New Perspectives of Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

The principle of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy is outlined. The technique has been applied to a mutant of the well-known green fluorescent protein. A comparative study has been made with time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy. The latter experiment shows that the fluorophore is rigidly bound inside the protein matrix follows the rotation of the whole protein and does not show any fast restricted motion. It is evident from fluorescence correlation spectroscopy that some excited-state reaction plays a role, since the autocorrelation traces show a significant effect on the incident laser power. Other potential applications of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy are presented as taken from very recent publications.     

农田土壤水分含量的激光诱导荧光光谱表征

通过实验探讨了植物的激光诱导叶绿素荧光光谱与土壤水分间的关系。实验利用Y-形光纤探头获取了植物在450 nm LED光源照射下所发出的叶绿素荧光光谱,同时利用TDR传感器测量土壤湿度。实验以水稻为研究对象,研究了在持续水分胁迫和间歇水分胁迫下,叶绿素荧光光谱743 nm附近波峰的变化,结果发现,波峰强度与土壤水分含量具有相关性。最后,利用Lorentzian方程,将持续水分胁迫下的土壤含水量与叶绿素荧光强度进行建模,发现所建的模型具有较高的决定系数,说明该方法可以应用于农业生产中对土壤水分的测量。     

基于激光诱导时间分辨荧光的原油识别方法研究

在柴油、汽油、重质燃料油等成品油和原油等溢油油源的区分方面,荧光光谱结合模式识别手段得到了广泛的应用。传统的三维荧光光谱分析方法虽然能够获得溢油样品丰富的成分信息,但难以适应现场应用的要求,目前还停留在实验室检测的阶段。发展适用于现场应用的原油识别方法,对于海洋溢油污染的快速响应与处理意义重大。面向激光雷达的需要,发展了一种基于激光诱导时间分辨荧光手段、结合支持向量机（SVM）模型的原油识别方法,从时间和波长两个不同维度出发,通过对时间窗口和波长范围的选取进行优化,获得了理想的油种识别准确率。实验结果表明通过选取ICCD探测延时为54～74 ns可以将分类正确率从全谱线数据的83.3%提高到88.1%。通过选取波长范围为387.00～608.87 nm的谱线数据,可将疑似油种的分类正确率从全谱线数据的84%提高到100%。激光荧光雷达在实际工作中,受波浪、运载平台晃动等因素的影响,探测延时会出现一定的波动。本文介绍的分类识别方法通过时间和波长两个维度的筛选,更加适用于现场探测数据的识别,并进一步凸显了原油时间分辨荧光光谱特征,为疑似油种分类识别过程中数据量的压缩提供了重要依据。     

荧光光谱及其成像技术在光活检中的应用

分析了人体组织自体荧光的主要物质来源和荧光特性,同时总结了国内外常见的第二代新型光敏剂及其临床应用情况。在此基础上,全面比较了各种应用于早期肿瘤光活检的荧光光谱及其成像技术,并重点讨论了这些技术的基本原理和临床应用现状,以及它们今后的发展方向。     

土壤有机污染物激光诱导荧光光谱检测方法研究进展

土壤有机物污染源广、危害程度高、监测手段有限,是继水污染、大气污染又一个引起全球关注的环境问题。土壤有机污染快速在线检测分析对农业生产、土壤调查、土质修复有着重要的意义。激光诱导荧光(LIF)光谱技术是一种基于光致发光的物质成分和含量分析技术,具有样品使用量少、预处理过程简单、检测速度快等特点,在环境科学、生物分析、生命科学等众多领域有广泛应用。国内外研究人员展开大量研究工作,已形成较完善的方法体系及技术设备。文章介绍了LIF测量系统的组成结构和工作原理,综述了现阶段LIF技术在土壤有机污染物检测研究进展,重点包括土壤中油类污染物、多环芳烃污染物、有机农药污染物的识别及定量分析方法等,以及仪器开发过程中涉及的相关问题,给出了LIF技术在土壤有机污染物检测方面的发展趋势,为进一步发展基于LIF技术的土壤有机污染物现场快速检测仪器提供参考。     

