Development of plasma pyrolysis/gasification systems for energy efficient and environmentally sound waste disposal

As more efficient and reliable torches for thermal plasma generation have become available in recent years, the use of thermal plasma as an energy source for pyrolysis/gasification has attracted much interest, and special attention has been paid to waste treatment for resource and energy recovery. Plasma pyrolysis/gasification systems have unique features such as the extremely high reaction temperature and ultra-fast reaction velocity compared to traditional pyrolysis/gasification systems. Plasma pyrolysis/gasification is therefore acknowledged as a novel pyrolysis/gasification technology with great potential in solid waste disposal. This paper gives a comprehensive review on the development of fundamental researches on plasma pyrolysis/gasification systems including direct current (DC) arc plasma system and radio frequency (RF) plasma system with an emphasis on reactor design such as plasma fixed/moving bed reactor system, plasma entrained-flow bed reactor system and plasma spout-fluid bed reactor system.     

Development and application of ferrite materials for low temperature co-fired ceramic technology

Development and application of ferrite materials for low temperature co-fired ceramic(LTCC)technology are discussed,specifically addressing several typical ferrite materials such as M-type barium ferrite,NiCuZn ferrite,YIG ferrite,and lithium ferrite.In order to permit co-firing with a silver internal electrode in LTCC process,the sintering temperature of ferrite materials should be less than 950°C.These ferrite materials are research focuses and are applied in many ways in electronics.     

低温材料及低温钻杆的研发现状

随着目前深井和超深井的发展,以及北方、西北地区高寒地带油气井的开发,越来越多的钻杆要求具有抵抗低温或者超低温度的性能需要.低温钻杆成为目前极有发展前景的石油工业技术之一.文中在综述低温材料研究现状的基础上,阐述了低温材料钻杆的工艺现状及其发展趋势.     

用于形状记忆材料研究的中子衍射原位温度加载系统

配合中国工程物理研究院的中子衍射应力谱仪开展形状记忆材料的相关研究,设计了一套原位温度加载系统。该系统可为测量样品提供25~800 ℃温度环境,温度控制器采用大林改进算法,有效地消除了温度过冲问题。该系统已开展了多次带束测试,结果表明其结构设计适用于中子衍射实验,温度控制在上升阶段无超调、稳态误差为1 ℃,满足形状记忆材料的温度加载实验要求。     

Hardness of materials at high temperature and high pressure

The intrinsic character of the correlation between hardness and thermodynamic properties of solids has been established. The proposed thermodynamic model of hardness allows one to easily estimate hardness and bulk moduli of known or even hypothetical solids from the data on Gibbs energy of atomization of the elements or on the enthalpy at the melting point. The correctness of this approach is illustrated by an example of the recently synthesized superhard diamond-like BC₅ and orthorhombic modification of boron, γ-B₂₈. The pressure and/or temperature dependences of hardness were calculated for a number of hard and superhard phases, i.e. diamond, cBN, B₆O, B₄C, SiC, Al₂O₃, β-B₂O₃ and β-rh boron. Excellent agreement between experimental and calculated values is observed for temperature dependences of Vickers and Knoop hardness. In addition, the model predicts that some materials can become harder than diamond at pressures in the megabar range.     

Effect of outgassing temperature on the performance of porous materials

This work illustrates the consequences of an inadequate outgassing temperature of porous materials of different nature (zeolites and activated carbons) on their performance on gas storage and wastewater remediation. Outgassing at low temperature in thermally stable materials leads to an incomplete cleaning of the porous surface; as a result, the gas storage ability based on adsorption isotherms is underestimated. In contrast, outgassing at elevated temperature in temperature-sensitive materials provokes irreversible changes in their composition and structure, which also affects strongly their stability and performance. Two examples illustrating wrong interpretation data on CO₂ capture on zeolites and wastewater treatment using activated carbons are addressed. The results show how the performance of a given material can be significantly modified or misunderstood after the outgassing pretreatment.     

激光切割脆性材料的温度场模拟

激光切割脆性材料是一个复杂的光致热过程。在综合考虑材料的热物性参数、初始条件及边界条件的情况下,运用Ansys软件建立了激光切割脆性材料温度场的三维有限元模型。采用APDL语言实现了对热流密度的高斯分布和强制对流换热及移动激光热源的模拟。通过设置不同的激光切割参数,对温度场的变化进行了模拟分析。所建立的温度场模拟系统可以对实际激光切割脆性材料的热过程进行前期预测,并能对激光切割参数的选择进行一定的优化,以减少实际切割的盲目性。     

Physical implications of activation energy derived from temperature dependent photoluminescence of InGaN-based materials

Physical implications of the activation energy derived from temperature dependent photoluminescence(PL) of In Ga Nbased materials are investigated, finding that the activation energy is determined by the thermal decay processes involved.If the carrier escaping from localization states is responsible for the thermal quenching of PL intensity, as often occurs in In Ga N materials, the activation energy is related to the energy barrier height of localization states. An alternative possibility for the thermal decay of the PL intensity is the activation of nonradiative recombination processes, in which case thermal activation energy would be determined by the carrier capture process of the nonradiative recombination centers rather than by the ionization energy of the defects themselves.     

