Angular distributions in quasi-fission reactions: Evidence for incomplete relaxation of the tilting mode

The integral β^?-spectra of²³⁵U and²³⁹Pu fission products have been measured with a plastic scintillator telescope at an external neutron guide tube at the high flux reactor of the ILL in Grenoble. The highly enriched targets (150 – 800 γg/cm²) were placed in a fission chamber at a distance of approximately 110 m from the reactor core. From the measured beta-spectra absolute counting rates per MeV and fission have been calculated, which are compared with the results of earlier experiments of other authors and with recent theoretical calculations.     

Theory of mass-yield distributions in “quasi-fission” reactions

A two-step process of “fission after a few nucleon transfer” is studied for the mass-yield distributions in the reaction of 605 MeV⁸⁴Kr ions with²³⁸U. The general agreement between the theory and experiment is qualitatively good. Based on the phenomenological considerations, sequential fission is also included partially. The transfer process is also shown to be given by the charge dispersion calculations.     

Angular distributions in pre-equilibrium reactions

A new model is proposed for calculating angular distributions in preequilibrium reactions. In this model, as in the model of Feshbach et al. the system consisting of target plus projectile initially branches into two sets of states with either no particle in the continuum (multistep compound states) or with at least one particle in the continuum (multistep direct states). The multistep compound emission is assumed to be isotropic while the angular distribution of the multistep direct emission is described using the fast particle model of Mantzouranis et al. A similar master equation is used for both chains of states differing only in the angular dependence of the emission rates. The two chains of states are treated independantly neglecting inter-branch transitions. The angular distributions for 14.6 MeV neutrons calculated using this model are found to be in better agreement with the data than the fast particle model.     

Angular distributions in photonucleon and nucleon radiative capture reactions

Angular distributions in photonucleon and nucleon radiative capture reactions are investigated by means of the direct-semidirect model. It is shown that the introduction of higher-order multipoles and the choice of an appropriate coupling interaction allow reproduction of experimental data without recourse to free parameters.     

Angular distributions of penning electrons

Angular distributions of electrons ejected in thermal collisions of He(2¹ S, 2³ S)-metastables with Ar, Kr, Xe, Hg, CO, N₂ are measured with respect to the vector of relative velocity of the colliding particles. Except for preliminary results on the He(2₁S, 2³ S)-/Ar-system, these are the first such distributions reported. They are found to be strongly anisotropic and asymmetric in some cases, and approximately isotropic in those cases where the interaction potential between the metastable- and the target particle is strong. For the cases of weak interaction potential, the connection between the “internal” angular distribution in the frame fixed to the internuclear axis and the laboratory angular distribution, has been derived. Calculations of laboratory angular distributions involving an assumed “internal” distribution and the kinematics of a hard core collision show good qualitative agreement with the experimental results.     

Dynamic approach to the analysis of angular distributions of fission and quasi-fission fragments

A dynamic approach to the calculation of angular distributions of fission and quasi-fission fragments is proposed. The approach is tested in the analysis of the experimental data for the ²⁸Si, ³²S + ²⁰⁸Pb reactions at E _lab = 160–280 MeV. Dependence of the relaxation time for the degree of freedom related to the projection of the angular momentum onto the symmetry axis of the decaying system on the deformation and the angular momentum is discussed.     

Complete fusion and quasi-fission reactions induced by Kr ions on heavy targets

Cross sections for fission (complete fusion) and quasi-fission are measured at a given angle for the systems Kr + Ho, Kr + W, Kr + Bi, Kr + U in the energy range 450–525 MeV. The cross sections for complete fusion are unexpectedly low and the cross sections for quasi-fission are high. The cross section for close collisions (sum of the complete fusion and quasi-fission cross sections) is compared to the value calculated with the critical distance concept. The possibility that complete fusion does not occur for the lowest impact parameters is discussed.     

Angular momentum in peripheral fragmentation reactions

The angular momentum induced in peripheral fragmentation reactions at relativistic energies is described on the basis of shell-model considerations. An analytical expression for the spincutoff parameter of prefragments is obtained, and numerical calculations in the framework of the abrasion-ablation model are performed in order to estimate the angular-momentum distribution of prefragments and final fragments. Additionally, an approximative formula is given to calculate the angular-momentum distribution of final fragments.     

