气体介质对多间隙气体开关电晕均压与自击穿特性的影响

快脉冲直线变压器型驱动源（FLTD）是近年来快速发展的新型脉冲功率源技术,多采用多间隙气体开关作为开关器件。电晕均压措施有利于提升开关击穿性能,但不同气体中电晕放电有显著区别。本文首先研究了空气中针电极对单间隙电晕放电特性的影响,确定了电晕针电极的尺寸,之后研究了N₂,CO₂,SF₆/N₂混合气体、C₄F₇N/N₂混合气体中的电晕放电特性,研究了电晕均压6间隙气体开关击穿电压及其稳定性随气体种类和气压的变化规律。实验结果表明,N₂中电晕电流较大且不稳定,空气中电晕电流比N₂中低,且电晕放电较为稳定,微量强电负性气体加入会极大降低电晕放电电流。当采用空气和N₂作绝缘介质时,气体开关击穿电压随气压升高线性增加,但存在低值击穿,微量强电负性气体混合N₂可显著提升击穿电压的稳定性。1%SF₆/99%N₂混合气体在0.18 MPa时,击穿电压约为197.33 kV,标准偏差占击穿电压比例为1.50%,1% C₄F₇N /99%N₂混合气体在0.15 MPa时,击穿电压约为190.42 kV,标准偏差为0.55%。这表明,微量环保替代气体C₄F₇N与N₂的混合气体对于提升多间隙气体开关击穿电压稳定性有显著作用。     

多针电晕增强大气压辉光放电稳定性研究

利用多针电晕增强放电装置，在无气流和存在高速气流的情况下都得到了稳定的大气压辉光.通过纪录发光图片、电流-电压波形和伏安特性曲线的方法对影响放电稳定性的因素做了细致地研究，发现了在从电晕放电到辉光放电的过程中存在着过渡阶段，表现为出现带有直流成分的Trichel脉冲.气流速度、极板间距以及针尖锥度和凹坑曲率半径的匹配程度都对放电的稳定性和电流密度有着重要的影响. 关键词： 大气压辉光放电 多针电晕 等离子体     

高灵敏度电晕放电辐射信号探测方案

为了实现复杂电磁环境下电晕放电辐射信号的探测,从信号特征入手,通过对电晕电流的计算和模拟实验,揭示了电晕放电的时、频域特征。在分析自然环境下噪声频率分布规律的基础上,设计了窄频段探测技术,通过设计特定频段的定向天线、增加高频宽带低噪声放大器、应用数字处理终端等方式,搭建了高灵敏度的微弱信号探测系统,成功探测到自然环境中600 m外的电晕放电辐射信号。实验结果充分证明了电晕放电辐射信号的远距离探测的可行性,为电晕放电目标探测提供了重要的技术手段。     

高灵敏度电晕放电辐射信号探测方案

为了实现复杂电磁环境下电晕放电辐射信号的探测,从信号特征入手,通过对电晕电流的计算和模拟实验,揭示了电晕放电的时、频域特征。在分析自然环境下噪声频率分布规律的基础上,设计了窄频段探测技术,通过设计特定频段的定向天线、增加高频宽带低噪声放大器、应用数字处理终端等方式,搭建了高灵敏度的微弱信号探测系统,成功探测到自然环境中600m外的电晕放电辐射信号。实验结果充分证明了电晕放电辐射信号的远距离探测的可行性,为电晕放电目标探测提供了重要的技术手段。     

Characteristics of negative corona discharge in the working media of atmospheric-pressure nitrogen lasers

We present the results of investigations of the electrical and optical characteristics of a negative-polarity corona discharge excited in systems of “pins-mesh” and “pins-plane” electrodes in a He/N₂ mixture at atmospheric pressure. In order that such a corona discharge could be applied in systems of electric pumping of the working medium of atmospheric-pressure N₂-lasers, the optimum conditions should be: the total pressure of the mixture ≤150 kPa and the nitrogen pressure ≤5 kPa. Uzhgorod State University, 46, Pidgirna St., Uzhgorod, 290000, Ukraine. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 6, pp. 837–840, November–December, 1997.     

