基于树状大分子的SPECT成像造影剂的构建及其应用

树状大分子具有精准的化学结构,包括小分子内核、多分枝形成的内部空腔以及表面大量的官能团,可用于负载多种纳米颗粒及进行功能化修饰.此外,基于树状大分子的优异性能,具有良好的生物相容性及稳定性,经过功能化修饰后,其可在体内实现较长时间的血液循环和较高的组织特异性.因此,近年来常将树状大分子作为构建SPECT成像造影剂的理想...     

肽类树状大分子的合成及其在药物传输系统中的应用

树状大分子是近年来蓬勃发展的一类新型高分子材料, 其表面存在大量的官能团, 分子内部存在空腔且分子尺寸可控, 因此, 树状大分子已被广泛应用于众多的领域. 肽类树状大分子是指在树状大分子结构中含有肽键的一类大分子, 因其具有类似蛋白质一样的球状结构, 且具有优异的水溶性、生物相容性、生物降解性和细胞低毒性等特点, 所以, 肽类树状大分子可以作为药物传输的载体. 此外, 肽类树状大分子的疏水空腔可以装载疏水性药物, 对其起到增溶和缓释作用. 综述了肽类树状大分子的合成方法, 并对其与药物分子的结合机制及其在药物传输系统中的应用进行了总结与展望.     

季戊四醇及其衍生物在树状大分子合成中的应用

含多羟基官能团的季戊四醇在树状大分子合成中具有重要作用,以季戊四醇及其衍生物为核的树状大分子的对称结构与独特性能已引起广泛关注.综述了季戊四醇及其衍生物在树状大分子合成中的应用.     

树状大分子在有机合成中的应用

近20年来树状大分子由于其特殊的结构而引起了科学家们的广泛关注;作为一类新型的高负载量载体应用于有机合成和催化是树状大分子重要的应用领域之一.本文主要介绍树状大分子和树脂固载树状大分子两类载体,重点对它们作为高负载量载体在有机合成和非均相催化反应中的应用研究进行了总结.     

手性树状分子膦配体在不对称催化氢化中的应用

树状大分子作为一类组成精确的超支化结构大分子,近十多年来引起了科学家们的广泛关注.作为一类新型可溶性载体应用于均相催化剂,尤其是手性均相催化剂的负载化研究是树状大分子的重要应用领域之一.本文主要介绍了手性树状大分子膦配体,包括膦配体位于树状分子核心、末端和表面的几种类型,重点对它们与金属配合物形成的催化剂在不对称催化氢化反应中的应用研究进行总结,同时对负载催化剂的分离与回收、树状分子载体的结构和体积对催化剂性能的影响进行了讨论.     

(聚酰胺-胺)树状大分子对甲氨蝶呤的复合和释放研究

以甲氨蝶呤(MTX)为模型药物,研究了PAMAM与MTX的复合及体外释放.1H-,13C-NMR数据表明MTX与PAMAM树状大分子形成复合物是由于MTX羧基和PAMAM树状大分子外端氨基之间的相互作用.该复合物在pH=7.4,10 mmol/L Tris-HCl中非常稳定,表现出明显的缓释效果.当溶液中的离子强度增加时,会破坏PAMAM-MTX复合物的稳定性,缓释作用部分或全部失去,说明PAMAM树状大分子与MTX之间的相互作用属于静电作用.UV测得每个G5.0 PAMAM、G4.0 PAMAM树状大分子分别能复合271、4个MTX分子.     

树状大分子在有机合成中的应用

近20年来树状大分子由于其特殊的结构而引起了科学家们的广泛关注;作为一类新型的高负载量载体应用于有机合成和催化是树状大分子重要的应用领域之一。本文主要介绍树状大分子和树脂固载树状大分子两类载体,重点对它们作为高负载量载体在有机合成和非均相催化反应中的应用研究进行了总结。     

树状大分子在有机合成中的应用

近20年来树状大分子由于其特殊的结构而引起了科学家们的广泛关注;作为一类新型的高负载量载体应用于有机合成和催化是树状大分子重要的应用领域之一。本文主要介绍树状大分子和树脂固载树状大分子两类载体,重点对它们作为高负载量载体在有机合成和非均相催化反应中的应用研究进行了总结。     

金属配位树状大分子的研究进展*

本文介绍了一类含有金属的高度支化的树状大分子,总结了在该领域中已取得的一些重要的成果,对树状大分子的制备、性质和应用做了扼要的介绍,探讨了此类大分子在该领域中的研究和应用前景。     

