Low energy ion scattering by atomic steps on the single crystal surface

The energy, angular distributions and trajectories of particles scattered on surfaces of Ni(100) and Cu(100), with both ideal and damaged, and semi-infinite and isolated atomic steps, have been calculated. It has been shown that from the correlation between the experimental and calculated energy distributions of the scattered particles, one may determine the spatial extension of the isolated atomic steps and the distance between them on the single crystal surface damaged by ion bombardment. The energy and angular distributions of ions dechanneled from semi-infinite steps on the GaP(100) surface have been presented. It has been shown that the dechanneling ions form the characteristic peaks in the angular and energy distributions of the scattered particles.     

Direct reactions involving exotic nuclei 8He and 5H

The angular distribution of 26 MeV/n ⁸He ions elastically scattered from a gaseous helium target was measured in a wide CM angular range. Results are discussed in terms of the potential scattering and neutron transfer. The angular distributions of elastic scattering as well as 1n and 2n transfer reactions of these ions on protons are presented. Finite-range DWBA calculations made for the 2n transfer reaction leading to the ground (0⁺) and excited (2⁺) states of ⁶He underestimate the cross section for 2n transfer to ⁶He(0⁺). Analysis of data for this reaction channel suggests the importance of a direct ⁵H-cluster exchange process. A resonance state of ⁵H with an energy of 2 MeV above the decay threshold n+n+ ³H was obtained for the first time by making use of the reaction p(⁶He,²He)⁵H.     

Polar exit angle distributions of slow H<Superscript>+</Superscript> ions,related to the presence of a regular domain structure,calculated within the diffuse scattering approximation upon interaction of ions with the sample surface

The angular distributions of slow H ions scattered from the surface of a magnetic film with a stripe domain structure have been calculated. The calculations were performed within the models of specular and diffuse scattering upon collisions of ions with surface. It is shown that the magnetic fields of the stripe domain structure block the ions scattered at small exit angles. It is established that, within the more adequate model of diffuse scattering, the anisotropy of interaction of ions with the magnetic field of the stripe structure manifests itself in a wider angular range.     

Coupled Reaction Channels and Cluster Folding Analysis for 3He+20Ne Elastic and Inelastic Scattering

Physics of Particles and Nuclei Letters - The previously measured angular distributions for 3He elastically and inelastically scattered from 20Ne target at energies 33.4 and 68 MeV are reanalyzed...     

6Li elastic scattering ON 12C, 16O, 40Ca, 58Ni, 74Ge, 124Sn, 166Er and 208Pb at E(6Li) = 50.6 MeV

The elastic scattering of ⁶Li ions from a variety of targets, A = 12 to 208, has been measured at a bombarding energy of 50.6 MeV. The angular distributions are characteristic of strongly absorbed particles, such as ³He and heavy ions, and less diffractive than for ⁴He. A simple optical model with Woods-Saxon real and imaginary volume potentials is adequate to fit the data. Spin-orbit effects are not apparent in the data.     

Multi-nucleon transfer reactions and the formation of light charged particles in the systemnatAg+40Ar (285 MeV)

In the reaction^natAg+⁴⁰Ar (285 MeV) there have been measured the energy spectra of the isotopes of elements from H to Cl at an emission angle of 40°, the energy spectra and angular distributions of¹H,²H,³H, and⁴He, and the angular distributions of Li, Be, B, and C. The contribution from multinucleon transfer reactions to the formation of light charged particles is discussed.     

The ejection of atomic particles from ion bombarded solids

Considerable interest has developed in the last decade in the study of atomic collisions in solids, particularly single crystal solids. This has been heightened by the observation of channelling and the interest in industrial aspects of ion implantation. In the following article, we present an up-to-date account of the work being done on the particles ejected from a single crystal, following ion bombardment. These particles include sputtered atoms and ions, scattered atoms and ions and secondary electrons. An attempt has been made to indicate the similarities and differences, particularly between the energy and angular distributions of these ejected particles. The major link involving the dependence of these distributions of all particles on crystallography is stressed.     

Effect of the molecular structure on the gas-surface scattering studied by supersonic molecular beam

The experimental apparatus for investigating the gas-surface interaction has been newly developed. The coherent length of the helium, the energy resolution and the angular spread of the beam in the apparatus were established as ω= 16 nm, DE/E = 2.4%\Delta E/E = 2.4{\%} and Δθ= 0.5^○, respectively, through the measurements of the time-of-flight of He beam and of the angular intensity distributions of He scattered from LiF(001). The angular intensity distributions of Ar, N₂ and CO scattered from the LiF(001) surface along the [100] azimuthal direction were then measured as a function of incident translational energy. The effects of the molecular structural anisotropy and center-of-mass position on the gas-surface inelastic collision at the corrugated surface are discussed with predictions based on a recently developed simple classical theory of the ellipsoid-washboard model.     

