聚二甲基硅氧烷的特性粘数分子量关系

聚二甲基硅氧烷的特性粘数分子量关系,前人已有许多工作.但从以甲苯为测定特性粘数溶剂的结果来看,其关系式中的参数就有显著的差异,如表1.鉴于目前国内对聚二甲基硅氧烷有广泛兴趣,因此重新订定了[η]-M方程的参数.本工作以光散射测定分子     

聚二甲基硅氧烷分子尺寸的温度依赖性

作者等用Elias沉淀点法求得聚二甲基硅氧烷-乙苯-邻苯二甲酸二乙酯体系在10—100℃间的一系列θ-溶剂组成。从聚二甲基硅氧烷一个级份(M_η=1.4·10~6)的这些θ-溶液特性粘数测定得到dln[η]θ/dlnT=0.45,按Flory-Fox特性粘数理论计算得dlnh~2_0/dlnF=0.30,即聚二甲基硅氧烷分子的无扰尺寸随温度升高而增大。由于Me_2SiO单元间的偶极-偶极相互作用使分子链的左右式构象的位能低于反式构象的位能。     

聚二甲基硅氧烷分子尺寸的温度依赖性——Ⅱ.溶剂效应

聚二甲基硅氧烷分子尺寸的温度依赖性,文献报导出入甚大.Ciferri测定了一个试样在二甲基硅油中30—150℃的特性粘数.Mark、Flory测定了两个级份(M_w=2.5×10~6,4.3×10~5)在二甲基硅油中30—105℃的特性粘数,从所得良溶剂内[η]值依据稀溶液理论外推;钱人元、余世诚、高玉书采用乙苯-邻苯二甲酸二乙酯混合溶剂体系,在     

聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯的苯溶液粘度对切变速度的依赖性 Ⅱ.用光散射法测定特性粘数分子量关系

在不同外加水压下作者等用毛细管粘度计测定了聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯五个分级试样的苯溶液粘度,并用光散射法在丙酮溶液中测定了重均分子量,得到下列特性粘数、分子量关系式(25°)。不加外压时:[η]=3.80×10~(-3)M~(0.79)毫升/克S_R=55达因/厘米~2:[η]_s=12.6×10~(-3)M~(0.70)D_R=5000秒~(-1):[η]_D=8.37×10~(-3)M~(0.73) 适用于分子量范围0.2—4.5×10~6。并指出用实验数据验证性粘数理论时,α值的切变速度依赖性有重要的影响。粘度数据中斜度系数 k′或β值,无论对 S_R 或 D_R 都没有显著的影响,与前人的结果有不同。对光散射测定所用仪器加以叙述并从光散射数据得到了试样的 A_2和<~2>_z 的数值。     

聚二甲基硅氧烷分子在溶液中的扩张

高分子溶液性质依赖于在溶液中的形态,高分子-良溶剂溶液由于高分子链段与溶剂分子间相互作用使末端矩h~2~(1/2)大于θ-条件下末端矩h_0~2~(1/2),一维扩张因子α以下式表示     

丁苯橡胶甲苯溶液粘度的切变速度依赖性

对低温聚合丁苯橡膠一个级分(M=1.0×10~6)的甲苯溶液在切变速度 D=10—20,000秒~(-1)范国内测定了五种浓度溶液的粘度数据(25.0℃)。粘度计采用 Tsuda 的水平毛细管水平流出体积计量管的设计,且在全部切变速度范围内都从同一毛细管流出,使不同范围内的数据很好衔接。实验结果证明在低切变速度区域牛顿粘度η(?)(0)的存在。并且从lnη(?)—ln D 曲线的反曲点(?)值不依赖于浓度和对反曲点的对称性估计η(?)(∞)值和整个切变速度范国内的粘度行为。取几个等 D 值时的 lnη(?)按(lnη(?)/C)-C 的线性外推得到[η]_D,明确表示在低切变速度区域[η](?)的存在。两种牛顿流动间转变区域的实难数据可以采用下列两公式线性化:x(D)=(1/2)[1-erf(kln(?))],x(D)=(1/1+(?))~n,式中x=(lnη(?)-lnη(?)(∞)/lnη(?)(0)-lnη(?)(∞)),erf(z)=(?)-u~2du,k 和 n 是依赖于浓度的参数,但在较高浓度时均趋向一恒定值。([η]_D/[η]_0)-ln D 曲线相当符合于刚性橢球轴比 p=4—5间的理论曲线,这样得到的转动扩散系数(?)_(rot)=6.6×10~2秒~(-1),但是从(?)_(rot)和[η]_0值按 Scheraga-Mandelkern 方法计算得到的分子量值与实际不符,所以丁苯橡膠分子线团不是刚性结构;而以1/(?)值作为高分子线团弹性变形的松弛时间,按 Bueche 理论计算得到的分子量值与实际极相一致。     