高温压电材料、器件与应用

作为重要的功能材料,压电材料已经在国民经济的多个领域里有着重要应用.随着现代工业的快速发展,特别是新能源、交通和国防工业的高速发展,功能材料的应用已经从常规使用转向极端环境下的服役.本文综述了具有高居里点的压电材料,包括钙钛矿型压电陶瓷、铋层状结构氧化物压电陶瓷、钨青铜结构压电陶瓷以及非铁电压电单晶等;介绍了其晶体结构特征和高温压电性能、最新研究进展,并列举了一系列的高温压电器件和应用,包括高温压电探测器、传感器、换能器和驱动器等.另外,本文总结了高温压电材料的热点研究问题,并展望了今后的发展方向.     

Biomass pyrolysis in pulverized-fuel boilers: Derivation of apparent kinetic parameters for inclusion in CFD codes

Biomass combustion in pulverized-fuel boilers is a growing way to produce electricity from a renewable source of energy. Slagging and fouling limit however the reliability of the units that were initially designed for coal combustion. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes aiming at studying those phenomena include simplified models of biomass particle pyrolysis, of which the pertinence has already been questioned for the typical conditions of interest. A comprehensive model has been developed to investigate pyrolysis of particles in pulverized-fuel boilers, with sizes ranging from 17 μm to 2.5 mm. The detailed model accounts for internal heat conduction, internal gaseous convection, moisture evaporation and particle shrinkage. It includes a competitive, multi-component kinetic scheme, improved for high temperatures. The discrepancy between the simplified models integrated in most CFD applications and the detailed simulations is highlighted. The simplified isothermal models underestimate pyrolysis time for the largest particles. Moreover, such models delay and shorten the volatiles release. The flame lengths, the local temperature fields and the pollutant emissions might be importantly impacted in global combustion simulations. Apparent kinetic parameters have been derived from the detailed simulations. Their use in existing simplified models improves the behavior of the biomass particles during pyrolysis, and offers therefore an efficient alternative to the integration of complex pyrolysis models in CFD codes.     

微胶囊相变蓄能技术研究现状与进展

微胶囊相变材料是一种新型的复合相变蓄能材料。文中介绍了微胶囊相变蓄能材料的性质,着重阐述了微胶囊相变蓄能材料的制备方法,并分析了微胶囊相变蓄能材料在工业领域的应用,总结了微胶囊相变蓄能材料的发展趋势。     

Effects of synthetic routes of Fe-urea complex on the synthesis of γ-Fe2O3 nanopowder

Maghemite (γ-Fe₂O₃) nanopowder was prepared by the thermal decomposition of Fe-urea complex ([Fe(CON₂H₄)₆](NO₃)₃) that was synthesized by various routes including wet and dry synthetic methods. Then the effects of synthetic routes of the [Fe(CON₂H₄)₆](NO₃)₃ on resulting iron oxide crystalline phases and their magnetic properties have been studied using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and magnetic measurements. The result of XRD shows that the iron oxide crystalline phases are strongly dependent on the synthetic routes of the [Fe(CON₂H₄)₆](NO₃)₃. When [Fe(CON₂H₄)₆](NO₃)₃ is synthesized in ethanol, thermal decomposition of the compound results in pure γ-Fe₂O₃. When [Fe(CON₂H₄)₆](NO₃)₃ is synthesized either by an aqueous synthetic method or by a dry synthetic method, however, thermal decomposition of the compound results in mixed phases of γ-Fe₂O₃ and α-Fe₂O₃. Magnetic measurements show that resulting iron oxide nanopowder exhibits a ferromagnetic characteristic with a maximum saturation magnetization (Ms) of 69.0 emu/g for the pure γ-Fe₂O₃ nanopowder.     

Effective temperature of thermal radiation from non-uniform temperature distributions and nanoparticles

We study thermal radiation properties from non-uniform temperature distributions and nanoparticles, and define effective temperature. Conventionally, the temperature of a body is measured by fitting with the blackbody radiation spectrum, which assumes a uniform temperature throughout the body. We show the energy density of thermal radiation for non-uniform temperature distribution of the body and derive the effective temperature. Furthermore, the energy density of thermal radiation from nanoparticles is derived and the effective temperature of the body is shown to depend on the particle size.     

Differential temperature sensors method for simultaneous determination of thermal conductivity and diffusivity

An attempt has been made to minimize the sources of error involved in the transient probe method for thermal conductivity determination. Two sensors (thermocouples) are mounted parallel to the needle probe at known distances. This modification makes it a device for simultaneous conductivity and diffusivity determination. Thermal conductivity and diffusivity for glycerine, dune sand and mustard seed are determined by this method. Results obtained are compared with those obtained by a calibrated transient probe for conductivity and by a parallel wire method for diffusivity. Analysis of the results prove it to be a better instrument over the traditional ones. The technique can also be used as a direct reading device for conductivity and diffusivity measurements.     