Unified description of angular distributions of target particles in light and heavy ion induced interactions in nuclear emulsions at high energies

Some investigations show that in light ion (LI) induced reactions, such as He, O, Ne, and Ar in nuclear emulsions (Em) at high energies, the angular distributions of the target particles show a wide structure around the polar angle ν≈ 60°. With heavy ions (HI) such as Kr and Au such a wide structure has not been observed. The experimental results on Mg--Em and Si--Em interactions also do not show such a wide structure in the angular distribution of the target particles. Using a multisource ideal gas model we uniformly describe the angular distributions of the target particles produced in LI--Em and HI--Em interactions. The result is not only in agreement with the mean trend, but also with the fluctuations of the experimental data. We conclude that the wide structure observed in LI--Em interactions may be the result of statistical fluctuations.     

A study of the 2H(d,p)3H AND 2H(d,n)3He reactions and the excited state of 4He at 23.9 MeV

The relative differential cross sections have been measured for the ²H(d, p)³H and the ²H(d, n)³He reactions from 300 keV to 700 keV in 50 keV steps. Angular distributions of all charged particles from the reactions were taken from 20° to 160° in the laboratory system. Energy-dependent asymmetry coefficients from the expansion of the centre-of-mass angular distributions in terms of even powers of cos θ were obtained as were the branching ratios between the two reaction modes. The different energy dependences of the moments of the two cross sections were used to test the need for the existence of a recently reported T = 0 state in ⁴He.     

Angular characteristics of processes of electron detachment from negative ions and hydrogen atoms in gases

The results of experimental measurement of spatial-angular distributions of hydrogen particles (H⁻, H⁰, H⁺) obtained in scattering of a collimated ribbon beam of H⁻ ions and H⁰(1s) atoms in He, Ar, Kr, Xe, H₂, O₂, and CO₂ gas targets for certain values of energy in the range from 0.6 to 15 MeV are reported. The experimental setup and the measurement procedure with an angular resolution of 5×10⁻⁶ rad are described. The angular characteristics of measured distributions, i.e., full width at half maximum and standard deviation, were determined. It is shown that the shape of distribution for a beam of hydrogen atoms produced by neutralization of H⁻ ions in a gas target varies with the type and thickness of the target, and the angular spread is smallest for the H₂ target. The variations in the shape of distribution are due to the contribution of scattering processes without changing the charge of particles.     

Fast atom diffraction during grazing scattering from a MgO(001) surface

Fast neutral atoms and molecules with energies from 0.4 up to 3 keV are scattered under a grazing angle of incidence from a clean and flat MgO(001) surface. For “axial surface channeling” conditions, we observe defined diffraction patterns in the angular intensity distributions for scattered ³He and ⁴He atoms as well as H₂ molecules. The diffraction patterns are analyzed in terms of semiclassical trajectory calculations making use of projectile surface interaction potentials derived from density functional theory and from pair potentials calculated from Hartree–Fock wave functions. From comparison of measured and calculated diffraction patterns we deduced the rumpling of the topmost surface layer of MgO(001), i.e. an inward shift of Mg²⁺ ions with respect to O^2? ions, of (0.03±0.03) Å.     

The 6He emission accompanying the spontaneous fission of 252Cf

The results of a multiparameter investigation of the ⁶He emission accompanying the spontaneous fission of ²⁵²Cf are presented. The energy spectrum and the yield of the ⁶He particles are found to be in accord with previous measurements, but their angular distribution is observed to be narrower at 13° ± 3° (FWHM) than the value of ? 32° deduced in a previous investigation.Comparisons of the experimental with published calculated energy spectra and angular distributions for ³H, ⁴He and ⁶He particles are shown to provide evidence for a compact scission configuration in ternary fission.     

Scattering of Li+ from LEED characterized W(110) and Si (111) surfaces at energies between 2 and 20 eV

Energy and angular distributions of Li⁺ ions scattered from W(110) and Si(111) surfaces have been measured for a wide range of scattering angles and for beam energies between 2 and 20 eV. The collision process can be explained in terms of binary collisions with single surface atoms, if the influence of the attractive part of the interaction potential is taken into account. A square well approximation for the potential makes it possible to predict the form of the energy spectrum as well as the behaviour of the angular distribution of the scattered particles for both systems. The influence of adsorbed atoms and molecules on the scattering behaviour has been investigated. Exposure of the W surface to H₂, O₂ and CO shows that surface coverages exceeding 10% of a monolayer very drastically influence the scattering. The results from the clean surfaces indicate that sufficiently precise measurements of the energy spectra of the scattered particles can yield very detailed information about the form of the interaction potential. The form of the energy spectra also contains information as to the extent of vibrational excitation of the surface atoms.     