Numerical simulation and experimental validation of direct current air corona discharge under atmospheric pressure

Air corona discharge is one of the critical problems associated with high-voltage equipment. Investigating the corona mechanism plays a key role in enhancing the electrical insulation performance. An improved self-consistent multi-component two-dimensional plasma hybrid model is presented for the simulation of a direct current atmospheric pressure corona discharge in air. The model is based on plasma hydrodynamic and chemical models, and includes 12 species and 26 reactions. In addition, the photoionization effect is introduced into the model. The simulation on a bar-plate electrode configuration with an inter-electrode gap of 5.0 mm is carried out. The discharge voltage– current characteristics and the current density distribution predicted by the hybrid model agree with the experimental measurements. In addition, the dynamics of volume charged species generation, discharge current waveform, current density distribution at an electrode, charge density, electron temperature, and electric field variations are investigated in detail based on the model. The results indicate that the model can contribute valuable insights into the physics of an air plasma discharge.     

微波阶梯阻抗变换器低气压电晕放电粒子模拟

采用3维粒子软件VORPAL对微波阶梯阻抗变换器中的低气压电晕放电过程进行了粒子模拟,获得了放电过程中带电粒子实空间分布的时间演变图像,分析并解释了其中低气压电晕放电机理和微放机理之间的关系.模拟结果表明:低气压电晕放电的阈值电压随着气压的增长呈现先减小后增加的变化趋势;并且随着气压的增长,微放电作用减弱,低气压电晕放电作用增强.通过对银和铜两种器壁材料放电阈值的比较,获得了两种放电机理之间的临界气压.     

多针对板负电晕放电激发态N原子发射光谱研究

在常压空气中,利用OES技术检测到负直流电晕放电等离子中激发态N原子发射光谱,并利用相对谱峰强度最大的674.5nm N原子激发跃迁谱线研究了相关空气参数和电参数对其相对密度的影响。结果表明,电离区内N原子相对密度随注入功率的升高呈增加趋势;随电极间距和相对湿度的增加,其相对密度逐渐减小;随N2流量增加,其相对密度呈先增加再减小趋势。在实验条件下,当针尖轴向距离r=1mm时,N原子相对密度出现最大值。     

Electron beam evaporation deposition of cadmium sulphide and cadmium telluride thin films: Solar cell applications

Cadmium sulphide (CdS) and cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin films are deposited by electron beam evaporation. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveals that the root mean square (RMS) roughness values of the CdS films increase as substrate temperature increases. The optical band gap values of CdS films increase slightly with the increase in the substrate temperature, in a range of 2.42-2.48 eV. The result of Hall effect measurement suggests that the carrier concentration decreases as the substrate temperature increases, making the resistivity of the CdS films increase. CdTe films annealed at 300℃ show that their lowest transmittances are due to their largest packing densities. The electrical characteristics of CdS/CdTe thin film solar cells are investigated in dark conditions and under illumination. Typical rectifying and photovoltaic properties are obtained.     

Numerical simulation and experimental validation of a direct current air corona discharge under atmospheric pressure

Air corona discharge is one of the critical problems associated with high-voltage equipment. Investigating the corona mechanism plays a key role in enhancing the electrical insulation performance. An improved self-consistent multi-component two-dimensional plasma hybrid model is presented for the simulation of a direct current atmospheric pressure corona discharge in air. The model is based on plasma hydrodynamic and chemical models, and includes 12 species and 26 reactions. In addition, the photoionization effect is introduced into the model. The simulation on a bar-plate electrode configuration with an inter-electrode gap of 5.0 mm is carried out. The discharge voltage-current characteristics and the current density distribution predicted by the hybrid model agree with the experimental measurements. In addition, the dynamics of volume charged species generation, discharge current waveform, current density distribution at an electrode, charge density, electron temperature, and electric field variations are investigated in detail based on the model. The results indicate that the model can contribute valuable insights into the physics of an air plasma discharge.     

