Electrochemical and photoelectrochemical characterization of CuFeO2 single crystal

CuFeO₂ single crystal, synthesized by the flux method, is a narrow band gap semiconductor crystallizing in the delafossite structure with a direct optical transition of 1.63 eV. The oxide exhibits a good chemical stability; the semi-logarithmic plot gave an exchange current density of 0.60 μA cm⁻² in KCl (0.5 M) electrolyte. CuFeO₂ shows p-type conductivity; the origin of acceptors Cu²⁺ results from oxygen insertion in the layered lattice where most of excess holes are trapped in surface-polaron states. The electrochemical study is confined in the (a,b) plane and reversible oxygen intercalation is evidenced from the intensity potential characteristics. The detailed photoelectrochemical studies have been reported for the first time on the single crystal. The photocurrent is ascribed to the transfer Cu⁺:3d→3d. The capacitance measurement (C⁻²–V) shows a linear behavior from which a flat band potential of +0.54 V_SCE and a density N _A of 1.60 × 10¹⁸ cm⁻³ were determined. The valence band, located at 5.33 eV below vacuum, is made up of Cu-3d orbital typical of delafossite oxides. The Nyquist plot shows a semicircle attributed to a capacitive behavior with a low density of surface states within the gap. The centre is localized below the real axis with an angle of 16.2° ascribed to a constant phase element (CPE), a single barrier of the junction CuFeO₂/electrolyte and one relaxation time of the electrical equivalent circuit.

Reactions between YBa2Cu3O7−δ and La2O3 and SrCO3

Solid state reactions at 925°C between the high-T _c ceramic superconductor YBa₂Cu₃O_7?δ and La₂O₃ and SrCO₃, respectively, mixed in various molar ratiosr=MeO_n/YBa₂Cu₃O_7?δ, were studied using X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The reaction between YBa₂Cu₃O_7?δ and La₂O₃ yielded (La_1?xBa_x)₂CuO_4?δ, withx≈0.075?0.10. La_2?xBa_1+xCu₂O_6?δ, withx≈0.2?0.25 and La-doped (Y_1?xLa_x)₂BaCuO₅, withx≈0.10?0.15. Forr=3.0, Y-doped La₂BaCuO₅ resulted also. The reaction between YBa₂Cu₃O_7?δ and SrCO₃ yielded (Sr_1?zBa_z)₂CuO₃, withz≈0.1, Y₂(Ba_1?zSr_z)CuO₅, withz=0.1?0.15, and a nonsuperconducting compound with an approximate composition of Y(Ba_0.5Sr_0.5)₅Cu_3.5O_10±δ. At values ofr≤2.0, unsubstituted YBa₂Cu₃O_7?delta was found in the reaction products.     

三角形Au@TiO2介孔催化剂可见光降解亚甲蓝

利用溶胶凝胶法制备出一种三角形Au@TiO₂核壳材料。经过水热晶化,该材料膨胀至300 nm,壳层TiO₂晶化为介孔锐钛矿相,但核心三角形Au颗粒的形貌保持不变。采用粉末X射线衍射(PXRD)、ζ电位、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、热重分析(TGA)、光致发光(PL)光谱、光电流(i-t)以及光催化降解技术,对样品的结构和性能进行了系统、详细的检测与分析。经过晶化处理的Au@TiO₂在可见光波段的光降解亚甲蓝性能比未晶化时有了显著的提升,1 mg·mL^-1 Au@c-TiO₂可以在可见光照射1 h后实现对60 mg·L^-1亚甲蓝全降解。电子顺磁共振(EPR)测试表明·O₂^-和·OH两种自由基对光降解起到了很大作用。通过综合分析实验结果和时域有限差分(FDTD)分析,探究了催化反应的机理。     

三角形Au@TiO2介孔催化剂可见光降解亚甲蓝

利用溶胶凝胶法制备出一种三角形Au@TiO₂核壳材料。经过水热晶化,该材料膨胀至300 nm,壳层TiO₂晶化为介孔锐钛矿相,但核心三角形Au颗粒的形貌保持不变。采用粉末X射线衍射(PXRD)、ζ电位、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、热重分析(TGA)、光致发光(PL)光谱、光电流(i-t)以及光催化降解技术,对样品的结构和性能进行了系统、详细的检测与分析。经过晶化处理的Au@TiO₂在可见光波段的光降解亚甲蓝性能比未晶化时有了显著的提升, 1 mg·mL^-1 Au@c-TiO₂可以在可见光照射1 h后实现对60 mg·L^-1亚甲蓝全降解。电子顺磁共振(EPR)测试表明·O₂^-和·OH两种自由基对光降解起到了很大作用。通过综合分析实验结果和时域有限差分(FDTD)分析,探究了催化反应的机理。     