聚已内醯胺的特性粘数

(1)聚己內醯胺試樣在85％甲酸溶液中加水分級沉澱,得到分子量不同的級份,經羧基滴定,並於40％硫酸溶液中,在25°時测定粘度,得到下面的特性粘數分子量關係式: [η]=5.92×10~(-4) M~(0.686)或 [η]=2.44×10~(-5) M+0.080濃度單位是克/分升,分子量範圍是3000-13000。 (2)聚己內醯胺的40％硫酸溶液的粘度數據,試用了三種外推公式: lnη_r/c=[η]-β[η]~(2)c (1) η_(sp)/c=[η]+k′[η]~(2)c (2) logη_(sp)/c=log[η]+k[η]c (3) 用式(1)和式(3)得到的[η]值相同,式(2)得到的略小1-2％。β和k′值隨分子量的减小而顯著地增大,這和一般的高聚物——溶劑體系的行為相反。當高分子與溶劑分子間的氫鍵作用是高聚物溶解的主要因素時,用k′值來做溶劑能力的估計,是完全沒有意義的。 (3) 聚己內醯胺在40％硫酸裏,溶液粘度的切變速度依賴性是可以忽略的。我們認為40％硫酸是測定聚己內醯胺的粘均分子量的最合適溶劑。 (4) 從粘度數據依照Debye和Bueche的特性粘數理論,算出聚己內醯胺分子在40％硫酸裏的等效Stokes半徑,說明聚己內醯胺分子在40％硫酸溶液裏的形態,可以看作是無規則的線團。     

聚N,N-二乙基丙烯酰胺溶液粘度的温度依赖性

通过自由基聚合,合成了线型聚N,N-二乙基丙烯酰胺（PDEA）,用乌氏粘度计测定并考察了该聚合物在四氢呋喃（THF）、H2O以及THF-H2O混合溶剂中粘度的温度依赖性.实验结果表明,PDEA 在上述三种溶剂中粘度的温度依赖性不同，PDEA-THF体系的相对粘度随温度升高而增大；PDEA-H2O体系以及PDEA-THF-H2O体系的相对粘度随温度升高而减小,且THF体积分数φTHF < 0.7时具有透明-白浊转变现象；对PDEA-THF-H2O体系,φTHF增加,透明-白浊转变温度升高,而当φTHF=0.7时,则观察不到透明-白浊转变现象.     

聚苯乙烯甲苯溶液第二维利系数的分子量依赖性

本文用激光小角散射光度计,测定了聚苯乙烯甲苯溶液的第二维利系数的分子量依赖性,重均分子量在3×104θ/M值为7.1 8×10-18厘米2/克(0为无扰均方半径,M为分子量),与文献测定值相近.在4×103相似文献   

聚甲基丙烯酸己磺酸钠特性粘数与数均分子量关系

前文已报导了具有较好抗凝血性能的新型聚电解质,聚甲基丙烯酸己磺酸钠(PSSH-MA)的合成,用统计方法对盐存在时PSSHMA溶液的粘性研究及用小角激光光散射法测定的PSSHMA体系的特性粘数和重均分子量的关系。本文进一步用KNAUER膜渗透计测定了该体系的特性粘数与数均分子量的关系^[6],并进一步探讨聚电解质水溶液渗透压测定中的一些问题。     

MEASUREMENT OF THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE FLUORESCENCE QUANTUM YIELD OF ORGANIC MOLECULES IN SOLUTION

A DETAILED investigation of the temperature dependence of the fluorescence quantum yield φ_f can yield–directly or indirectly–significant information about behavior of excited states of organic molecules, such as the temperature effect on radiationless transitions and on photochemical reactivity. Variation of the temperature changes the viscosity of the solvent and, in conjunction with measurements of φ_f( T ), allows investigations of diffusion-controlled processes. For example, energy transfer and quenching processes as well as excimer or exciplex formation fall into this category. Recent review articles by Weller (1962) and Birks (1970) deal with this topic. Moreover, Huber and Mantulin (1972) have suggested that restraints placed upon geometric modifications of the excited molecule by temperature-induced changes in the solvent cage (variation of site structure) are reflected in a varying φ_f.
The purpose of this note is to describe and verify a simple procedure, accurate to about ± 5%, for measuring the relative fluorescence quantum yield as a function of temperature. A quantum yield study of 9,10-diphenylanthracene between room temperature and 77°K is employed to demonstrate the capabilities of this method. In addition, we consider an example of diffusion-controlled quenching by oxygen measured over a wide temperature range.     