Angular momentum population in fragmentation reactions

Using a relativistic transport model followed by a statistical sequential binary emission model, the population of metastable high-spin isomeric states are studied in relativistic projectile fragmentation reactions. The initial angular momentum distribution are generated from hole excitations. We find that the angular momentum distribution of the excited prefragments are considerably broadened due to light particle evaporation. The model reproduces the experimentally measured population of relatively low-lying states and underpredicts states with high angular momentum I?17?$I?17?$. We propose that coupling the spin of the excited and hole states in the prefragment will give a better understanding of the data.     

Angular distributions of planar-channeled 4 MeV electrons

Abstract

A method of calculation of angular distributions of channeled electrons is proposed in the paper. The depth dependence of the angular distribution is investigated. At large penetration depths, the planar channeled particles are seen to spread widely parallel to the atomic planes, while the transverse motion is more confined.     

Angular momentum coupling in heavy-ion transfer reactions

A general expansion of the distorted wave transition amplitude for heavy-ion transfer reactions into terms with definite recoil orbital angular momentum transfer is given and discussed. It is shown that recoil effects tend to be enhanced when the surface localization of the reaction is not favoured by kinematical conditions.     

Angular distributions in the photoelectron spectroscopy of carbon monoxide

The angular distributions of the photoelectron intensity for CO have been investigated using a photoelectron spectrometer that has a rotatable detector and an HeI light source. The asymmetry parameter β was carefully measured for 24 vibrational transitions spanning three ionization bands. Its variation with final-state vibrational quantum number was found to have an unusual behavior. It is concluded that an autoionizing state of CO should exist at 584 Å in order to account for this behavior, and that the value of β is very sensitive to the presence of such a state.     

Angular distributions in proton-nucleus interactions in emulsion at 800 GeV

Data on angular distributions of heavily ionizing and shower particles in incoherent protonnucleus collisions in emulsion at 800 GeV are reported and discussed in details. Dependence of angular distributions on the mass number of a target nucleus and on the multiplicity of charged particles is investigated. The data presented are systematically compared with results of emulsion experiments at lower energies and with predictions of the Lund Monte Carlo model FRITIOF.     

Angular distributions of scattered excited muonic hydrogen atoms

Coulomb deexcitation differential cross sections of excited muonic hydrogen in collisions with the hydrogen atom are studied for the first time. In the fully quantum-mechanical close-coupling approach, both the differential cross sections for the nl → n′l′ transitions and l-averaged differential cross sections have been calculated for the initial exotic atom states with n = 2–6 at kinetic energies of E _cm = 0.01–15 eV and for scattering angles of ϑ_cm = 0°–180°. The vacuum polarization shifts of the ns states are taken into account. The differential cross sections of the elastic and Stark scattering obtained in the same approach are also presented. The main features of the calculated differential cross sections are discussed, and a strong anisotropy of Coulomb deexcitation cross sections is predicted. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Angular distributions of fast neutrons from the reaction

The angular distributions of neutrons from the reaction Co⁵⁹ (p, n) for 4 values of the proton energyE _p=5.23–4.05 MeV have been measured. The preliminary analysis of the results shows that in the reaction mechanism a certain role is played also by a direct process, most probably of a knock-out type, the relative contribution to the reaction yield of which decreases with decreasing value ofE _p.The authors would like to thank Prof. V. Petrílka for his constant interest in the work, the staff of the Cyclotron Laboratory of the Nuclear Research Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences for their cooperation and the group of physicists of the Nuclear Reactions Department of the institute for lending most of the apparatus.     

Angular distributions of electrons photoemitted from chemisorbed atoms

A theory which describes the angular distributions of electrons photo-emitted from chemisorbed atoms is presented. Due to hole delocalization and preferential orientation, interference effects due to emission from various centers in a molecule do not average out, as they do in gas phase photoionization and much more structural information pertaining to chemisorption bonds is contained in such measurements.