Theoretical studies of isomers of C3H2 using a multiconfigurational approach

 The C₃H₂ isomers are important molecules in interstellar space. An understanding of their electronic structure can contribute significantly to the interpretation of interstellar spectra. In a theoretical study of the C₃H₂ isomers a multiconfigurational treatment is of interest because many of the isomers are carbenes or diradicals. We present such an investigation of all possible C₃H₂ isomers. The most important features of their electronic and vibrational spectra are calculated. Earlier theoretical studies are reviewed and it is shown that the present study yields the same order of stability for the singlet and triplet states as most previous studies. Received: 25 January 2000 / Accepted: 26 April 2000 / Published online: 18 August 2000     

Fabrication and characterization of TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>–SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> composite nanoparticles and polyurethane/(TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>–SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>) nanocomposite films

TiO₂–SiO₂ composite nanoparticles were prepared by a sol–gel process. To obtain the assembly of TiO₂–SiO₂ composite nanoparticles, different molar ratios of Ti/Si were investigated. Polyurethane (PU)/(TiO₂–SiO₂) hybrid films were synthesized using the “grafting from” technique by incorporation of modified TiO₂–SiO₂ composite nanoparticles building blocks into PU matrix. Firstly, 3-aminopropyltriethysilane was employed to encapsulate TiO₂–SiO₂ composite nanoparticles’ surface. Secondly, the PU shell was tethered to the TiO₂–SiO₂ core surface via surface functionalized reaction. The particle size of TiO₂–SiO₂ composite sol was performed on dynamic light scattering, and the microstructure was characterized by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared. Thermogravimetric analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) employed to study the hybrid films. The average particle size of the TiO₂–SiO₂ composite particles is about 38 nm when the molar ratio of Ti/Si reaches to1:1. The TEM image indicates that TiO₂–SiO₂ composite nanoparticles are well dispersed in the PU matrix.     

Thick Fe2O3, Fe3O4 films prepared by the chemical solution deposition method

Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄ films have been prepared from Fe(OCH₂CH(CH₃)₂)₃–(CH₃)₂CHCH₂OH–2.2′-diethanola- mine (DEA)–poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) solutions by the spin-(SC) and dip-coating (DC) technique on SiO₂ and Si substrates. The maximum film thickness achieved without crack formation has been increased by incorporation of PVP (relative molecular weights 40000 and 360000) into the precursor solution. The stability of the precursor solutions was remarkably increased by addition of DEA. Compact, dense, and crack-free Fe₂O₃ films with thicknesses 900 nm (DC), 450 nm (SC), have been obtained via single-step deposition cycle. Higher-molecular-weight PVP has been more effective in increasing the thickness. The minimum concentration of DEA, which results in pronounced increase of solutions stability, is about R _P (n(DEA)/n(Fe) = 0.1). The high content of carboneous residue in the pyrolysed Fe₂O₃ films promotes the formation of Fe₃O₄ films via reduction in a gas flow of H₂/N₂ gas mixture. Microstructure, surface morphology, and magnetic properties of the films have been also investigated using SEM, AFM, and SQUID, respectively.     

S型异质结光催化剂ZnFe2O4/WO3的构筑及光催化还原CO2性能

通过在WO₃纳米片表面负载ZnFe₂O₄纳米颗粒,构建了一系列S型异质结光催化剂ZnFe₂O₄/WO₃,并研究了其光催化CO₂还原性能。在没有助催化剂和牺牲剂的条件下,所制备的ZnFe₂O₄/WO₃复合材料可对CO₂与水蒸汽进行光催化反应。优化后的材料光照5 h后CO₂还原产物CO和CH₄的产量分别为7.87和4.88 μmol·g^-1。相对于单相组分,CO和CH₄的产量明显提高。光催化活性的提高,归因于ZnFe₂O₄和WO₃异质结的形成以及光生载流子的S型电荷传输模式。     

S型异质结光催化剂ZnFe2O4/WO3的构筑及光催化还原CO2性能

通过在WO₃纳米片表面负载ZnFe₂O₄纳米颗粒,构建了一系列S型异质结光催化剂ZnFe₂O₄/WO₃,并研究了其光催化CO₂还原性能。在没有助催化剂和牺牲剂的条件下,所制备的ZnFe₂O₄/WO₃复合材料可对CO₂与水蒸汽进行光催化反应。优化后的材料光照5 h后CO₂还原产物CO和CH₄的产量分别为7.87和4.88 μmol·g^-1。相对于单相组分,CO和CH₄的产量明显提高。光催化活性的提高,归因于ZnFe₂O₄和WO₃异质结的形成以及光生载流子的S型电荷传输模式。     