树状大分子研究在超分子化学领域中的拓展

简要介绍近年来树状大分子研究在超分子化学领域中的拓展概况,总结当前在该研究领域中已经取得的一些令人激动的研究成果,从中了解树状大分子在新型超分子体系的构筑方面所具有的优势,探讨树状大分子未来在该领域中的研究和应用前景     

纳米级造影剂在肿瘤影像学诊疗中的基础应用进展

肿瘤的早期诊断对其生存率及预后有极大的意义,医学成像造影剂的应用可极大地提高肿瘤的早期诊断水平。通过新兴纳米技术开发无毒、成像能力更强、循环时间更长的纳米级造影剂是目前研究的热点。本文综述了纳米级造影剂在MRI、CT、US、PET和SPECT等生物医学成像技术中,对于肿瘤诊疗的基础应用,并列举了部分研究实例。纳米级造影剂具有广阔的临床应用前景,未来的研究重点将会是开发集诊断、治疗于一体的多功能的纳米平台。     

Solute-solvent halogen bonding during adsorption on silver nanostructures

Multimodal imaging technique is an alternative approach to improve sensitivity of early cancer diagnosis. In this study, highly fluorescent and strong X-ray absorption coefficient gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) are synthesized as dual-modality imaging contrast agents (CAs) for fluorescent and X-ray dual-modality imaging. The experimental results show that the as-prepared Au NCs are well constructed with ultrasmall sizes, reliable fluorescent emission, high computed tomography (CT) value and fine biocompatibility. In vivo imaging results indicate that the obtained Au NCs are capable of fluorescent and X-ray enhanced imaging.     

Large-scale synthesis of bioinert tantalum oxide nanoparticles for X-ray computed tomography imaging and bimodal image-guided sentinel lymph node mapping

Ever since Au nanoparticles were developed as X-ray contrast agents, researchers have actively sought alternative nanoparticle-based imaging probes that are not only inexpensive but also safe for clinical use. Herein, we demonstrate that bioinert tantalum oxide nanoparticles are suitable nanoprobes for high-performance X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging while simultaneously being cost-effective and meeting the criteria as a biomedical platform. Uniformly sized tantalum oxide nanoparticles were prepared using a microemulsion method, and their surfaces were readily modified using various silane derivatives through simple in situ sol-gel reaction. The silane-modified surface enabled facile immobilization of functional moieties such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) and fluorescent dye. PEG was introduced to endow the nanoparticles with biocompatibility and antifouling activity, whereas immobilized fluorescent dye molecules enabled simultaneous fluorescence imaging as well as X-ray CT imaging. The resulting nanoparticles exhibited remarkable performances in the in vivo X-ray CT angiography and bimodal image-guided lymph node mapping. We also performed an extensive study on in vivo toxicity of tantalum oxide nanoparticles, revealing that the nanoparticles did not affect normal functioning of organs.     

Gold nanoparticle-loaded PEGylated dendrimers for <Emphasis Type="Italic">theragnosis</Emphasis>

Both therapy and diagnosis, theragnosis, are indispensable for personalized medicine. Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) have photochemical properties and attenuate X-rays, which are useful for photothermal therapy and X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging, respectively. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified dendrimers (PEGylated dendrimers) have been used as drug carriers with prolonged blood circulation. In this study, Au NP-loaded PEGylated dendrimers were prepared as agents for photothermal therapy and CT imaging. Au NPs were grown in the PEGylated dendrimer by adding gold ions and reductants under various conditions to improve the properties. Both size and surface plasmon absorption of the Au NPs increased, dependent on the seeding growth conditions. Au NPs with near infrared absorption were also prepared by seeding growth from Au NP-loaded PEGylated dendrimers using formaldehyde. The Au NPs thus grown showed enhanced photothermogenic properties and CT intensities, enabling efficient photocytotoxicity and the enhancement of the blood pool in mice by CT imaging. Therefore, Au NP-loaded PEGylated dendrimers are a potential agent for theragnosis.     

