of reliable function computation is extended by imposing privacy, secrecy, and storage constraints on a remote source whose noisy measurements are observed by multiple parties. The main additions to the classic function computation problem include (1) privacy leakage to an eavesdropper is measured with respect to the remote source rather than the transmitting terminals’ observed sequences; (2) the information leakage to a fusion center with respect to the remote source is considered a new privacy leakage metric; (3) the function computed is allowed to be a distorted version of the target function, which allows the storage rate to be reduced compared to a reliable function computation scenario, in addition to reducing secrecy and privacy leakages; (4) two transmitting node observations are used to compute a function. Inner and outer bounds on the rate regions are derived for lossless and lossy single-function computation with two transmitting nodes, which recover previous results in the literature. For special cases, including invertible and partially invertible functions, and degraded measurement channels, simplified lossless and lossy rate regions are characterized, and one achievable region is evaluated as an example scenario.