线-板式脉冲电晕放电反应器的发射光谱研究

以发射光谱法为基础,检测了常压状态线-板式脉冲电晕放电过程OH自由基在反应器内的空间分布;研究了线电极直径,线线间距以及线板间距对生成OH自由基的影响;从而明确脉冲电晕放电反应器的性能。结果显示:OH自由基浓度沿线电极X轴方向逐渐降低,活化区域半径20mm左右,沿Y轴方向先升高后降低,活化区域半径大于30mm;线电极的直径小于2mm时,OH自由基的光谱强度基本不变,线电极直径继续增大,发射光谱强度随之迅速下降。线线间距逐渐增大,OH自由基的发射光谱强度随之增强。OH自由基的发射光谱强度随着线板间距的增大而降低。     

棒-板电极直流负电晕放电特里切尔脉冲的微观过程分析

本文基于流体动力学理论改进出一种新的棒-板电极负电晕放电混合数值模型, 模型中加入了27种主要碰撞反应, 并考虑了光电离和二次电子发射过程. 对棒-板间距3.3 mm, 施加电压-5.0 kV情况下进行数值计算, 得到负电晕放电的特里切尔脉冲. 重点分析了单个特里切尔脉冲持续过程中5个关键时刻的微观特征量发展规律, 丰富并量化描述了特里切尔脉冲的微观过程, 主要结论如下: 随着放电时间的发展, 电场集中分布区域向阳极移动且幅值变小, 这对电子崩的发展非常不利. 大部分放电区域都是电中性的, 只有在阴极鞘和阳极鞘附近有带正电的等离子体特性, 带负电的离子云随着放电时间的发展缓慢向阳极发散式移动. 整个特里切尔脉冲持续过程中, 阴极鞘内电子密度几乎为0; 特里切尔脉冲前期, 阴极鞘附近电子密度迅速增加至最大值并保持基本不变; 随着放电时间的增加, 放电间隙内电子密度整体增加, 并且向阳极发展. 在特里切尔脉冲后期, 电子的产生主要来自于N₂和O₂的碰撞电离, 电子的消失则主要由N₂⁺的复合决定, O₄⁺和O₂^-分别是数量最多的正离子和负离子. 关键词： 负电晕 混合模型 特里切尔脉冲 微观特征量     

Characteristic of a negative corona discharge in active media of Xe(6p−5d) and eximer lasers

The article contains results of a study of electric and optical characteristics of a negative corona discharge in a “needles-grid” electrode system in the mixtures He/Xe and He/Xe(Kr)/HCl, which are used in periodic pulsed electric-discharge Xe(6p−5d), XeCl, and KrCl lasers. The corona discharge was ignited in a multielectrode system whose length is commensurable with the length of the active medium of the lasers. Voltage-current characteristics, radiation spectra of the discharge plasma, and the dependences of the radiation intensity of atomic spectral lines and the band λ=308 nm of XeCl (B-X) on parameters of the corona discharge are studied. For the mixture He/Xe the corona discharge exists as a spatially homogeneous discharge that is intermediate between corona and glow discharges and is transformed into an anode streamer at higher charge voltages. Collisional purification of the 6p states of the Xe atom by helium was observed. In the mixture He/Xe/HCl the corona discharge is ignited in the form of individual generation zones and a dark external region and can be used in electric systems for pumping the active media of XeCl and KrCl lasers. Uzhgorod State University, 46, Pidgirna St., Uzhgorod, 294000, Ukraine. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 65, No. 2, pp. 205–210, March–April, 1998.     

Influence of conductivity on corona discharge current from a water droplet and on ejection of nano-sized droplets

The influence of the conductivity of a water droplet formed at a capillary electrode on the negative corona discharge and production of nano-sized droplets was investigated. Conductivity of a water droplet was adjusted from 1 μS/cm of deionized water to 48 mS/cm of nitric acid water solution. The size distribution of nanometer sized water particles yielded at a disruption of a Taylor cone was measured. The higher conductivity of a droplet, the larger corona pulses appeared and the more number of charged droplets was generated.     

Comparative study of corona discharge simulation techniques for electrode configurations inducing non-uniform electric fields

Numerical modeling of corona discharges has followed the same set of procedures for many years. Corona discharges on large scales are modeled only for ion drift, neglecting ionization. Studies of the ionization zone are often conducted in uniform axisymmetric configurations. However, in configurations that induce non-uniform electric fields, a combination of the two procedures is necessary to accurately capture the discharge physics and ion distribution. The present study conducts numerical simulations of a wire-cylinder corona using both the models and demonstrates the necessity of including the ionization physics to obtain improved accuracy, particularly in the presence of non-uniform electric fields.     