The Sensitization Effect in the Laser-Induced Infrared Fluorescence Spectroscopy by Addition of SF6. II

The sensitization effect in the IR-F spectroscopy by addition of SF₆ was investigated in case of acetone as a sample. We kept the partial pressure of acetone constant, varied that of SF₆, and investigated the variations of the degree of sensitization. The experimental data shows that the degree of sensitization increases steeply and is saturated as the partial pressure of SF₆ becomes higher. The results were examined in terms of the kinetics of the intra-and intermolecular energy transfer involved in the emission of infrared radiation in question.     

Simultaneous Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging of Unburnt and Reacting Areas in Combustion Fields Using a KrF Excimer Laser

Simultaneous two-dimensional imaging of an unburnt area and a reacting area was performed using laser-induced fluorescence. Acetone was added to fuel as a tracer, and OH radical was used as a marker of the reacting area. A narrow band tunable KrF excimer laser (248 nm) was employed to excite acetone and OH simultaneously. Two intensified CCD cameras with different wavelength filters were used to detect these two kinds of species respectively. Detecting 294-314 nm (A-X (3, 2), etc.) for OH and 335-410 nm for acetone, we obtained images of each species without interference of a signal from the other. The method was also successfully applied to flames in a pressurized combustion chamber under the pressure of 0.5 MPa.     

基于反向传播神经网络的激光诱导荧光光谱塑料分类识别方法研究

塑料具有成本低、质量好,可塑性强等优点被广泛用于生产生活等领域,但废弃塑料处置不当容易引发二次污染。回收再利用有望成为解决废弃塑料污染问题的关键手段,其前提是对废料的准确分选。传统分选手段耗费时间,效率低下,难以实现废弃塑料的快速、经济、有效分类。激光诱导荧光技术是一种快速灵敏的光谱检测技术。具有操作简便,检测效率高,样品使用量小等优点常被应用于水体、土壤中油类,多环芳烃等有机污染物的快速识别与定量分析。利用激光诱导荧光技术可以快速采集不同塑料的荧光光谱,结合相应的模式识别算法,可实现塑料材质的快速准确识别。实验采集了8种塑料（ABS,HDPE,PA66,PLA,PP,PET,PS,PVC）共358组激光诱导荧光光谱,依据特征峰信息构建358×10的光谱矩阵。利用主成份分析法削减原光谱矩阵中的线性相关量,提高数据精度。结果显示前3个主成分的累计方差贡献值达98.085%,足以表征原光谱矩阵的主要信息。将降维的主成分PC1, PC2, PC3作为输入进行光谱分类,其中同种塑料光谱聚合度高,元素构成不同的塑料如PA66,PLA,HDPE和PVC的光谱分离度较好,而元素构成相同的塑料如PET和PLA的光谱分离度较差。PCA算法并不能准确的对未知塑料进行识别。BP-神经网络具有收敛速度快,预测精度高等特点被广泛用于模式识别和分类研究。将经PCA算法得到的简化特征矩阵作为BP-神经网络算法的输入集,其中随机抽取256组数据作为BP-神经网络算法模型的训练集,剩余的102组数据作为模型检测集。BP神经网络的隐藏层设定值为1,激活函数选择双极性Sigmoid函数,输出层为8种塑料样品。识别结果显示,102组数据中只有一组HDPE光谱数据被错识为PS,其余101组数据全部正确识别。8种塑料荧光光谱的综合识别准确率达到99%。研究结果表明激光诱导荧光技术结合BP-神经网络算法可实现不同材质塑料的快速准确识别。为实现废弃塑料的自动化智能分选,降低回收成本,减少废弃塑料危害提供新的参考。     

Comparison Between Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy and Time-Resolved Fluorescence Anisotropy as Illustrated with a Fluorescent Dextran Conjugate