制备生物炭的结构特征及炭化机理的XRD光谱分析

XRD光谱分析是研究物质内部结晶结构物质的重要手段。利用X射线技术分析了不同物料来源和制备方式对生物炭结晶结构特征及其炭化机理。结果表明：生物炭均含有d₁₀₁和d₀₀₂晶面衍射峰类石墨微晶纤维素炭,但炭化后析出的盐分随不同物料,差异较大,如牛粪、蓖麻粕以及糠醛渣的CaCO₃含量要高于其他生物炭,而仅牛粪与蓖麻粕含有CaMg(CO₃)₂。随温度升高,玉米秸秆炭中半纤维素优先分解,然后为纤维素石墨微晶化,结晶度提高,向更稳定的碳化合物转化。其中的矿物盐分随着炭化裂解温度升高,由稀土类氧化物→醋酸盐类物质→碳酸盐类物质逐步析出,CaCO₃的含量也随之增多。不同炭化方法的炭化机理不同,先干燥后炭化可促进半纤维素的分解,高温微波处理则是强烈震荡,主要促进物质多键断裂分解,碳酸盐类物质析出相对较少。通过X射线衍射分析可以很好研究生物炭内部结构结晶特征,可有效反映其炭化过程裂解机理。     

Thermal radiative properties of carbon materials under high temperature and vacuum ultra-violet (VUV) radiation for the heat shield of the Solar Probe Plus mission

The Solar Probe Plus (SP+) mission will approach the Sun as close as 9.5 solar radii in order to understand the origin of the solar corona heating and the acceleration of the solar wind. Submitted to such extreme environmental conditions, a thermal protection system is considered to protect the payload of the SP+ spacecraft. Carbon-based materials are good candidate to fulfill this role and critical point remains the equilibrium temperature reached at perihelion by the heat shield. In this paper, experimental results obtained for the solar absorptivity α, the total hemispherical emissivity ? and its ratio α/?, conditioning the equilibrium temperature of the thermal protection system, are presented for different kinds of carbon materials heated at high temperatures with or without vacuum-UV (100 < λ < 200 nm) radiation. The synergistic effect of ion bombardment is also presented for one kind of material.     

In situ monitoring of hydrogen loss during pyrolysis of wood by neutron imaging

Hydrogen is an element of fundamental importance for energy but hard to quantify in bulk materials. Neutron radiography was used to map in situ loss of elemental hydrogen from beech tree wood samples during pyrolysis. The samples consisted of three wood cylinders (finished dowel or cut branch) of approximately 1 cm in length. The samples were pyrolyzed under vacuum in a furnace vessel that was placed inside a cold neutron imaging beamline using a temperature ramp of 5 °C/min from ambient up to 400 °C. Neutron radiographs with exposures of 30 s were sequentially recorded with a charge-coupled device over the course of the experiment. Relative absorbance/scattering of the neutron beam by each sample was based on intensity (or brightness) values as a function of pixel position. The much larger neutron cross section for hydrogen compared to carbon and oxygen enables almost direct conversion of neutron attenuation into sample hydrogen content for each time step during the pyrolysis experiment. Target and vessel temperatures were recorded concurrently with collection of the radiographs so that changes could be directly correlated to different states of pyrolysis. The most visible change appeared at the initial phase of the 400 °C plateau as evidenced by strong hydrogen loss and primarily diametric shrinking of the samples. The loss of elemental hydrogen between initial and final states of pyrolysis was estimated to be about 70%.     

固体材料低温热导率的测量

本实验以4.2K二级G-M制冷机为冷源,采用稳态轴向热流法测量了304不锈钢与环氧玻璃钢在低温下的热导率,讨论了样品上初始温差的成因及其影响,给出了热导率真实值所在的区间,并对测量误差以及各种漏热带来的影响进行了分析。     

聚-α-甲基苯乙烯热降解产物研究

 降解芯轴技术是制备激光惯性约束聚变靶丸的重要技术之一。采用热分析技术研究了聚-α-甲基苯乙烯（PAMS）热降解温度,采用裂解色谱-质谱联用技术分析了PAMS的热降解产物。研究表明：PAMS降解温度范围为260～320 ℃,在此温度下PAMS降解产物主要是α-甲基苯乙烯单体,另外还有微量四氢呋喃溶剂残留及α-甲基苯乙烯二聚体。因主链上季碳原子的存在,PAMS的热降解过程以端基裂解的解聚反应为主,单体产率超过99%。     

Adaptive optimization on ultrasonic transmission tomography-based temperature image for biomedical treatment

Hyperthermia has proven to be beneficial to treating superficial malignancies, particularly chest wall recurrences of breast cancer. During hyperthermia, monitoring the time–temperature profiles in the target and surrounding areas is of great significance for the effect of therapy. An ultrasound-based temperature imaging method has advantages over other approaches. When the temperature around the tumor is calculated by using the propagation speed of ultrasound, there always exist overshoot artifacts along the boundary between different tissues. In this paper, we present a new method combined with empirical mode decomposition(EDM), similarity constraint, and continuity constraint to optimize the temperature images. Simulation and phantom experiment results compared with those from our previously proposed method prove that the EMD-based method can build a better temperature field image, which can adaptively yield better temperature images with less computation for assistant medical treatment control.