γ-AlOOH纳米棒的水热法合成及其光吸收特性

以1 mol/LAlCl3为铝源和1 mol NaOH为沉淀剂,利用水热法在180℃、48 h和pH值为9条件下合成了长度大于300 nm和直径约8nm的γ-AlOOH纳米棒.水热法合成试样的物相、形貌和光吸收特性分别被X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(TEM)和紫外可见分光光度计(UV-VlS)表征.研究结果表明:水热法所合成试样的物相均为γ-AlOOH.随着反应温度和pH值的增加,它们都有利于合成长径比大的γ-AlOOH纳米棒.对不同条件下水热法合成γ-AlOOH纳米棒进行紫外可见光的吸收光谱(UV-VIS)分析可得,随着反应温度的升高和pH值的增加,获得γ-AlOOH纳米棒的光吸收能力逐渐是增加的.特别是长径比大的γ-AlOOH纳米棒具有良好的光吸收能力.     

8-羟基喹啉金属配合物的制备与提纯

对以8-羟基喹啉为配位体的金属配合物合成过程中几个重要的影响因素进行研究,发现反应溶液的浓度、合成反应的时间、反应体系的pH值、反应温度等因素对8-羟基喹啉金属配合物的产率以及发光性能有很大的影响.结果表明:当8-羟基喹啉乙醇溶液浓度为80 g/L,反应体系pH值为7.14,温度为70 ℃,反应时间为3 h时,Alq3的产率最高;反应体系pH值为10,温度为50 ℃,反应时间为1 h,Liq的产率最高;pH值为8,温度为70 ℃,反应时间为1 h,Znq2的产率最高.     

反应条件对水热合成铁酸钇(YFeO3)微晶的物相、粒径和磁性能的影响

以氧化钇、硝酸和硝酸铁为原料,氢氧化钾为矿化剂,采用水热合成法制备了钙钛矿结构铁酸钇正铁氧体(YFeO3)微晶.研究了水热反应时间、温度和溶液pH值对产物的物相组成、粒径大小和磁性能的影响,研究结果表明,在实验条件所在区间内,随着反应时间的增加和反应温度的升高,产物纯度逐渐变高.合成纯相YFeO3需要在一定的溶液pH值范围内.随溶液pH值的降低,产物颗粒的粒径变小,粒径分布变窄,并且晶粒的磁化强度增大.最佳的合成条件是pH值为9.5,温度为260℃,反应时间为60h.     

钨酸锌微纳米材料的水热合成及发光性能研究

以Zn(NO3)2·6H2O和Na2WO4·2H2O为原料,草酸为沉淀剂,采用水热法在180℃反应4h制备了ZnWO4粉体,并考察了前驱体溶液pH值对ZnWO4发光性能的影响.通过X射线衍射(XRD),场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和荧光光谱(PL)等测试手段对样品的物相、微观形貌和发光性能进行表征.结果表明:pH值为7～9时适宜合成ZnWO4粉体,pH =7、8时,得到的是星状结构ZnWO4粉体;pH =9时分别得到的是由长度为500 nm,直径为100 nm的纳米棒交叉组装而成的镂空结构ZnWO4粉体.相比之下,由纳米棒交叉组装而成的镂空片的发光性能最佳.     

γ-AlOOH纳米晶的微波水热法制备及表征

以Al(NO3)·9H2O和en(乙二胺)为起始反应物,用微波水热法制备出单相纳米晶γ-AlOOH.用XRD和TG-DTG对合成产物进行了表征.结果表明:在200 ℃反应20 min,可获得平均晶粒度8.5 nm的γ-AlOOH.随着合成温度升高或反应时间延长,产物的晶粒度增加,晶胞参数减小,有助于获得热稳定性高的γ-AlOOH.     

水热法合成磷酸铋纳米棒及其光催化活性研究

采用水热法对磷酸铋的合成工艺进行探索,并以亚甲基蓝(MB)为探针研究了磷酸铋在紫外光照条件下的光催化性能.通过对制得的磷酸铋粉末进行X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-VisDRS)表征.研究发现反应的保温温度、反应的时间、反应环境的pH值会影响磷酸铋的降解性能以及磷酸铋的形貌.磷酸铋对亚甲基蓝的降解率随水热合成的保温温度的提高而先增大后减小,其中170℃时磷酸铋的形貌为规则的纳米棒状,降解性能最好达67.1;.反应时间为3h增加到24 h时,磷酸铋对亚甲基蓝的降解率逐渐增大,从24 h增加到72 h时磷酸铋对亚甲基蓝的降解率逐渐降低,反应时间为24h磷酸铋对亚甲基蓝的降解率最高,形貌最规则.反应环境的pH值越小,磷酸铋的降解性能越高,形貌呈现规则的纳米棒状,结晶度越高,当反应环境pH=1时磷酸铋的降解率为99.9;.     

水热法合成SnO2金红相纳米柱和亚微米晶体

本文采用水热法,以SnCl4·5H2O为前驱物,在180℃,填充度为68;,反应时间8h,强酸环境条件下合成了SnO2纳米金红相晶体,直径约为5～10nm,长30～100nm.加入一定量的NaOH,调节溶液pH值为强碱性(pH=11),同样条件下也合成了SnO2金红相纳米柱晶体,长200nm、直径10～20nm.提高水热反应的温度为430℃,矿化剂为3mol/L NaOH,反应时间24h,合成了亚微米金红相SnO2晶体,最大线度为300nm.     

沉淀条件对超细草酸钴粉体产率和粒度的影响

以硫酸钴和草酸为原料,采用直接沉淀法合成超细草酸钴粉体.用XRD、激光粒度分析仪和高倍光学显微镜对制备的粉体进行了表征.讨论了反应终点pH值和反应温度对草酸钴产率和粒度的影响.结果表明反应终点pH值在0.5 ～3.0之间,草酸钴产率随pH值的增加呈上升趋势,在3.0达到最大.反应终点pH值对草酸钴粒度也有一定影响.随着反应温度的升高,草酸钻产率先增加后降低,在50℃时达到最高值.草酸钴粒度则随反应温度升高而增大.     

水热处理钛酸钠制备锐钛相TiO2纤维

本文采用水热法,以10 mol/L NaOH作矿化剂,填充度68;,反应温度180 ℃,反应时间为24 h,合成了钛酸钠晶体纤维.对所合成的晶体纤维进行了二次水热处理,所采用的溶液pH值分别为2、5、11、14,温度为180 ℃,填充度68;,反应时间为24 h.在酸性溶液条件下,合成了具有自组织趋势的线状锐钛相TiO2纳米聚晶,单个的纳米晶长度约30～100 nm,宽度10～20 nm.在强碱性条件下,晶体结构未发生变化,仍为纤维状钛酸盐.     

水热合成法制备纳米氧化锌粉

采用水热法合成了氧化锌纳米棒,研究了不同合成条件对ZnO纳米晶的影响.采用碱式碳酸锌作为前驱体,水为水热介质,可获得氧化锌纳米棒,水热时间的延长和水热温度的提高都使氧化锌纳米棒的长径比减小,其紫外发射光和近红外发射强度增大.当在体系中加入聚乙二醇时,可获得片状氧化锌结晶.当以0.5 mol/L的碳酸钠水溶液为水热介质,可得到长径比超过20,直径为500 nm左右分散均匀的纳米氧化锌棒.以氢氧化锌为前驱体,也能得到氧化锌纳米棒,其长径比为15左右.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.