The motional properties of rhodamine green alone and conjugated to 10-kDa dextran have been studied by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy (TRFA). With FCS the translational diffusion times of the fluorescent particles can be determined, which are directly proportional to the shear viscosity as shown in aqueous solutions of different sucrose concentrations. With TRFA the rotational correlation times of the fluorescent particles can be determined. TRFA experiments in the case of fluorescent dextran reveal a distinct restricted internal motion of the fluorescent probe independent of the slower overall rotation of the polysaccharide. The fast depolarization is most likely due to internal motion and not to energy transfer between different rhodamine green molecules in the same dextran, since a higher viscosity of the solvent increases the correlation time for internal motion proportionally. FCS and TRFA yield complementary information in the sense that the correlation time for overall dextran rotation can be accurately determined from the translational diffusion coefficient.     

原油样品激光诱导荧光的时间分辨光谱特性研究

为探索激光诱导时间分辨荧光光谱技术应用于海洋悬浮溢油原位探测的可行性,对来自胜利油田六个不同井区不同密度的原油样品的时间分辨荧光光谱进行了探测分析。结果发现,各原油样品荧光发射的持续时间基本相同,从ICCD中数字延时发生器(DDG)的输入延时52 ns开始,到输入延时82 ns左右结束,各原油样品的荧光峰强度随时间变化曲线的半高宽约10 ns;不同原油样品的最强荧光峰位及其衰减寿命不尽相同,并且与样品密度有一定相关性,密度相近的原油具有相近的最强荧光峰位和相似的荧光寿命。对比六种原油样品的时间分辨荧光光谱发现,在荧光增强时,原油荧光光谱峰位不变,当荧光从最大强度开始衰减时,六种原油样品的荧光光谱峰位均出现了不同程度(17~30 nm)的红移现象,这一定程度上反映出原油中各荧光组分的荧光衰减速率存在差异,或者存在荧光组分之间的能量传递。所观测到的原油密度相关的时间分辨光谱信息和荧光峰红移现象可望成为水下悬浮溢油识别的有效特征之一。     

激光诱导荧光探测水体中溶解有机物浓度

用Nd∶YAG激光器的三倍频355 nm光作为激发光源,根据激光诱导荧光（LIF）方法激发并探测污染水体的荧光光谱.通过对荧光光谱的分析处理研究归一化荧光强度,即450 nm处水中溶解有机物（DOM）峰与405 nm处水的拉曼峰的比值,反演溶解有机物浓度.用商品腐殖酸和去离子水配置成已知浓度的溶液代替标准DOM溶液进行标定,得到回归方程.结果证明,DOM的归一化荧光强度与水体中DOM浓度有较好的线性关系,因此LIF方法是对大面积水域水质进行动态遥测的较理想方法.     

激光诱导荧光探测水体中溶解有机物浓度

用Nd∶YAG激光器的三倍频355 nm光作为激发光源,根据激光诱导荧光(LIF)方法激发并探测污染水体的荧光光谱.通过对荧光光谱的分析处理研究归一化荧光强度,即450 nm处水中溶解有机物(DOM)峰与405 nm处水的拉曼峰的比值,反演溶解有机物浓度.用商品腐殖酸和去离子水配置成已知浓度的溶液代替标准DOM溶液进行标定,得到回归方程.结果证明,DOM的归一化荧光强度与水体中DOM浓度有较好的线性关系,因此LIF方法是对大面积水域水质进行动态遥测的较理想方法.     

由激光诱导荧光方法探测光碎片分子取向的理论研究

采用密度矩阵方法 ,推导了从激光诱导荧光 (LIF)强度中抽出光碎片取向参数的表达式 .光碎片的取向由分子态多极矩描述 .用于解离母分子和激发碎片分子的激光均为线偏振光 ,而探测荧光为非偏振光 .激光诱导荧光强度是光碎片分子初始态多极矩、线强度因子和解离—激发几何因子的函数 .光碎片的取向参数可以由测量荧光偏振比和计算动力学因子而获得     

Detection and Evaluation of Normal and Malignant Cells Using Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy

