Deterministic inhomogeneous inertia ratchets

We study the deterministic dynamics of a periodically driven particle in the underdamped case in a spatially symmetric periodic potential. The system is subjected to a space-dependent friction coefficient, which is similarly periodic as the potential but with a phase difference. We observe that frictional inhomogeneity in a symmetric periodic potential mimics most of the qualitative features of deterministic dynamics in a homogeneous system with an asymmetric periodic potential. We point out the need of averaging over the initial phase of the external drive at small frictional inhomogeneity parameter values or analogously low potential asymmetry regimes in obtaining ratchet current. We also show that at low amplitudes of the drive, where ratchet current is not possible in the deterministic case, noise plays a significant role in realizing ratchet current.     

空时非对称分数阶类Langevin棘齿

研究了空时非对称分数阶类Langevin分子马达棘齿模型,其中势函数是空间对称破缺的周期势,时间非对称类Langevin噪声由Logistic映射生成,而分数阶则刻画了分子马达工作环境的非理想程度.通过将模型转化为离散映射,即研究其整时间点情形,数值模拟了噪声的时间非对称性、势函数的空间非对称性以及分数阶对模型定向输运行为的影响.数值模拟结果表明:噪声的时间非对称性是定向流产生的根源,而势函数的空间非对称性能够与其进行竞争与协作,并在适当的参数条件下导致定向流的逆转;分数阶仅影响定向流的大小而不改变其方向.与经典的整数阶分子马达模型或时间非对称分数阶分子马达棘齿模型相比,该模型可以更为真实地描述分子马达的噪声整流工作机理.     

Ratchet cellular automata

In this work we propose a ratchet effect which provides a general means of performing clocked logic operations on discrete particles, such as single electrons or vortices. The states are propagated through the device by the use of an applied ac drive. We numerically demonstrate that a complete logic architecture is realizable using this ratchet. We consider specific nanostructured superconducting geometries using superconducting materials under an applied magnetic field, with the positions of the individual vortices in samples acting as the logic states. These devices can be used as the building blocks for an alternative microelectronic architecture.     

Symmetry of Pulsating Ratchets

Using an exact expression for the average velocity of inertialess motion of pulsating ratchets, a simple proof is given for the recently discovered hidden space-time symmetry of Cubero–Renzoni (D. Cubero, F. Renzoni, 2016). The conditions are revealed for the absence of the ratchet effect in systems with potential energies described by products of periodic functions of coordinate and time possessing the symmetry of the main types. In particular, it is shown that the ratchet effect is absent for the time dependence of the universal symmetry type (which combines three standard symmetries), and this restriction is removed when inertia is taken into account, unless the coordinate dependence of the potential energy is related to symmetric or antisymmetric functions.     

High-efficiency deterministic Josephson vortex ratchet

We investigate experimentally a Josephson vortex ratchet--a fluxon in an asymmetric periodic potential driven by a deterministic force with zero time average. The highly asymmetric periodic potential is created in an underdamped annular long Josephson junction by means of a current injector providing an efficiency of the device up to 91%. We measured the ratchet effect for driving forces with different spectral content. For monochromatic high-frequency drive the rectified voltage becomes quantized. At high driving frequencies we also observe chaos, subharmonic dynamics, and voltage reversal due to the inertial mass of a fluxon.     

二维耦合定向输运模型研究

建立了外部驱动力及噪声作用下的二维耦合定向输运模型, 其中的一个维度上为周期性分段棘齿势, 另一垂直维度上为周期性对称非棘齿势, 外部驱动力及噪声加在周期对称非棘齿势方向上, 而棘齿势方向不加任何驱动, 采用非平衡统计及非线性动力学理论研究了过阻尼情况下耦合系统在两个维度上的输运性质. 结果显示, 棘齿势与非棘齿势方向均可产生定向输运, 其中棘齿势方向的系统平均速度对耦合强度、噪声强度、驱动力强度及粒子数目均有明显的依赖性, 合适的耦合强度、噪声强度、驱动力强度或粒子数目下均可产生最大输运速度. 而非棘齿势方向的系统平均速度受非棘齿势势垒高度影响显著, 但随耦合强度、驱动力强度、驱动力初相位差及粒子数目的变化均出现波动现象, 表现出平均速度对这些参量的依赖性较弱.     

