INVESTIGATION INTO MALDISTRIBUTION IN A CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED

1. Introduction The design of gas distributor has a major influence on gas flow patterns, dumping and dead zones. It has been demonstrated that maldistribution will occur if the distribu-tor has a low pressure drop, that is, some parts of the bed will receive much less gas than others, and may be tem-porarily or permanently defluidized, while the gas forms semi-permanent spouts or channels in other parts. There-fore, maldistribution is undesirable in industry. For example, the temperature in a…     

Propagation of electroacoustic waves in the transversely isotropic piezoelectric medium reinforced by randomly distributed cylindrical inhomogeneities

The propagation of electroacoustic waves in a piezoelectric medium containing a statistical ensemble of cylindrical fibers is considered. Both the matrix and the fibers consist of piezoelectric transversely isotropic material with symmetry axis parallel to the fiber axes. Special emphasis is given on the propagation of an electroacoustic axial shear wave polarized parallel to the axis of symmetry propagating in the direction normal to the fiber axis.The scattering problem of one isolated continuous fiber (“one-particle scattering problem”) is considered. By means of a Green’s function approach a system of coupled integral equations for the electroelastic field in the medium containing a single inhomogeneity (fiber) is solved in closed form in the long-wave approximation. The total scattering cross-section of this problem is obtained in closed form and is in accordance with the electroacoustic analogue of the optical theorem.The solution of the one-particle scattering problem is used to solve the homogenization problem for a random set of fibers by means of the self-consistent scheme of effective field method. Closed form expressions for the dynamic characteristics such as total cross-section, effective wave velocity and attenuation factor are obtained in the long-wave approximation.     

Heat and mass fluxes upon incomplete accommodation of rarefied gas molecules by the walls of an elliptic channel

The free-molecular rarefied-gas flow in a long channel of elliptic cross-section is considered. The Maxwellian mirror-diffuse reflection model is used as the boundary condition on the channel walls. Under the assumption that a longitudinal temperature gradient is maintained in the channel the mass and heat fluxes are determined as functions of the accommodation coefficient and the ellipse semi-axis ratio. The gas mass velocity profile is obtained. It is shown that for the channels with the same ellipse semi-axis ratios a decrease in the accommodation coefficient leads generally to an increase in the gas mass velocity. The results obtained are compared with those for the case of full gas accommodation on the channel surface.     

Rarefied Poiseuille flow in elliptical and rectangular tubes

An isothermal steady rarefied gas flow in a long channel (tube) of elliptical or rectangular cross-section under the action of a given pressure gradient (Poiseuille flow) is studied on the basis of the Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook model. The solution is obtained using a conservative higher-order method. The velocity field in a channel cross-section is investigated as a function of the rarefaction degree and the cross-section geometry parameters. The main calculated function is the gas flow rate through the tube. The solutions obtained are compared with the available results.     

Electromagnetic scattering from large steady breaking waves

A submerged hydrofoil generated large steady breaking waves of 0.3 m and 0.4 m height in a circulating water channel. We measured water fraction in the breakers with conductivity probes. We observed the radar cross-section of the breakers at X-band with a pulsed step-frequency instrumentation radar with high spatial resolution in the downstream direction. The normalized radar cross-section increases with increasing elevation angle of observation for both vertical and horizontal polarization. This variation is consistent with a simple interpretation of the breaking wave as a diffuse (Lambertian) surface. However, the observed sizes and shapes of fluid elements in the breakers clearly show that construction of a theory for electromagnetic scattering from first principles will be challenging. We also obtained the velocity spectrum of the scattering features within the breakers. This spectrum indicates that slower moving small liquid elements rather than the faster moving large disturbances are responsible for most of the electromagnetic scattering. Received: 27 January 1999/Accepted: 7 August 2000     

Dependence of the natural frequencies and mode shapes of vibrations of an ideal gas on the acoustic resonance parameters

The problem of plane wave propagation through a circular hole is studied in the framework of long-wave approximation. The constructive notion of “apparent mass of holes” (Rayleigh; Fok) is used to construct a mathematical model of gas vibrations in an acoustic resonator and determine and analyze the natural frequencies and mode shapes for the velocity potential depending on the relative geometric parameters of the system. The high-precision calculations of the boundary value problem for the natural frequencies and mode shapes in the parametric approximation to the cross-section are based on a numerical-analytical accelerated convergence method. Two models are analyzed and compared, and the basic qualitative properties of gas vibrations are revealed depending on the basic parameters such as the mode number, relative size of the hole, and the dividing wall location.     