The aim of this research is to study the normalized fluorescence spectra (intensity variations and area under the fluorescence signal), relative quantum yield, extinction coefficient and intracellular properties of normal and malignant human bone cells. Using Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy (LIFS) upon excitation of 405 nm, the comparison of emission spectra of bone cells revealed that fluorescence intensity and the area under the spectra of malignant bone cells was less than that of normal. In addition, the area ratio and shape factor were changed. We obtained two emission bands in spectra of normal cells centered at about 486 and 575 nm and for malignant cells about 482 and 586 nm respectively, which are most likely attributed to NADH and riboflavins. Using fluorescein sodium emission spectrum, the relative quantum yield of bone cells is numerically determined.     

基于近地面高光谱影像的冬小麦日光诱导叶绿素荧光提取与分析

结合FluorMOD模型模拟数据与利用光谱分辨率3.3 nm、光谱采样间隔为0.71~0.74 nm近地面成像高光谱系统获取的抽穗期小麦高光谱影像比较3种基于夫琅和费线暗线的提取方法(FLD,3FLD和iFLD)的精确性和稳定性。结果表明当光谱分辨率为3.3 nm时,在760 nm附近的O₂-A波段可以有效提取日光诱导叶绿素荧光,而在687 nm附近的O₂-B波段不适合。当存在噪声时,FLD和3FLD的稳定性高于iFLD,FLD倾向于高估荧光值。     

TICT excited states of o‐ and p‐N,N‐dimethylamino analogues of GFP chromophore

Even though all the p‐N,N‐dimethylaminobenzonitrile (p‐DMABN), cis‐o‐DMABDI, and cis‐p‐DMABDI (the N,N‐dimethylamino analogues of green fluorescence protein chromophore) have the same electron‐donating N,N‐dimethylamino group, unlike the dual fluorescence of p‐DMABN, both cis‐o‐DMABDI and cis‐p‐DMABDI display single fluorescence. To figure out the interesting phenomena, the CAM‐TD‐B3LYP method and the cc‐pVDZ basis set were used to explore geometries, molecular orbitals, electronic transition, dipole moment, and potential energy surfaces of the S₁ excited states of cis‐o‐DMABDI and cis‐p‐DMABDI. We found that the S₁ excited states of cis‐o‐DMABDI and cis‐p‐DMABDI are ¹(π, π*) charge transfer excited states with twisted structures, where the N,N‐dimethylaminobenzene moiety functions as an electron donor, the methyleneimidazolone moiety serves as an electron acceptor, and the electron donor is linked with the electron acceptor by the C─C single bond (P‐bond). The fluorescent emissions of cis‐o‐DMABDI and cis‐p‐DMABDI predicted by the CAM‐TD‐B3LYP/cc‐pVDZ level are quite consistent with the experimental results. For the cis‐o‐DMABDI and cis‐p‐DMABDI, the S₁ locally excited state is less stable than the S₁ twisted intramolecular charge transfer state, and the S₁ LE state is not a stationary point (global minimum). That is why both cis‐o‐DMABDI and cis‐p‐DMABDI display single fluorescence.     

Visualization of Crevice Flow in an Engine Using Laser-Induced Fluorescence

A simultaneous visualization technique of reacting and unburned zones using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) was applied to a high-pressure combustion field in an engine cylinder. Crevice flow from a crevice between a piston and a cylinder wall of a spark ignition gas engine was visualized by LIF of OH and acetone. OH was excited simultaneously with acetone that was seeded into fuel as a tracer by an excitation light at 283.92 nm. Fluorescence signals from each species were detected individually by two intensified CCD cameras using optical band-pass filters which transmit fluorescence wavelength of OH and acetone, respectively. Pressure- and temperature-dependence of LIF signals from each species were evaluated. From the visualized images, it was clarified that oxidation of the crevice flow is stopped at the time of exhaust valve opening. Effects of exhaust port pressure on the oxidation process were investigated.     