PbCu3(OH)(NO3)(SeO3)3·1/2H2O und Pb2Cu3O2(NO3)2(SeO3)2: Synthese und Kristallstrukturuntersuchung

Crystals of PbCu₃(OH)(NO₃)(SeO₃)₃·1/2H₂O [a=7.761(3)Å,b=9.478(4)Å,c=9.514(4)Å, =66.94(2)°, =69.83(2)°, =81.83(2)°, space group P ,Z=2] and Pb₂Cu₃O₂(NO₃)₂(SeO₃)₂ [a=5.884(2)Å,b=12.186(3)Å,c=19.371(4)Å, space group Cmc2₁,Z=4] were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. Their crystal structures were refined with three-dimensional X-ray data toR _w=0.033 resp. 0.055. In PbCu₃(OH)(NO₃)(SeO₃)₃·1/2H₂O the Cu atoms are [4+1] and [4+2] coordinated and via SeO₃ groups a three-dimensional atomic arrangement is built up. In Pb₂Cu₃O₂(NO₃)₂(SeO₃)₂ there are sheets, which are connected only via Pb-O bonds ranging from 2.98 Å to 3.16 Å.

     

Formation of α-Fe2O3/FeOOH nanostructures with various morphologies by a hydrothermal route and their photocatalytic properties

A series of α-Fe₂O₃/FeOOH nanostructures with different morphologies have successfully been synthesized based on K₄[Fe(CN)₆] at 140 °C by a novel hydrothermal method. The morphology and phase of α-Fe₂O₃/FeOOH can be controlled by adjusting the reaction time. UV–vis absorption spectrum, X-ray powder diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy analyses were used to characterize the resulting products. A detailed, rational mechanism is proposed for the formation of α-Fe₂O₃/FeOOH nanostructures. The potential applications of the as-synthesized α-Fe₂O₃/FeOOH nanoparticles with different morphologies on photocatalytic decomposition of salicylic acid were also investigated.     

Sol–gel synthesis,characterization and photocatalytic activity of mesoporous TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>/γ-Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3 </Subscript>granules

Mesoporous TiO₂/γ-Al₂O₃ composite granules were prepared by combining sol–gel/oil-drop method, using various titania solution. The product granules can be used as a photocatalyst or adsorbent in moving, fluidized bed reactors. The phase composition and pore structure of the granules can be controlled by calcination temperature and using different titania solution. In the photocatalysis of NH₃ decomposition, TiO₂/γ-Al₂O₃ granules using Degussa P25 powder treated thermally at 450 °C showed the highest catalytic ability. However, TiO₂/γ-Al₂O₃ granules using titania made by hydrothermal method had comparable performance in NH₃ decomposition.     

Phase relations in the CoO–V<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>5</Subscript>–Fe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> system in subsolidus area

Thermal properties of Co₂FeV₃O₁₁ have been reinvestigated. It has been proved that this compound does not exhibit polymorphism. It melts incongruently at the temperature of 770±5°C and the phase with lyonsite type structure is the solid product of this melting. Phase relations in the whole subsolidus area of the CoO–V₂O₅–Fe₂O₃ system have been determined. The solidus area projection onto the component concentration triangle plane of this system has been constructed using the DTA and XRD methods. 15 subsidiary subsystems can be distinguished in this system.     

Physico-chemical properties of CuO−Bi2O3 mixed oxides and modification of their hydrogen reduction reactivity by ionizing radiation

This paper describes a study on some physico-chemical properties of CuO?Bi₂O₃ mixed oxides of various composition and their reactivity during hydrogen reduction in the range 290–460°C. Depending on the composition, the changes in the morphology of the samples, their specific surface areas, phase composition of Bi₂O₃ as well as the change in the amount of chemisorbed surface oxygen (specific surface oxidation ability) were found. The last mentioned parameter is strongly affected positively or negatively (depending on the dose absorbed) by the pre-irradiation with gamma-rays and accelerated electrons. Either reduction of CuO or consecutive reduction of both components with a maximum rate on the surface or sub-surface layers of grain, proceed in different temperature ranges. The retarding effect of liquid bismuth is partially compensated for by the sponging and trapping effects, so that the overall reduction rate changes non-monotonously with the composition of the samples. Pre-irradiation leads in all cases to the lowering of reduction rate, which can be correlated with the increase in the concentration of strongly bound oxygen forms, creating centres of donor hydrogen chemisorption. The effect of gamma-radiation appears to be function of the threshold dose absorbed.     