一种新的红外脉冲热成像后处理方法

脉冲热成像技术作为一种新兴的无损检测技术已被广泛应用于红外领域,然而由于试样表面加热不均匀及表面发射率低导致的红外图像对比度低、噪声大等问题给缺陷的检测带来困难。本文基于长脉冲热成像技术对碳纤维增强塑料(carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)板和304不锈钢进行了无损检测研究,提出了比温度的图像后处理方法。该方法对温度序列图像的每一帧图像与前一帧图像进行作商的后处理操作,得到比温度的图像序列。从比温度序列中获取信噪比最大的图像,以进行缺陷识别和缺陷定量。结果表明,与此前的方法相比,该方法显著提高了图像的信噪比,更有利于检测更深、更小的缺陷,相比原始图像,信噪比提高了近98.46%。将该方法与半高全宽法相结合,对试样的尺寸进行定量检测。通过仿真和实验验证,该方法具有良好的鲁棒性,显著降低了缺陷尺寸定量的误差,该方法可作为一种有效的红外图像后处理及缺陷尺寸定量方法。

     

Nonlinear dynamical analysis of noisy time series

Empirical time series in the life sciences are often nonstationary and have small signal-to-noise ratios, making it difficult to accurately detect and characterize dynamical structure. The usual response to high noise is averaging, but time domain averaging is inappropriate, especially when the dynamics are nonlinear. We review alternative delay-space averaging methods based on the topology and short-term predictability of nonlinear dynamics and illustrate their application using the TISEAN software (Hegger, Kantz & Schreiber, 1999). The methods were applied to a Lorenz series, which resembles the dynamics found by Kelly, Heathcote, Heath and Longstaff (2001) in series of decision times. The Lorenz series was corrupted with up to 80% additive Gaussian noise, a lower signal-to-noise ratio than has been used in any previous test of these methods, but consistent with Kelly et al.'s data. Prediction methods performed the best for detecting nonstationarity and nonlinear dynamics, and optimal predictability provided an objective criterion for setting the parameters required by the analyses. Local linear filtering methods performed best for characterization, producing informative plots that revealed the nature of the underlying dynamics. These results suggest that a methodology based on delay-space averaging and prediction could be useful with noisy empirical data series.     

在椭圆横截面弹体正侵彻下有限厚铝靶的破坏模式及响应特性

基于30 mm口径弹道炮平台,开展了3种不同椭圆横截面弹体在200~600 m/s撞击速度范围内正侵彻2A12铝靶的实验,获得了2A12铝靶的破坏形貌及弹体的剩余速度。在此基础上,建立了相应的数值模型,结合实验结果验证了所建模型的有效性,并系统分析了弹体横截面长短轴长度比对靶体的破坏情况及响应特性的影响。研究结果表明：弹体最大横截面面积是影响弹体剩余速度的主要因素,而弹体横截面长短轴长度比对弹体剩余速度的影响较弱;在圆形横截面弹体侵彻下靶体背部形成的花瓣大小和形状一致,空间分布均匀,而在椭圆横截面弹体侵彻下,随着弹体横截面长短轴长度比的增大,靶体背部形成的花瓣数量增加、尺寸变小,且在短轴方向的花瓣数量和靶体表面隆起高度均大于长轴方向的;靶体在圆形横截面弹体侵彻下的径向位移、径向应力和切向应力与其在椭圆横截面弹体侵彻下的显著不同,前者沿周向方向各点的变化规律基本一致,靶体处于简单的压缩状态,切向应力为零,而后者各点的应力状态与弹体横截面长短轴长度比和周向角密切相关,靶体受到压缩和剪切应力的耦合作用。

     

Visualization of the evaporation of a diesel spray using combined Mie and Rayleigh scattering techniques

