对FD-NST-I型液体表面张力系数测量仪的改进

根据吊环法测量液体表面张力系数实验原理,针对现有的FD-NST-1型液体表面张力系数测量仪的不足进行改进.另外在仪器上增加样品加热装置,可以对不同温度下的液体表面张力系数进行测量.通过实验对比得出:改进后的实验装置操作方便、实验误差小,重复性好.     

液体表面张力系数实验装置的改进

对现有吊环法液体表面张力系数测量仪的水平调节装置、吊环升降装置存在的不足进行了改进,在原有仪器上增加了液体加热装置,以便对不同温度下的液体表面张力系数进行测量,实验说明新的实验装置更加科学合理.通过实验对比得出:新的实验装置操作方便、实验误差小、重复性好,有推广价值.     

拉脱法测量液体表面张力系数实验结果分析

对拉脱法测表面张力系数实验数据进行了详细的不确定度计算,在常温下测量结果精度较好。在变温下进行了单次测量,由于仪器控温装置精度较低以及表面张力系数随温度变化较小,每个温度点的测量值存在一定偏差,但实验结果的变化趋势基本一致。     

表面张力的定性定量分析

通过自制实验装置演示镜子起雾现象证明了液体表面张力的存在,同时也证明了表面活性剂对表面张力的大小存在影响.对于表面张力系数的测量,该实验定量装置提出了基于大气压强原理测量液体表面张力系数的新方法.实验发现,该实验定性定量装置具有精度更高、成本更低、可操作性更强等优点.     

基于PASCO物理实验平台的液体表面张力系数测量

现有的拉脱法测量液体表面张力系数的实验中存在人为选取液膜拉断点等影响测量结果的弊端.本文利用PASCO实验平台搭建了一套能够实现高频率拉力测量及采集的实验装置.利用该实验装置,首先系统地测量了金属环所受拉力,然后分析了金属环出水过程中界面张力、浮力的变化,再现了这一过程的物理图像.对测量得到的数据进行拟合,得到了水在空气中的表面张力系数值为0.0705 N/m,与表面张力系数标准值相差2.7%.     

液体表面张力系数测量装置的改进

对用力敏传感器测量液体表面张力系数仪器进行研究,重新设计了吊环,便于吊环的水平调节,对待侧液体表面均匀下降的方法和实验装置做了重新设计,减小了实验误差,同时增加了待测液体的变温控制,能够精确测量液体表面张力系数与温度的关系,扩充了实验内容.     

一种测量液体表面张力系数的新方法

利用表面张力、浮力和重力相互平衡的简单概念,设计了一套新的液体表面张力系数测量装置。实验结果表明,使用该装置测量去离子水和自来水的表面张力系数,其结果与标准值符合得很好,与基于拉力传感器的拉脱法相比,测量精度有较大的提高。该装置具有简易、精度高、便宜等优点,能够为测量液体表面张力系数提供一种新的方法。     

不同泥沙含量河水的表面张力系数测定

表面张力系数的测量方法有很多，其中拉脱法是简单有效的一种，本实验基于拉脱法通过改变河水泥沙含量、温度进行表面张力系数测量，以探究泥沙含量、温度的变化是否会对液体表面张力系数的测量值造成影响，并对比分析在澄清和悬浊状态下河水表面张力系数的变化情况。通过对实验结果分析可知，液体表面张力测量值与泥沙含量、温度变化有关，河水在悬浊状态下的表面张力系数整体上大于澄清状态下的表面张力系数。     

拉脱法测量纯水表面张力系数实验的研究

从实验和理论上对拉脱法测量表面张力系数的实验进行了研究.用微力传感器代替约利弹簧,并在此基础上改进了实验仪器.研究分析了使用约利弹簧和传感器测量表面张力系数实验的实验原理,指出了它们的区别,并给出了利用传感器测量表面张力系数实验的理论计算公式.改进后的实验降低了拉脱法测量表面张力系数实验的技术难度,提高了测量表面张力系数的精确度.     

毛细管探针法测定液体表面张力系数的进一步研究

采用较大直径的毛细管对探针法测量液体表面张力系数做了进一步研究.文中引用了Prokhorov提出的改进的瑞利公式,介绍了表面张力系数α的各相关公式的适用范围.实验中利用毛细管探针法测量了几个不同温度下蒸馏水在一直径为5.744.nm的毛细管中的上升高度,用Prokhorov公式计算α.实验测得的蒸馏水的表面张力系数与公认值的百分误差约小于0.13%.最后对实验结果的误差原因进行了分析.     

