微波辐射对淀粉结构及性质的影响

简单地介绍了微波对淀粉的辐射作用,并综述了微波辐射对淀粉形态结构和结晶结构以及淀粉凝胶化性质、热性质等影响的国内外研究进展,如微波辐射可改变淀粉颗粒形状、结晶结构及其结晶度.微波辐射时间及辐射能等技术参数能够改变淀粉的凝胶化性质,而淀粉的含水量也是重要的影响因素.淀粉的溶解性、润胀性和吸水性都会因微波辐射而较原淀粉下降.     

微波辐射法合成α-萘甲醚的研究

用微波辐射法合成α－萘甲醚，考察了不同条件对产率的影响，此法反应时间短，产率可达75％。     

微波辐射下N-芳基甲酰胺的合成

以甲酸作为甲酰化试剂，通过微波辐射合成的11种N-芳基甲酰胺。产率比传统 方法有所提高，反应时间缩短了20-120倍。     

微波辐射下合成DL-天冬氨酸的研究

在微波辐射下,以NH4Cl为催化剂,用顺丁烯二酸和氨水一步合成DL-天冬氨酸,通过正交实验和单因素实验,考察了微波功率、反应温度、催化剂用量、反应时间等因素的影响,得到最优的工艺条件为:n(顺丁烯二酸)∶n(氨水)∶n(氯化铵)=1∶3.4∶1.4,微波功率为80W,反应温度为160℃,反应时间为10min。这种方法具有操作简单,反应时间短,产品收率高等特点。     

微波辐射下肉桂酸的合成研究

研究了微波辐射下肉桂酸的Knoevenagel-Doebner合成新方法。以工本甲醛为反应底物,丙二酸为试剂,吡啶作溶剂,苯胺作催化剂,考察了苯甲醛与丙二酸的摩尔比、微波功率、反应时间、催化剂用量等对反应的影响。经正交实验设计得到最佳反应条件：丙二酸用量为2．510g,丙二酸与苯甲醛摩尔比1．20,苯胺用量0．26mL,微波功率464W,反应时间19min,肉桂酸的产率几乎是定量的。经重结晶后,精产率为67．17％,并分析了有关原因。结果表明,微波技术用于肉桂酸的合成,操作简便、反应迅速、收率高,具有一定的应用价值。     

二氧化钛纤维表面担载Pt纳米结构的原子力显微镜研究

通过原子力显微镜研究了二氧化钛纤维表面担载Pt的表面形貌及其结构.结果表明,TiO2纤维表面担载的Pt具有微米尺度的近似六边形或者近似长方形的结构,与在单晶TiO2(110)表面的Pt纳米簇形貌相似,但尺度较大.TiO2纤维担载的Pt表面明显存在不同高度的台阶结构,台阶高度以2~4倍Pt(111)晶面面间距的高度为主.由Pt在TiO2纤维表面的形貌与纤维的纳米晶粒排布有序性推测可知,Pt与TiO2纤维存在强的相互作用,可能正是这种强相互作用和表面台阶结构才使TiO2表面担载的Pt虽是微米尺寸但仍具有高光催化活性.     

微波辐射下有效合成缩氨基硫脲类化合物

将肼基二硫代甲酸甲酯与相应的醛或酮在微波辐射下,经2~3.5m in反应得到化合物3-二取代甲(乙)撑肼基二硫代甲酸甲酯1,收率90~96%,然后将化合物1与胺在微波辐射下,经35~45m in反应得到目标化合物2~4,收率68~90%。微波辐射法比常规法显著的缩短了反应时间,提高了收率。共计合成目标化合物19个。以上化合物均经过熔点测定、质谱、红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱对其结构进行确证。     

微波辐射下氯化钡中结晶水的快速测定

在微波辐射下准确测定了氯化钡中结晶水的含量.该方法不仅有较高的准确度与精密度,还可以缩短测定时间,提高测定效率,节能效果十分显著,是一种快速、简便、准确的分析方法.     

微波辐射下LaNaY沸石的水热交换反应

报道微波辐射应用于ＮａＹ沸石与Ｌａ（ＮＯ＿３）＿３溶液的离子交换反应，结果表明微波辐射可提高Ｌａ￣＋的交换度，缩短交换时间。     

微波辐射下L-氨基酸的快速消旋方法

微波辐射作用下的L-氨基酸消旋反应是一种新的氨基酸消旋方法，具有对环境友好的优点。本文报道了在微波辐射下，以1．Omol／L氢氧化钠水溶液替代有机酸作为反应溶剂，水杨醛为催化剂，水杨醛与L-氨基酸的摩尔比为0．1，L-氨基酸可以快速消旋；消旋反应随微波辐射功率的提高而加快，在600W时已接近最大反应速率。同时也讨论了微波作用下L-氨基酸的消旋反应机理。     

Microscopic features of methacrylate polymers with zwitterionic pendant groups determined by various techniques

The objective of this work was to determine microscopic structural features of three methacrylate polymers with different numbers of diethylene glycol residues and zwitterionic pendant groups. X‐ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and scanning probe microscopy techniques were employed. X‐ray data led to the adoption of a model made up of molecular aggregates forming lamellar domains, establishing in this way ordered characteristics of these kinds of polymers. Scanning electron microscopy images provided evidence of the occurrence of a lamellar structure forming the morphology of the polymers. This was corroborated by atomic force microscopy experiments. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the lamellar aggregates conformed into clusters immersed in a polymeric matrix. From phase‐contrast images, information on the homogeneity of the composition at a molecular surface level was obtained. Then, the techniques provided evidence of the lamellar domain characteristics of the studied sulfobetaines. The crystallinity was a function of the number of ethoxy groups because as this number increased, the crystallinity became lower © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1152–1160, 2005     

Facile Synthesis of Triarylpyrimidines with Microwave‐Irradiated Reactions of N‐Phenacylpyridinium Chloride

In a system of ammonium acetate and acetic acid under microwave irradiation, N‐phenacylpyridinium chloride 1 reacted with 2 mol of aromatic aldehydes 2a–h to give 2,4,6‐triarylpyrimidine 3a–h, reacted with pyridinecarboxaldehyde 4a–c and acetophenone 5 to yield bipyridine derivatives 6a–c. The structure of the products was characterized with ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, IR, and mass spectroscopy.     