120 kV下常压空气纳秒脉冲电晕放电特性

使用上升沿15 ns、脉宽30~40 ns的重复频率纳秒脉冲电源对120 kV下大气压空气中管-板电极结构电晕放电进行了实验研究,通过电压电流测量、放电图像拍摄和X射线探测分析了纳秒脉冲电晕放电特性。结果表明：纳秒脉冲电晕放电中存在X射线辐射,但辐射强度较弱,X射线辐射计数随着气隙距离的增大而减少,随着脉冲重复频率的增大而增多;放电空间的残余电荷加强了下一个脉冲到来时的局部电场,从而导致高重复频率下易于出现分散的电晕通道。     

120 kV下常压空气纳秒脉冲电晕放电特性

使用上升沿15 ns、脉宽30~40 ns的重复频率纳秒脉冲电源对120 kV下大气压空气中管-板电极结构电晕放电进行了实验研究,通过电压电流测量、放电图像拍摄和X射线探测分析了纳秒脉冲电晕放电特性。结果表明:纳秒脉冲电晕放电中存在X射线辐射,但辐射强度较弱,X射线辐射计数随着气隙距离的增大而减少,随着脉冲重复频率的增大而增多;放电空间的残余电荷加强了下一个脉冲到来时的局部电场,从而导致高重复频率下易于出现分散的电晕通道。     

脉冲电晕放电电子能量及OH,O或O3对NO氧化的光谱学研究

采用发射光谱法测量了线板式脉冲电晕放电中激发态氮气分子N2*和离子N2+的光谱强度,并与数值计算获得的结果进行对比,确定放电电场的空间分布及平均电子能量。水平与竖直方向离开线电极0～2cm,随着距离的增加,平均电子能量和电场均呈先减后增的变化趋势;放电电场变化范围11.05～19.6MV.m-1,对应的平均电子能量的变化范围10.10～13.92eV。这一能量水平的电子足以与O2,H2O分子碰撞产生O,OH自由基,并进一步反应生成O3。在NO氧化过程中,NO可与OH自由基共存,但不能与O3共存;且O3或O氧化NO的效率高于OH自由基,推断O3或O在NO的氧化过程中起关键作用。     

发射光谱研究多针对板电晕放电O活性原子特性

利用发射光谱技术在大气压下测量了空气中多针对板负直流电晕放电和正电晕流光放电产生的O(3p5 P→3s 5 S02777.4nm)活性原子发射光谱。在负电晕放电中,研究了放电功率、电极间距、N2含量和相对湿度等因素对O活性原子产生过程的影响;在正电晕流光放电阶段,研究了O活性原子相对密度在放电反应空间的分布特点。结果表明:O活性原子产量随放电功率的增加而增大,随电极间距增大而减少,随相对湿度和氮气含量的增加,其产量先增大后减少;O活性原子相对密度沿针尖轴向呈先增大后减小的趋势。     

线-铝箔电极电晕放电激励器的推力理论与实验研究

空气电晕放电离子风激励器无需旋转部件, 仅通过消耗电能就能直接产生驱动力, 它是一种新型的动力技术, 备受国内外航空航天界的广泛关注. 目前对空气电晕放电离子风激励器的推力产生机理虽有各种解释, 但是现有理论均不能统一各种条件下的实验结果, 仍需要开展进一步的分析与研究. 本文以线-铝箔电极电晕放电激励器为研究对象, 通过实验研究发现作用在线电极与铝箔电极上的静电力不对称, 而且改变铝箔电极纵向高度和气压均能影响激励器的推力大小; 通过理论分析, 考虑电晕层与空间电荷的影响, 建立了线-铝箔电极电晕放电激励器的推力计算模型, 其计算值与实测值比较一致. 基于上述实验现象与理论建模分析, 本文认为线-铝箔电极电晕放电激励器的推力主要来源于线电极电晕产生的空间电荷对电极系统产生了不对称静电力作用, 使激励器出现净静电力作用.