内部棘轮

建立了一个内部棘轮模型,即将一个自由系统耦合到一个具有非对称周期结构的亚系统上,而后者处于一个热浴环境之中.计算了一个周期信号以两种方式驱动粒子的平均速度,并与相同参数下外部棘轮的结果进行了比较.结果表明,内部棘轮中的粒子定向流的极大值大于外部棘轮的;在相同温度下,内部棘轮中粒子更容易产生定向运动.     

Brownian motors and stochastic resonance

We study the transport properties for a walker on a ratchet potential. The walker consists of two particles coupled by a bistable potential that allow the interchange of the order of the particles while moving through a one-dimensional asymmetric periodic ratchet potential. We consider the stochastic dynamics of the walker on a ratchet with an external periodic forcing, in the overdamped case. The coupling of the two particles corresponds to a single effective particle, describing the internal degree of freedom, in a bistable potential. This double-well potential is subjected to both a periodic forcing and noise and therefore is able to provide a realization of the phenomenon of stochastic resonance. The main result is that there is an optimal amount of noise where the amplitude of the periodic response of the system is maximum, a signal of stochastic resonance, and that precisely for this optimal noise, the average velocity of the walker is maximal, implying a strong link between stochastic resonance and the ratchet effect.     

涨落作用下周期驱动的分数阶过阻尼棘轮模型的混沌输运现象

考虑涨落作用下周期驱动的过阻尼分数阶棘轮模型, 通过模型的数值求解, 研究确定性棘轮的混沌特性与噪声的作用对输运行为的影响, 进而讨论过阻尼分数阶分子马达反向输运的机理. 分析表明: 随着势垒高度、 势不对称性与模型记忆性的变化, 随机棘轮的反向输运并不必然地要求确定性棘轮也反向输运; 随着模型阶数的减小, 亦即分数阻尼介质记忆性的增强, 确定性棘轮在反向输运之前会经历一个周期倍化导致的混沌状态, 但在噪声作用下, 反向流的发生会提前, 即混沌状态的确定性棘轮在噪声的作用下即可进行反向输运. 也就是说, 噪声能定性地改变棘轮的输运状态: 从无噪声时的混沌运动到有噪声时的定向输运. 这是过阻尼随机棘轮反向输运的一种机理, 也是噪声在定向输运过程中发挥积极作用的一个体现.     

Crossed-ratchet effects for magnetic domain wall motion

We study both experimentally and theoretically the driven motion of domain walls in extended amorphous magnetic films patterned with a periodic array of asymmetric holes. We find two crossed-ratchet effects of opposite sign that change the preferred sense for domain wall propagation, depending on whether a flat or a kinked wall is moving. By solving numerically a simple phi(4) model we show that the essential physical ingredients for this effect are quite generic and could be realized in other experimental systems involving elastic interfaces moving in multidimensional ratchet potentials.     

摇摆型棘齿热电子隧穿制冷

本文利用传输矩阵法数值模拟了电子在加入周期性正负偏压的双势垒("摇摆"棘齿)异质结中的传输特性,获得了两电子库间的净电流以及所伴随的净热流的表达式.进一步分析了净电流、净热流和制冷系数等性能参数的特征,获得的结果对介观热电子器件的研制有一定的理论指导意义. 关键词： 热电子制冷机 摇摆棘齿 性能参数 传输矩阵法     

Rotational effect in two-dimensional cooperative directed transport

In this review we investigate the rotation effect in the motion of coupled dimer in a two-dimensional asymmetric periodic potential. Free rotation does not generate directed transport in translational direction, while we find it plays an critical role in the motors motility when the dimer moves under the effect of asymmetry ratchet potential. In the presence of external force, we study the relation between the average current and the force numerically and theoretically. The numerical results show that only appropriate driving force could produce nonzero current and there are current transitions when the force is large enough. An analysis of stability analysis of limit cycles is applied to explain the occurrence of these transitions. Moreover, we numerically simulate the transport of this coupled dimer driven by the random fluctuations in the rotational direction. The existence of noise smooths the current transitions induced by the driving force and the resonance-like peaks which depend on the rod length emerge in small noise strength. Thanks to the noise in the rotational direction, autonomous motion emerges without the external force and large noise could make the current reversal happen. Eventually, the new mechanism to generate directed transport by the rotation is studied.     