Novel multifunctional theranostic nanoagents based on Ho3+ for CT/MRI dual-modality imaging-guided photothermal therapy

Because of the intrinsic defects of traditional treatment of cancer,it is quite needed to construct novel theranostic nanoagents that can not only improve the accuracy of imaging diagnosis but also achieve highly efficient therapy of cancer.Herein,we fabricated polydopamine-functionalized ammonium holmium fluoride nanocomposites(AHF@PDA)for dual-modality bioimaging(magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)and computed tomography(CT))owing to the high X-ray attenuation feature and magnetic property of Ho³⁺.Moreover,PDA shell endows AHF@PDA with excellent photothermal conversion performances and robust biocompatibility,leading to good treatment effect in vitro and in vivo.All above positive results certify that AHF@PDA have good potential as theranostic agents for clinical application in the future.     

Luminescent charge-transfer complexes: tuning emission in binary fluorophore mixtures

Charge-transfer (CT) complexes composed of a π-electron-poor naphthalene diimide (NDI) derivative combined with a series of π-electron-rich donors were investigated. Solutions of the CT complexes are nonemissive; however, solid-state complexes and aqueous suspensions display emission that is dependent on the energy of the HOMO of the electron donor. Crystallographic analysis of a pyrene-NDI complex reveals columnar packing and a high degree of frontier molecular orbital (FMO) overlap that likely contributes to the observed optical properties. The fluorescent CT particles are utilized as imaging agents; additional luminescent CT complexes may be realized by considering FMO energies and topologies.     

Targeted Tumor Computed Tomography Imaging Using Low‐Generation Dendrimer‐Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles

We report a facile approach to fabricating low‐generation poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer‐stabilized gold nanoparticles (Au DSNPs) functionalized with folic acid (FA) for in vitro and in vivo targeted computed tomography (CT) imaging of cancer cells. In this study, amine‐terminated generation 2 PAMAM dendrimers were employed as stabilizers to form Au DSNPs without additional reducing agents. The formed Au DSNPs with an Au core size of 5.5 nm were covalently modified with the targeting ligand FA, followed by acetylation of the remaining dendrimer terminal amines to endow the particles with targeting specificity and improved biocompatibility. Our characterization data show that the formed FA‐modified Au DSNPs are stable at different pH values (5—8) and temperatures (4–50 °C), as well as in different aqueous media. MTT assay data along with cell morphology observations reveal that the FA‐modified Au DSNPs are noncytotoxic in the particle concentration range of 0–3000 nM . X‐ray attenuation coefficient measurements show that the CT value of FA‐modified Au DSNPs is much higher than that of Omnipaque (a clinically used CT contrast agent) at the same concentration of the radiodense elements (Au or iodine). Importantly, the FA‐modified Au DSNPs are able to specifically target a model cancer cell line (KB cells, a human epithelial carcinoma cell line) over‐expressing FA receptors and they enable targeted CT imaging of the cancer cells in vitro and the xenografted tumor model in vivo after intravenous administration of the particles. With the simple synthesis approach, easy modification, good cytocompatibility, and high X‐ray attenuation coefficient, the FA‐modified low‐generation Au DSNPs could be used as promising contrast agents for targeted CT imaging of different tumors over‐expressing FA receptors.     

Multimodality and nanoparticles in medical imaging

A number of medical imaging techniques are used heavily in the provision of spatially resolved information on disease and physiological status and accordingly play a critical role in clinical diagnostics and subsequent treatment. Though, for most imaging modes, contrast is potentially enhanced through the use of contrast agents or improved hardware or imaging protocols, no single methodology provides, in isolation, a detailed mapping of anatomy, disease markers or physiological status. In recent years, the concept of complementing the strengths of one imaging modality with those of another has come to the fore and been further bolstered by the development of fused instruments such as PET/CT and PET/MRI stations. Coupled with the continual development in imaging hardware has been a surge in reports of contrast agents bearing multiple functionality, potentially providing not only a powerful and highly sensitised means of co-localising physiological/disease status and anatomy, but also the tracking and delineation of multiple markers and indeed subsequent or simultaneous highly localized therapy ("theragnostics").     

Synthesis and evaluation of potential CT (computer tomography) contrast agents for bone structure and microdamage analysis

The design and synthesis of several novel X-ray contrast agents 1-3, developed for targeting bone structures, and in particularly microcracks in bones, using CT (Computer Tomography) detection is described. These contrast agents are based on the use of the well known triiodobenzene platform, which was conjugated into one or more phenyliminodiacetate moieties, which can be used to 'lock' onto bone matrices. Compounds 1-3 were all tested for their ability to visualise cracks in bone structures (bovine bones) using micro-CT imaging.