Phase equilibria in the P2O5-rich part of the system Y2O3−Na2O−P2O5

In the ternary system Y₂O₃?Na₂O?P₂O₅, the partial system Y(PO₃)₃?NaPO₃?P₂O₅ was examined by means of differential thermal analysis and X-ray powder diffraction; its phase diagram is given.     

Preparation and photocatalytic activity of Sb2S3/Bi2S3 doped TiO2 from complex precursor via gel-hydrothermal treatment

Sb₂S₃/Bi₂S₃ doped TiO₂ were prepared with the coordination compounds [M(S₂CNEt)₃] (M=Sb, Bi; S₂CNEt=pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate) as precursors via gel-hydrothermal techniques. The doped TiO₂ were characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS and UV-vis diffuse reflectance means. The photocatalyst based on doped TiO₂ for photodecolorization of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) was examined. The optimal Bi₂S₃/Sb₂S₃ content, pH and different doped techniques have been investigated. Photocatalytic tests reveal that M₂S₃ doped TiO₂ via the gel-hydrothermal route performs better photocatalytic activity for photodegradation reaction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP).     

Enthalpies of crystallization of equilibrium solid phases occurring in the system KNO3−NH4NO3−H2O at 298.15 K

The concentration dependencies of the differential enthalpies of solution along several crystallization paths in the above mentioned system were measured. On this basis enthalpies of crystallization of equilibrium solid phases occurring there were calculated.     

Preparation of novel visible-light-driven In<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>–CaIn<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> composite photocatalyst by sol–gel method

Novel visible-light-activated In₂O₃–CaIn₂O₄ photocatalysts were developed in this paper through a sol–gel method. The photocatalytic activities of In₂O₃–CaIn₂O₄ composite photocatalysts were investigated based on the decomposition of methyl orange under visible light irradiation (λ > 400 nm). The obtained samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrum (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV–vis diffused reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The results revealed that the In₂O₃–CaIn₂O₄ composite samples with different In₂O₃ and CaIn₂O₄ content can be obtained by controlling the synthesis temperature, and the composite photocatalysts extended the light absorption spectrum toward the visible region. The photocatalytic tests indicated that the composite samples demonstrated high visible-light activity for decomposition of methyl orange. The significant enhancement in the In₂O₃–CaIn₂O₄ photo-activity under visible light irradiation can be ascribed to the efficient separation of photo-generated carriers in the In₂O₃ and CaIn₂O₄ coupling semiconductors.     

High photocatalytic activity and stability for decomposition of gaseous acetaldehyde on TiO2/Al2O3 composite films coated on foam nickel substrates by sol-gel processes

A set of anatase titanium dioxide (TiO₂) films coated on foam nickel that modified by Al₂O₃ films as transition layer (indicated as TiO₂/Al₂O₃ films) were synthesized via sol-gel route. The bulk and surface properties of the TiO₂/Al₂O₃ films were characterized by thermal gravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and BET. The photocatalytic activities of TiO₂/Al₂O₃ films were investigated based on the degradation of gaseous acetaldehyde under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The foam nickel is a promising substrate material in practical applications because of its excellent hydrodynamic properties for gas passing. The TiO₂/Al₂O₃ composite films showed much higher photocatalytic activity and stability for degradation of gaseous acetaldehyde than the onefold TiO₂ films. The significant enhancement in photocatalytic activity and stability can be ascribed to the coating of Al₂O₃ transition layer, which concentrates the target substances around TiO₂ particles and increases the specific surface area (SSA) of the substrate (the SSAs of bare foam nickel and Al₂O₃ modified foam nickel are 0.12 and 113.7 m²/g, respectively) to provide more sites for TiO₂ loading.     

Enhancing effect of water vapor on the reduction of lean NOx by ethanol over an Ag/Al2O3 catalyst supported on cordierite honeycomb

The Ag/Al₂O₃ catalyst supported on cordierite honeycomb (Ag/Al₂O₃/ cordierite) is highly active forthe reduction of lean NOx by ethanol. Addition of H₂O enhances the NOx reduction to CO₂ and N₂, and suppresses the formation of by-products such as CO, CH₃CHO and C₂H₄.