原子力显微镜在高分子领域的应用

原子力显微镜在其发现不久即应用于高分子领域,弥补了扫描隧显微镜不能观测非导电样品的缺欠,因而受到重视,应用范围也不断扩展。最近几年,原子力显微镜的应用已由对聚合物表面几何形貌的观测发展到深入研究高分子的米级结构和表面性能等新领域,并由此导出了若干新概念和新方法。本文仅对当前原子力显微镜应用于高分子和高分子材料研究的几个重要方面举例进行介绍。     

Modification of Rice Straw for Heavy Metal Ion Adsorbents by Microwave Heating

Summary: Cellulose in rice straw was chemically modified by phosphorylation using conventional heating or microwave heating. Rice straw pretreated by NaOH solution gave the highest phosphorus content when it was phosphorylated using microwave heating at 450 watt (7.07%P, ion exchange capacity 2.60 meq/g). The 3 hour-reaction in oil bath yielded the modified rice straw with lower of phosphorus content (6.32%P) and higher ion exchange capacity (2.99 meq/g) than that of microwave heating. The feasibility of the modified rice straw as cation sorbents for removing heavy metal was investigated. Cd²⁺, Cr³⁺ and Pb²⁺ were used as sorbates. In sorption test of 40 ppm with 2.0 g/L of the modified rice straw, both modified rice straws could adsorb metal ions faster than the commercial ion exchange resin (dowax) at the time less than 60 min. The modified rice straw prepared by microwave heating (A-MCW2) could remove 90% of Cd²⁺ and Cr³⁺ in 60 minutes and remove 99% of Pb²⁺ after 30 min.     

Effect of coagulant temperature and composition on surface morphology and mass transfer properties of cellulose acetate hollow fiber membranes

Cellulose acetate (CA) hollow fibers were spun via the dry‐jet wet spinning technique under various external coagulant compositions and temperatures. The surface morphology of the resulting hollow fiber was examined using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TMAFM). The pure water permeability (PWP) and the retention of dextran of the hollow fiber were also measured. The results showed that both the temperature and composition can affect greatly the surface morphology and hence the permeation performance of hollow fiber membranes when the temperature was over 55°C and the dimethyl formamide (DMF) content was higher than 15%. The on‐line draw ratio increased with the coagulant temperature and DMF content (in the range of 0 to 10%) in the external coagulant. The ultimate tensile strength also increased when the fibers were coagulated in 5–10% DMF and at 70°C. The PWP increased with the DMF content in the coagulant and the coagulant temperature. The retention of dextran decreased with the increase of the DMF content in the coagulant and the coagulant temperature. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Direct visualization of straw cell walls by AFM

The structural relationship of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in plant cell walls is still a mystery needing to be explored. By using atomic force microscopy (AFM) the surface of straw at different layers was directly observed, and the structural characteristics were analyzed by topographic analysis and FT-IR spectra. It was found that a compact layer of wax covered the outside of the straw, which protects the straw from insects and microorganisms. At the boundary of the primary and second wall there appears a network structure of cellulose and hemicellulose, with some lignin localised on the surface of the network. It is consistent with the model of a cell wall suggested by Vincent. Inside the second cell wall, there is a layer mainly composed of a cellulose crystalline region. High-resolution AFM observation reveals that the crystalline structure consists of both triclinic and monoclinic unit cells. An AFM phase image showing the structural relation between cellulose microfibrils, hemicellulose, and lignin in the straw cell wall.     

微波消解-原子吸收光谱法测定矿石中的铁

应用微波消解-原子吸收光谱法测定矿石中全铁含量,利用HCl、HNO3、HF混合酸,在800 W的微波功率,利用二步消解程序,终温150 ℃并维持10 min即可将矿石消解完全。与传统消解方式及化学法进行了比较,其测定结果基本一致,相对标准偏差均小于1.3%。节约分析成本、提高工作效率,同时还可减少分析产生的废液等三废造成的环境污染问题。     

甘草多糖螺旋结构的原子力显微镜研究

用原子力显微镜(AFM)对甘草多糖的微观结构进行观察, 实验结果表明, 甘草多糖主要由葡萄糖、阿拉伯糖和半乳糖组成. 甘草多糖分子的稀溶液铺展在Ni^2＋处理的云母片上, 经干燥, 乙醇固定后, 获得稳定、重复的图像. 甘草多糖分子具有高度分枝的结构, 并且糖链间形成环状、柱状或近似于螺旋状的结构. 甘草多糖链呈多股紧密的螺旋结构, 这种现象可能与该多糖中分子间的Van der Waals相互作用以及糖链间氢键缔合有关.     

Synthesis of Novel Murrapanine Analogues by Microwave Irradiation

Some new Murrapanine analogues have been synthesized via microwave irradiation by intermolecular Diels–Alder cyclization of 1‐tosyl‐3‐(3‐methyl‐1,3‐vinylallyl) indole with a dienophile such as quinone. The structure of the compounds has been characterized by ¹H NMR and MS.