Neutron excess nuclei of hydrogen and helium at ACCULINNA

Attempt to observe a ⁷H resonance produced in the reaction ²H(⁸He,³He)⁷H resulted only in setting a limit dσ/dΩ≤ 20 μb/sr for the reaction exit channel which could populate a resonance lying between 0 and 3 MeV above the ⁷H decay threshold. The quasi-free scattering of the α core bound in ⁶He was explored keeping in mind the possible study of the cluster structure of this halo nucleus. For the first time coincident particles emitted in the ⁴He(⁶He, 2α)nn reaction were detected in wide angular ranges giving a wide kinematical range of the measured angular and momentum distributions. The contribution of processes, competing with QFS in the α+ α+n+n output channel, was considerably suppressed by the selection of events with E_α1(2)-nn>10 MeV. A number of experimental distributions, relevant to the reaction mechanism and to the ⁶He structure, were compared with the results of MC simulations based on the PWIA formalism. The PWIA predictions showed consistency with the experimental data.     

Diffraction of fast atomic projectiles during grazing scattering from a LiF(001) surface

Light atoms and molecules with energies from 300 eV to 25 keV are scattered under a grazing angle of incidence from a LiF(001) surface. For impact of neutral projectiles along low index directions for strings of atoms in the surface plane we observe a defined pattern of intensity spots in the angular distribution of reflected particles which is consistently described using concepts of diffraction theory and specific features of grazing scattering of atoms from insulator surfaces. Experimental results for scattering of H, D, 3He, and 4He atoms as well as H2 and D2 molecules can be unequivocally referred to atom diffraction with de Broglie wavelengths as low as about 0.001 Angstroms.     

The energy dependence of fusion in the 9Be+28Si system

The angular distributions of the energy spectra of the light charged particles (p, d and α) from the ⁹Be + ²⁸Si reaction have been measured in the energy range 12 ≦ E_lab ≦ 30 MeV. The particle evaporation spectra and the angular distributions were analyzed with a spin dependent statistical model. Angular distributions of ⁹Be ions elastically scattered on ²⁸Si have been measured at the energies 12 MeV, 17 MeV, 23 MeV and 30 MeV and were analysed, together with previously measured cross sections, with the optical model. The fusion cut-off angular momentum l_fus(E), the fusion cross section σ_fus(E) and the ratio σ_fus/σ_R^OM(E) were deduced. The excitation function for fusion was analyzed with the Glas and Mosel model. The parameters obtained from the fusion excitation function were compared with the corresponding ones from the ⁹Be + ²⁸Si optical-model interaction potential.     

Angular Anisotropy of the 3H(d, α) n Reaction at Deuteron Energies Below 200 keV

The angular distributions of particles emitted from the reaction were measured at 7.5 intervals from 60 to for incoming deuteron energies of 100, 150, and 200 keV using 50 and 80 g/cm thick TiT targets. The overall uncertainty of 0.16% of the data made it possible to determine Legendre-polynomial coefficients up to . The results are compared with an -matrix parameterization. The measured angular anisotropies present the first experimental evidence of -wave contributions to the cross section in the vicinity of the -wave resonance in He. Received November 13, 1995; revised November 25, 1996; accepted for publication January 24, 1997     

Coherence during scattering of fast H atoms from a LiF(001) surface

The coherence for diffraction effects during grazing scattering of fast hydrogen and helium atoms from a LiF(001) surface with energies up to some keV is investigated via the coincident detection of two-dimensional angular distributions for scattered projectiles with their energy loss. For keV H atoms, we identify electronic excitations of the target surface as the dominant mechanism for decoherence, whereas for He atoms this contribution is small. The suppression of electronic excitations owing to the band gap of insulators plays an essential role for preserving quantum coherence and thus for the application of fast atom diffraction as a surface analytical tool.     

Comparative study for nucleus-nucleus interactions and modified cascade evaporation model at (4.1 – 4.5) AGeV/c

The characteristics of the nucleus-nucleus collisions at high energy for the interactions of ¹H, ⁴He, ¹²C, ¹⁶O, ²²Ne, ²⁸Si and ³²S with emulsion at momentum (4.1 – 4.5) AGeV/c have been investigated. It has been found that the multiplicity distributions of the different emitted particles and their average values can be described by the modified cascade evaporation model. The model reproduces satisfactorily the multiplicity distributions of the shower, grey and black particles and the correlations between their multiplicities. It has been seen that the number of the produced shower particles increases with the increase of the projectile mass number. From the correlation between the average multiplicity of the evaporation particles and the number of the produced particles, it was found that a phase transition in the target system may occur. The calculated pseudo-rapidity distributions of the produced shower particles are typically Gaussian shaped in the mid-rapidity region and agree well with the experimental data. Also, the angular distributions of the grey and black particles have been investigated. The angular distributions of the grey particles show a universal shape independent of the type of projectile. The angular distributions of the black particles are nearly isotropic with a small asymmetry in the forward direction. The modified cascade evaporation model, reproduces the general characteristics of the nucleus-nucleus interactions and gives an explanation for the multiparticle production process.