On the brachystochrone with dry friction

The problem of the brachystochrone with dry friction is governed by an autonomous set of highly non-linear ordinary differential equations, which contain a small parameter μ (the coefficient of friction). Using perturbation technique an approximate solution is constructed.     

On the general theory of thermo-elastic friction

Summary A theory of the thermo-elastic dissipation in vibrating bodies is developed, starting from the three-dimensional thermo-elastic equations. After a discussion of the basic thermodynamical foundations, some general considerations on the problem of the conversion of mechanical energy into heat are given. The solution of the coupled thermo-elastic equations is found in the form of series expansions in terms of normalised orthogonal eigenfunctions. For the coefficients an infinite system of algebraic equations with constants, which are complicated field integrals, is derived. An approximate solution of the infinite system is given. In some cases the coupling-constants can be calculated exactly, in other cases they have to be determined on the base of approximate theories.     

On the history of the dry friction law

We discuss the role played by Amontons, Coulomb, Leonardo daVinci,Morin, and Euler in the discovery of the dry friction law. In particular, reference is given to Euler’s 1748 paper,where an exhaustive statement of the dry friction law was given 37 years before Coulomb’s main publications. Painlevé’s criticism of the Coulomb law is assessed, and the main points of the theory of polycomponent dry friction are given.     

Propagation of discontinuities in vibrating strings subject to solid friction

Summary We study the propagation, in a vibrating string subject to solid friction, of discontinuities of acceleration and curvature, which correspond to the starting and stopping, for finite or infinite waiting time, of the string. Those discontinuities related to the discontinuity of the friction law, propagate with a velocity which, in general, differs from the characteristic velocities. After a general study of the problem, examples are given.

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Sommario Si studia la propagazione, in una corda vibrante soggetta ad attrito secco, di discontinuità di accelerazione e curvatura, che corrispondono all'avviarsi e al fermarsi della corda, in un tempo finito o infinito. Le discontinuità collegate con la discontinuità della legge d'attrito si propagano con una velocità che, in generale, differisce dalle velocità caratteristiche. Dopo uno studio generale del problema si danno esempi.

     

On the mathematical theory of porous metal bearings

Summary The hydrodynamic lubrication of a porous metal bearing is studied from a rigorous mathematical point of view. We use mainly the theory of the elliptic unilateral problems.

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Sommario La lubrificazione idrodinamica di un cuscinetto poroso è studiata con strumenti matematici rigorosi. Si usa soprattutto la teoria dei problemi unilaterali nel caso ellittico.

     

A finite-element formulation of heating rate and skin friction on the basis of conservation laws

In the framework of the finite element method (FEM), a prediction method for the heating rate and the skin friction on a body surface is presented by using the energy and momentum conservation equations respectively. Meanwhile, a brief analysis is made of the role the weighted functions play in the present work. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (19889210)     

On the skin friction coefficient in viscoelastic wall-bounded flows

Analysis of the skin friction coefficient for wall bounded viscoelastic flows is performed by utilizing available direct numerical simulation (DNS) results for viscoelastic turbulent channel flow. The Oldroyd-B, FENE-P and Giesekus constitutive models are used. First, we analyze the friction coefficient in viscous, viscoelastic and inertial stress contributions, as these arise from suitable momentum balances, for the flow in channels and pipes. Following Fukagata et al. (Phys. Fluids, 14, p. L73, 2002) and Yu et al. (Int. J. Heat. Fluid Flow, 25, p. 961, 2004) these three contributions are evaluated averaging available numerical results, and presented for selected values of flow and rheological parameters. Second, based on DNS results, we develop a universal function for the relative drag reduction as a function of the friction Weissenberg number. This leads to a closed-form approximate expression for the inverse of the square root of the skin friction coefficient for viscoelastic turbulent pipe flow as a function of the friction Reynolds number involving two primary material parameters, and a secondary one which also depends on the flow. The primary parameters are the zero shear-rate elasticity number, El₀, and the limiting value for the drag reduction at high Weissenberg number, LDR, while the secondary one is the relative wall viscosity, μ_w. The predictions reproduce both types A and B of drag reduction, as first introduced by Virk (Nature, 253, p. 109, 1975), corresponding to partially and fully extended polymer molecules, respectively. Comparison of the results for the skin friction coefficient against experimental data shows good agreement for low and moderate drag reduction which is the region covered by the simulations.     