Symmetric excitation and de-excitation of a cavity QED system

We calculate the time evolution of a cavity-QED system subject to a time dependentsinusoidal drive. The drive is modulated by an envelope function with the shape of apulse. The system consists of electrons embedded in a semiconductor nanostructure which iscoupled to a single mode quantized electromagnetic field. The electron-electron as well asphoton-electron interaction is treated exactly using “exact numerical diagonalization” andthe time evolution is calculated by numerically solving the equation of motion for thesystem’s density matrix. We find that the drive causes symmetric excitation andde-excitation where the system climbs up the Jaynes-Cummings ladder and descends back downsymmetrically into its original state. This effect is known at low electron-photoncoupling strengths but our main finding is how robust the effect is even at ultra-strongcoupling strength where the JC-model does not give qualitatively correct results. Weinvestigate the robustness of this symmetric behavior with respect to the drive de-tuningand pulse duration.     

外部驱动电流抑制双撕裂模的发展

在Hall MHD方程组中引入外部驱动电流项,数值模拟外部驱动电流对双撕裂模不稳定性的影响.结果表明,在x点加入反向外部驱动电流对撕裂模的发展有抑制作用,周期性的外部驱动电流对双撕裂模不稳定性的抑制效果较好,能控制磁岛的尺度在相互驱动的临界尺度以下,避免发生双撕裂模非线性磁场重联的爆发,随着驱动电流周期变大抑制效果变坏,在一定限度内随着驱动电流强度增大抑制效果变好,在一定范围内随着驱动电流宽度变小抑制效果变好.     

Dynamics, rectification, and fractionation for colloids on flashing substrates

We show that a rich variety of dynamic phases can be realized for mono- and bidisperse mixtures of interacting colloids under the influence of a symmetric flashing periodic substrate. With the addition of dc or ac drives, phase locking, jamming, and new types of ratchet effects occur. In some regimes we find that the addition of a nonratcheting species increases the velocity of the ratcheting particles. We show that these effects occur due to the collective interactions of the colloids.     

Ratchet effects in quantum wells with a lateral superlattice

Experimental and theoretical works on the ratchet effects in quantum wells with a lateral superlattice excited by alternating electric fields of terahertz frequency range has been reviewed. We discuss the Seebeck ratchet effect and helicity driven photocurrents and show that the photocurrent generation is based on the combined action of a spatially periodic in-plane potential and a spatially modulated light.     

Current-driven dynamics in Josephson junction networks with an asymmetric potential

Current-driven dynamics of Josephson junction networks (JJNs) is studied using numerical simulations. We consider a JJN with an asymmetric and periodic potential of vortices, which is realized by saw-tooth modulation of junction critical currents. When external ac currents are applied to the JJN in a magnetic field, there appears a ratchet effect, and then directed motion of vortices is induced in certain system parameter regimes. A ratchet behavior is observed even for JJNs with weak structural disorder. We clarify the vortex pinning and dynamics in the JJN as a ratchet system.     

Relativistic graphene ratchet on semidisk Galton board

Using extensive Monte Carlo simulations we study numerically and analytically a photogalvanic effect, or ratchet, of directed electron transport induced by a microwave radiation on a semidisk Galton board of antidots in graphene. A comparison between usual two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) and electrons in graphene shows that ratchet currents are comparable at very low temperatures. However, a large mean free path in graphene should allow to have a strong ratchet transport at room temperatures. Also in graphene the ratchet transport emerges even for unpolarized radiation. These properties open promising possibilities for room temperature graphene based sensitive photogalvanic detectors of microwave and terahertz radiation.     

Multiple attractors and periodic transients in synchronized nonlinear circuits

I study a pair of synchronized nonlinear circuits which may be periodic or chaotic. The circuits are synchronized by a one-way driving signal from the drive circuit to the response circuit. Because the nonlinearities are symmetric about zero, the drive circuit has two periodic attractors. When the value of a bifurcation parameter is above a certain threshold, the response circuit also has two periodic attractors, one in-sync with the drive and one out-of-sync. Below the threshold, the drive circuit still has two attractors but the response circuit has only one attractor, the in-sync attractor. If the response circuit is started in the basin of attraction of the former out-of-sync attractor, a long periodic transient (many cycles long) is seen.     

Effect of various periodic forces on duffing oscillator

Bifurcations and chaos in the ubiquitous Duffing oscillator equation with different external periodic forces are studied numerically. The external periodic forces considered are sine wave, square wave, rectified since wave, symmetric saw-tooth wave, asymmetric saw-tooth wave, rectangular wave with amplitude-dependent width and modulus of sine wave. Period doubling bifurcations, chaos, intermittency, periodic windows and reverse period doubling bifurcations are found to occur due to the applied forces. A comparative study of the effect of various forces is performed.