Evaporating Diesel sprays are studied by laser Rayleigh scattering measurements in an optically accessible high-pressure/high-temperature cell that reproduces the thermodynamic conditions which exist in the combustion chamber of a Diesel engine during injection. n-Decane is injected into the vessel using a state-of-the-art near-production three-hole nozzle. Global images of the distributions of the liquid and vapor phases of the injected fuel are obtained using a combined Schlieren and Mie scattering setup. More details about the evaporation are revealed when the spray is illuminated by a laser light sheet: laser light can be scattered by molecules in the gas phase (Rayleigh scattering) or comparably large fuel droplets (Mie scattering). The former is seen in regions where the fuel has completely evaporated, and the latter is dominant in regions with high droplet concentrations. Studying the polarization of the signal light allows the distinction of three different regions in the spray that are characterized by a moderate, low or negligible concentration of liquid fuel droplets. The characteristics of fuel evaporation are investigated for different observation times after the start of injection, chamber conditions and injection pressures. For the quantification of the fuel concentration measurements based on Rayleigh scattering, a calibration method that uses propane as a reference gas is presented and tested. At high ambient temperatures, the accuracy of the concentration measurements is limited by pyrolysis of the fuel molecules. This paper was originally presented at the 14th International Symposium on Applications of Laser Techniques to Fluid Mechanics, Lisbon, 2008.     

Diffraction of a plane electromagnetic wave by a perfectly conducting elliptic cylinder

The scattering of a plane electromagnetic wave by a perfectly conducting elliptic cylinder is investigated theoretically. The calculations are based upon the expansion of the scattered wave functions in terms of Mathieu functions. Both E- and H-polarized waves are considered. Numerical results, in particular for the scattering cross-section, are presented for cylinders the cross-sectional dimensions of which are up to many wavelengths (e.g. distance between the focal lines up to 20 wavelengths).     

Transient motion of finite amplitude standing waves in acoustic resonators

Extraordinarily high maximum-to-minimum gas pressure ratios appear in an oscillating closed resonator at its resonance frequency for certain resonator shapes. Using a quasi-one-dimensional model based on the compressible Navier–Stokes equations and a finite volume method, we investigate the transient motion of a fluid inside oscillating axisymmetric tubes, from the quiescent condition to the periodic steady motion. We find that the amplitude of the fast oscillations in pressure increases monotonically to the value of its steady state for a cylindrical tube of constant cross-section, while the amplitude undergoes a spiral toward the final steady state value for conical or horn-cone resonators. We discuss the effects of fluid properties on the transient motions. In addition, we compare our numerical results with available experimental results and find good agreement. In particular, for horn-cone resonators driven by large amplitude force, we find a secondary lower peak in pressure waveform within one period of oscillation at the small end of the cavity, matching the findings of the existing experimental result.     

Experimental study on the flow regimes past a confined prism undergoing self-sustained oscillations

An experimental study based on Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is presented with the objective of studying the flow regimes that appear in the flow past a confined prism undergoing self-sustained oscillations at low Reynolds numbers (Re). The square-section prism, placed inside a 3D square cross-section vertical channel with a confinement ratio of 1/2.5, was tethered to the channel walls and, therefore, it was allowed to move freely transverse to the incoming flow. Re (based on the prism cross-section height) was varied in the range from 100 to 700. Three different prism to fluid density ratios (m¹) were considered: 0.56, 0.70, and 0.91. These two parameters, Re and m¹, were used to map the results obtained. In particular, it was found that five different regimes appear: (1) steady prism with steady recirculation bubble, (2) steady prism with unsteady vortex shedding wake, (3) large amplitude low frequency oscillating prism with unsteady vortex shedding wake, (4) small amplitude high frequency oscillating prism with unsteady vortex shedding wake, and (5) irregular/chaotic motion of both the prism and the wake. The PIV results and associated numerical simulations were used to analyze the different prism and wake states.     

Calculating the Thrust Characteristics of Nozzles from Their Outlet Cross-Section Parameters

Within the framework of boundary-layer theory, simple formulas are presented for finding the viscous loss from the gas parameters in the nozzle outlet cross-section. The analysis is performed for ordinary Laval nozzles and spike nozzles. It is found that for nozzles with large expansion ratios the viscous loss is almost independent of the outlet cross-section parameters and is determined only by the parameter values on the nozzle contour. The effect of the longitudinal nozzle curvature on this loss is investigated. It is shown that the viscous losses calculated from the nozzle outlet parameters and by integrating along the nozzle contour with account for the longitudinal curvature fully coincide.     

Using Rotational Raman Scattering to Study Gas Impurities

The use of optical diagnostic methods (spontaneous Raman scattering and coherent anti-Stokes light scattering) to measure gas impurity concentrations of less than 0. 1% is studied. The shapes of measured and calculated rotational Raman scattering spectra were compared to process experimental data. The technique was tested for measuring nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen concentrations in jets. Under the conditions of these experiments, changes in the ratio of oxygen and nitrogen concentrations during air diffusion into helium and hydrogen were not observed.     