Linear temperature dependence of low temperature pyroelectric coefficient

Due to the deformation of electronic charge clouds, the Dick-Overhauser exchange charge in ionic materials is shown to have quadratic temperature dependence as T tends to zero in non-centrosymmetric crystals. It follows that the pyroelectric coefficient π has a linear temperature dependence in the same low temperature limit. The order of magnitude of π obtained theoretically by a simple model at T = 5 K is 2 × 10^?7 μC cm^?2 K^?1, which is in fairly good agreement with that obtained experimentally on LiTaO₃ by Lines.     

Relativistic temperature

A measurement theory for the temperature of relativistic systems is developed. The resulting operational approach is shown to be quasi-local and therefore may be applicable in general Riemannian manifolds even when there are temperature gradients which induce heat flows. The surprising feature of our analysis is that it leads to a bifurcation of the temperature concept into two distinctly different measurable quantities: one a frame invariant scalar field which a local co-moving observer would tend to identify with the local temperature and employ in the definition of entropy, the other a frame dependent, but nevertheless locally determinable quantity which governs the flow of heat and the ability to extract work. The two quantities differ by the bookkeeping methodology employed to calibrate the thermometer. A simple relationship between the two temperatures can be established if a preferred Killing vector field is available in the Riemannian manifold.     

Estimation of Kauzmann temperature and isenthalpic temperature of metallic glasses

We propose expressions for the estimation of the isenthalpic temperature T ₀ (T ₀ = αT _m , α is a semi-empirical parameter and 0 ⩽ α < 1, T _m is the solidus temperature) and the Kauzmann temperature T _k (T _k = T _m exp(α−1)) for glass forming alloys. It is found that T _k estimated by T _k = T _m exp(α−1) is in agreement with that directly calculated from the heat capacity data, indicating that T _k = T _m exp(α − 1) can be used to estimate T _k of glass forming alloys. T ₀ estimated by T ₀ = αT _m , on the other hand, widely deviates from that of directly calculated from the heat capacity data. This suggests that the enthalpy difference of the under-cooled liquid and the crystal might be a nonlinear function of the temperature below T _k . Moreover, the Gibbs free energy difference ΔG is not sensitive to the deviation of α.     

Dependence of hot carriers temperature on lattice temperature in CdS

Non-equilibrium carrier distributions were obtained in CdS at various temperatures from 77 to 400K. A study is made of the influence of the lattice temperature on the carrier temperature. It is found that the higher the lattice temperature the lower is the difference between carrier and lattice temperatures, though carriers are always thermalized among themselves. The results can be accounted for by carrier relaxation through optical polar phonon emission.     

Nonequilibrium temperature and fluctuation–dissipation temperature in flowing gases

The expressions for the nonequilibrium temperature derived from the fluctuation–dissipation theorem and from the differential of the informational nonequilibrium entropy for ideal gases under shear flow are compared. Both temperatures are different, in particular, the thermodynamic temperature derived from the entropy is lower than the local-equilibrium temperature, whereas the effective temperature defined from the fluctuation–dissipation expression is higher than the local-equilibrium temperature.     

Brightness temperature emitted by layered media with nonuniform temperature profile

Based on the transmission-line theory, this paper describes a new procedure to calculate the radiation from layered media with nonuniform temperature profile. The result is compared with those obtained through the incoherent method and the analysis of the electromagnetic fields.     

Low temperature elastic constants and Debye temperature of NbO2

The transit times of ultrasonic waves have been measured in single crystal NbO₂ from 295 K down to 1.5 K for quasilongitudinal and shear waves propagating in the [100] direction and down to 160 K for eight other waves. Values are obtained for the C₄₄ elastic constant and for an elastic constant combination which is approximately equal to C₁₁ for temperatures down to 1.5 K and for C₁₁, C₁₂, C₁₃, C₁₆, C₃₃, and C₆₆ down to 160 K. These results are used to deduce 0 K values for the elastic constants and an elastic Debye temperature of 596 ± 7 K at 1.5 K. The acoustic mode heat capacity calculated from the latter is significantly smaller than the heat capacity measured by Wenger and Keesom at low temperatures. Following Wenger and Keesom, the difference is attributed to phasons (excitations involving the phase modulation of charge density waves). An average velocity is deduced for the phasons.