聚N—异丙基丙烯酰胺溶液的温度依赖关系

用自由基聚合法合成了聚Ｎ－异丙基丙烯酰胺（ＰＮＩＰＡＡＭ）样品，用乌氏粘度计考查了该聚合物的四氢呋喃（ＴＨＦ）溶液和水溶液的粘度与温度的依赖关系。发现ＰＮＩＰＡＡＭ－ＴＨＦ体系的特性粘数随温度升高而增大，ＰＮＩＰＡＡＭ－Ｈ２Ｏ体系的特性粘数－温度曲线表现出较为复杂的变化规律。并用实验确定的特性粘数对合成样品的分子量进行了表征Ｍｎ＝８．４４×１０＾５ｇ·ｍｏｌ＾－１。     

聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺溶液的粘度的温度依赖关系

用自由基聚合法合成了聚Ｎ 异丙基丙烯酰胺（ＰＮＩＰＡＡＭ）样品，用乌氏粘度计考查了该聚合物的四氢呋喃（ＴＨＦ）溶液和水溶液的粘度与温度的依赖关系．发现ＰＮＩＰＡＡＭ ＴＨＦ体系的特性粘数随温度升高而增大，ＰＮＩＰＡＡＭ Ｈ２Ｏ体系的特性粘数 温度曲线表现出较为复杂的变化规律．并用实验确定的特性粘数对合成样品的分子量进行了表征Ｍｎ＝８４４×１０５ｇ·ｍｏｌ－１．     

甲苯溶剂中聚丁二烯基锂缔合度测定

本工作是甲苯-丁二烯-丁基锂聚合体系研究的一部份。在甲苯溶剂中进行聚丁二烯基锂缔合度测定,在国内外文献上尚未见报导,通过实验可以看出,聚丁二烯基锂甲苯溶液的平均缔合度,在引发剂浓度>1×10^-3mol/1范围内等于或大于2,此外用粘度法测定聚丁二烯基锂的缔合度时,如果剪切速度在12～450see^-1之间,测量结果不受剪切的影响。     

THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF PHYTOCHROME TRANSFORMATIONS

Abstract— The kinetics of phytochrome transformation were examined over a 30°C temperature range (+5° to–25°C) in 75% glycerol. Two new intermediate reaction stages are described for the transformation of the red-absorbing form, P _r to the far-red absorbing form, P _fr The free energies, enthalpies and entropies of activation were obtained for five of the six reaction stages observed in the transformation of P _r to P _fr and for the two reaction stages observed in the reverse process. All exhibited positive entropies of activation with the maximum being 25 entropy units. The results suggest that the phototransformations between P _r and P _fr consist of relaxation processes beginning with the intermediate produced immediately upon absorption of a quantum of light and ending with either P _r or P _fr.     

THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF Pfr ACTION GOVERNS THE UPPER TEMPERATURE LIMIT FOR GERMINATION IN LETTUCE

In most cultivars of lettuce (Lactuca saliva L,), red light acting through the red/far-red reversible phytochrome system promotes full germination within the20–30°C range, but at progressively higher temperatures germination declines sharply. The relationship between this upper ternperature limit for germination and the temperature dependence of phytochrome action was investigated in Grand Rapids lettuce. In fresh seeds the GT₅₀ (temperature giving half maximal germination) was ca 29–30°C. In these seeds, escape from far-red reversibility did not occur at 35°C, a temperature above the GT₅₀, but occurred rapidly at 27°C, a temperature below the upper limit. Increasing periods of dark pretreatment at high temperature (35°C) or increasing concentrations of the germination inhibitor coumarin caused a progressive decline in the GT₅₀, Escape from photoreversibility did not occur at 27°C in seeds in which the GT₅₀ had been reduced to less than 25°C by coumarin or by prolonged high temperature pretreatment. These results indicate that there is a close correlation between the position of the upper temperature limit for germination, and the temperature dependence of phytochrome action. We conclude that factors that alter the upper temperature limit for germination do so by changing the temperature dependence of phytochrome action.     

INTRINSIC POLARIZATION AND ROTATIONAL DEPOLARIZATION OF FLUORESCENCE OF DNA BASES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION AT ROOM TEMPERATURE*

Abstract— A counting procedure is described for determining the polarization characteristics of very weak emission. The degree of polarization of weak emission of DNA bases in aqueous solution at room temperature is found to he high and positive, and shows an inverse correlation with their emission quantum yields which can be understood in terms of a competition between emission lifetimes and rotational relaxation times. For 5-methylcytosine the emission quantum yield can be changed by varying the acidity and the corresponding degrees of polarization show the behavior expected from Perrin's relation. The ratio τ_o/τ_rot is discussed in terms of anisotropic relaxation and calculations of τ₀.