Comparison measurements for selection of suitable photodetectors for use in Nd: YAG LDA systems

Laser-diode-pumped Nd:YAG lasers (=1064nm) are compact, single-transverse mode laser sources with a higher output power than diode lasers ( 800 nm). They are suitable light sources for miniaturized laser Doppler anemometer systems. On the other hand, the sensitivity of conventional detectors and the scattering efficiency particularly of particles smaller than 1 m are reduced, when these light sources are used. The paper describes comparison measurements of commercial photodetectors based on Si, Ge and InGaAs in a test LDA with an Nd:YAG laser. The achievable signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) of the Doppler bursts versus the laser power in the measuring volume are compared. This shows that Silicon Avalanche photo diodes (APD) for the near-infrared using a special technology and InGaAs-APDs with low-noise pre-amplifiers can be used advantageously.Similar comparison measurements with an LDA system at =830 nm show that an Nd:YAG laser based LDA is more sensitive and leads to higher SNRs because of its higher output power, even though the Mie scattering efficiency and the detector sensitivity are reduced.     

Poiseuille flow and thermal creep in a capillary tube on the basis of the kinetic R-model

Flow of a diatomic rarefied gas in a capillary tube of infinite length and an arbitrary cross-section under a given small pressure gradient (Poiseuille flow) or a small temperature gradient (thermal creep) is studied on the basis of a kinetic model that takes account for the rotational degrees of freedom of molecules (R-model). Numerical investigation is carried out for flows between parallel flat plates and in a circular capillary tube at the gas parameters corresponding to nitrogen. The main calculated quantity is the gas flow rate through a tube cross-section. The results are compared with the corresponding data obtained on the basis of the S-model.     

Motion of a pair of bubbles in a liquid of low viscosity

Lagrange's equations are used to examine the long-range interaction of bubbles. The Lagrange function equals the kinetic energy of an ideal liquid flowing around a bubble. The generalized external forces include the upthrust and the viscous resistance to flow around each buble. The azimuthal angle is increased by the long-range interaction. The locus for the relative motion is calculated for: 1) the case in ~hieh the relative speed is fairly high, which allows one to neglect the effects of viscosity on the collision time. 2) low relative speed, where the viscous forces determine the motion. Estimates are given for the differential effective cross-section for elastic scattering and the coalescence cross-section.We are indebted to V. G. LevichandV. V. Tolmachev for discussions.     

Problem of propagation of a gas fracture in a porous medium

The problem of gas fracture formation in a porous medium is investigated. An inertialess viscous polytropic gas flow along the fracture is considered. The assumption of small fracture width with respect to the height and length makes it possible to adopt the vertical plane cross-section hypothesis on the basis of which the dependence of the gas pressure inside the fracture on its width can be reduced to a linear law. Initially, the soil surrounding the fracture is soaked with oil-bearing fluid. During fracturing the reservoir gas penetrates into the soil mass and displaces the fluid. A closed system of equations, which describes the evolution of the fracture opening, the depth of gas penetration into the reservoir, and the gas velocities inside the fracture, is constructed. The limiting regimes of gas seepage into the surrounding reservoir are considered and a one-parameter family of self-similar solutions of the system is given for each. The asymptotics of the solution in the neighborhood of the fracture nose is investigated and analytic expressions for the fracture length are obtained. The solution of the problem of gas fracture is compared with the hydraulic fracturing problem in an analogous formulation within the framework of the plane cross-section hypothesis.     

Near-infrared emissive AIE nanoparticles for biomedical applications: From the perspective of different nanocarriers

Fluorescent imaging based on near-infrared (NIR) fluorophores has revolutionized the techniques employed for detecting biological events in depth owing to their advantages referring to diminished photon scattering, high signal-to-noise ratio and better light transparence through tissue. As for conventional luminogens, the nanofabrication of those innately hydrophobic π-conjugated architectures into water-dispersible nanoparticles (NPs) may result in attenuated fluorescent intensity deriving from the detrimental distribution of π-π interactions in the confined space. Oppositely, chromophores possessing aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics emit boosted brightness at aggregate level according to the mechanism of restriction of intramolecular motion (RIM). In this review, we summarize the recent progresses of NIR emissive AIE NPs for multifarious biomedical applications from the viewpoint of different fabricated manners, mainly covering self-assembly and matrices assisted approaches. Furthermore, the current challenges and future research directions of NIR AIE NPs are briefly discussed.