基于中红外光谱技术鉴别转基因大豆的方法研究

转基因技术对于实现粮食增产,保护生物多样性,减少化学农药使用量等方面有着重大意义,但也可能存在一定的安全隐患。因此,转基因作物检测鉴别技术的研究愈发受到重视。本文采用中红外光谱分析技术,研究对不同品种的转基因大豆及其亲本进行鉴别的可行性。实验采集了三种不同的非转基因大豆亲本(HC6, JACK和W82)及其转基因大豆品种在3 818～734 cm-1范围内的光谱信息。采用偏最小二乘-判别分析(partial least squares-discriminant analysis, PLS-DA)进行判别分析,三种大豆的建模集的判别正确率分别为96.67%, 96.67%和83.33%,预测集的判别正确率分别为83.33%, 85%和85%。研究中采用X-loading weights、变量投影重要性(variable importance in the projection,VIP)和二阶导数(second derivative,2-Der)三种特征波数选择方法对光谱数据进行处理,并根据得到的特征波数分别建立PLS-DA模型进行判别分析,三种大豆的建模集和预测集的判别正确率均超过76.67%和75%。采用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和独立组分分析(independent component analysis,ICA)两种特征信息提取方法对光谱数据进行处理,分别建立PCA-PLS-DA和ICA-PLS-DA模型进行判别分析,三种大豆的建模集和预测集的判别正确率均超过80%和75%。研究表明中红外光谱分析技术可以较为准确地鉴别非转基因亲本与转基因品种,为转基因大豆的无损鉴别提供新的思路。同时结合特征波数选择方法与特征信息提取方法可以有效地降低模型复杂度,减少程序运算量。     

Laser-Induced Flourescence Excitation Spectroscopy and Photophysics of Naphthalene Bichromophoric Molecules in Supersonic Jets

We present studies of interchromophore interactions under supersonic jet conditions in a large number of dinaphthyl bichromophoric molecules by measuring their laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) excitation spectra. The molecules are composed of two naphthalene chromophores connected by an n-methylene bridge. The length of the bridge was varied as a function of the number of methylene units (n = 0, 1, 2, 4, 6), of the general type NnN(i,j), were N denotes naphthalene moiety, n the number of methylene units in the bridge, and (i,j) are the or positions of the bridge at each of the chromophores. We obtained high-quality LIF spectra of these bichromophoric olecules. In the molecules N1N(2,2), N1N(1,2), N2N(2,2), and N2N(1,2), the spectrum is characterized by an intense 0–0 region, with series of low-frequency progressions. These progressions are assigned as vibrational modes of the bridge. The appearance of several series of progressions is explained either by the excitation of different chromophores (in the mixed molecules) or by the excitation of different populated conformers. The spectrum of N4N(1,1) is different in several aspects from these spectra. The origin is shifted farther to the red, to 31,402 cm^–1. Low-frequency progressions or other transitions are not observed near the origin, but typical intrachromophore naphthalene vibrations are intense. The spectra of N6N(1,1) and N6N(2,2) are also characterized by intense intrachromophore vibrations, however, the spectrum of N6N(2,2) is very complicated due to many populated conformations, while that of N6N(1,1) is more simple.     

In Situ Detection of the Pathogen Indicator E. coli Using Active Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging and Defined Substrate Conversion

To remotely sense the pathogen indicator E. coli in aquatic systems, we used laser-induced fluorescence imaging to detect the signature produced by the in situ conversion of the defined substrate medium ECMUG. The presence of the enzyme -glucuronidase, indicated by the activity of the fluorogenic 4-methylumbelliferyl (4MU)--D-glucuronide (MUG), is specific to the presence of this organism. Substrate conversion was accomplished in a small stream impacted by non-point source wastewater inputs. Sample chambers slowly inoculated source water with 100 ml of ECMUG media in direct sunlight. Luminescence spectroscopy monitored conversion activity and detected liberation of the 4 MU fluorochrome in 2.5 hours. Detection by laser-induced fluorescence imaging followed at dusk and indicated bright blue emissions typical for converted media. This technique lays the foundation for active remote sensing of source water contamination.