工程流体力学关于沿程阻力的教学探讨

针对工程流体力学中沿程阻力知识点的教授,将与其相关的连续性方程、伯努利方程、动量方程、牛顿内摩擦定律、量纲分析、雷诺实验、尼古拉兹实验以及沿程阻力的应用等知识点有机地串联在一起,并传递了"理论推演-量纲分析-实验研究-实例应用"的工程流体力学经典研究方法,构建了以沿程阻力为核心的知识体系,以期为学生学习和教师讲授提供帮助.     

On the friction drag reduction mechanism of streamwise wall fluctuations

Understanding how to decrease the friction drag exerted by a fluid on a solid surface is becoming increasingly important to address key societal challenges, such as decreasing the carbon footprint of transport. Well-established techniques are not yet available for friction drag reduction. Direct numerical simulation results obtained by Józsa et al. (2019) previously indicated that a passive compliant wall can decrease friction drag by sustaining the drag reduction mechanism of an active control strategy. The proposed compliant wall is driven by wall shear stress fluctuations and responds with streamwise wall velocity fluctuations. The present study aims to clarify the underlying physical mechanism enabling the drag reduction of these active and passive control techniques. Analysis of turbulence statistics and flow fields reveals that both compliant wall and active control amplify streamwise velocity streaks in the viscous sublayer. By doing so, these control methods counteract dominant spanwise vorticity fluctuations in the near-wall region. The lowered vorticity fluctuations lead to an overall weakening of vortical structures which then mitigates momentum transfer and results in lower friction drag. These results might underpin the further development and practical implementation of these control strategies.     

On the teaching of friction resistance in engineering fluid mechanics

针对工程流体力学中沿程阻力知识点的教授,将与其相关的连续性方程、伯努利方程、动量方程、牛顿内摩擦定律、量纲分析、雷诺实验、尼古拉兹实验以及沿程阻力的应用等知识点有机地串联在一起,并传递了"理论推演-量纲分析-实验研究-实例应用"的工程流体力学经典研究方法,构建了以沿程阻力为核心的知识体系,以期为学生学习和教师讲授提供帮助.     

On constructing the theory of ductile fracture near friction surfaces

A criterion of ductile fracture is proposed, which takes into account the singular character of theoretical solutions near the maximum friction surfaces and the emergence of a thin layer with intense plastic strains near surfaces with high friction stresses in real processes of metal forming. The equation for the thickness of the layer with intense plastic strains and the fracture criterion include the strain rate intensity factor, apparently, characterizing the intensity of physical processes that occur in a thin material layer near the friction surfaces. Some experimental data are used to determine the thickness of this layer. The ductile fracture criterion is analyzed by solving the problem of strip extrusion under conditions of plane strain deformation.     

On chaotic motions of systems with dry friction

The principles of formation of closed and quasiperiodic orbitally stable trajectories in systems with dry friction are formulated. A frictional oscillator with periodic forcing is considered. It is established that random and stable oscillations exist. It is discovered that orbital instability and irregular oscillations are associated with the instability domain near a singular point Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 44, No. 9, pp. 123–132, September 2008.     

On models of dynamic systems with dry friction

An approach to the design of models of dynamical systems with high dry friction in the kinematic pair is developed. The members of the kinematic pair are represented by parts of rigid bodies. The system as a whole is considered to have a variable structure. According to this assumption, two modes of motion with different dissipative characteristics are possible. The states in which the modes exchange and the motion switches over into critical modes with dynamic self-locking are established. A system with a variable transfer function between members that form a nonideal constraint is described __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 97–105, May 2007.