Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Trace Cadmium in Alloys and Biological Samples After Solid–Liquid Extraction and Preconcentration with Use of Nitroso-S

 Cadmium is quantitatively retained by 2-nitroso-1-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid (nitroso-S) and tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (TDBA) on microcrystalline naphthalene in the pH range 5.7–10.5 from a large volumes of aqueous solutions of various samples. After filtration, the solid mass consisting of cadmium complex and naphthalene is dissolved with 5 mL of dimethylformamide and the metal was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometric. Cadmium complex can alternatively be quantitatively adsorbed on tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium-naphthalene adsorbent packed in a column and determined similarly. About 25 ng of cadmium can be concentrated in a column from 500 mL of aqueous sample, where its concentration is as low as 0.05 ng/mL. Eight replicate determinations of 0.1 μg/mL of cadmium in final DMF solution gave a mean absorbance of 0.060 with a relative standard deviation of 1.8%. The sensitivity for 1% absorption was 7.3 ng/mL. The interference of a large number of anions and cations has been studied and the optimized conditions developed were utilized for the trace determination of cadmium in various alloys and biological samples. Correspondence: Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran. e-mail: ma_taher@yahoo.com Received March 30, 2001; accepted January 18, 2002     

示差脉冲溶出伏安法测定食盐中痕量铅

铅是一种具有蓄积性、多亲和性的毒物,对人体各组织都有毒性作用,主要损害神经系统、造血系统、消化系统和肾脏,还损害人体的免疫系统,使机体抵抗力下降,因此在环境监测及食品分析中,铅的准确测定受到人们的普遍关注。人类每天要摄入一定量的食盐,如果食盐中的铅含量大于等于 1.0 mg·kg-1,就会对人体产生危害。因此,选择一种简便、灵敏、快速、准确的测铅方法,就显得非常重要。测定铅的方法报道较多的是原子吸收光谱法[1,2],电化学分析法也有报道[3,4],本文研究了用示差脉冲溶出伏安法测定铅[5~9],本法的仪器设备简单、灵敏度高、准确…     

塞曼火焰原子吸收光谱法直接测定金属铟及铟合金中微量铅

对于纯铟及铟合金中微量铅的测定,通常采用在氢溴酸介质中,用甲基异丁基酮萃取,分离主体铟及其他干扰元素,水相于塞曼火焰原子吸收光谱仪波长283.3nm处测定铅的吸光度。方法操作流程长,经过两次萃取,易引入误差,不适合大批量的检测,而且所用的有机试剂易污染环境。鉴于以上弊端,本文介绍了利用塞曼火焰原子吸收光谱仪灵敏度高,选择性好,扣背景能力强等特点,在不用分离主体铟的情况下于5%(体积分数)盐酸介质中直接测定微量铅的方法。本法操作简单、迅速,且稳定性好,结果准确可靠,提高了分析速度。1　试验部分1.1　仪器与试剂GGX 6A塞曼…     

Differential Pulse Polarographic Determination of Gallium and Niobium in Samples After Preconcentration of Their Quinolin-8-Olate Complexes on Microcrystalline Naphthalene

Abstract

Gallium and niobium react with quinolin-8-ol to form water insoluble complexes which are quantitatively adsorbed on microcrystalline naphthalene from the large volume of their aqueous solutions in the pH range of 3.5 - 8.2 and 6.2 - 9.4, respectively. After filtration, the metal complexes were desorbed with 10 ml of HCl (1M for Ga and 11 M for Nb) and determined by using a differential pulse polarograph (DPP). The dissolved oxygen is removed by adding a few milliliters of 4% NaBH₄ solution in the case of gallium. The detection limits are 0.04 ppm for gallium and 0.05 ppm for niobium at the minimum instrumental settings (signal to noise ratio = 2). The linearities are maintained in the concentration range 0.1 - 5.0 ppm for gallium and 0.4 - 6.0 ppm for niobium with correlation factors of 0.9997 and 0.9996 and relative standard deviations of 0.81 and 0.95%, respectively.

Characterization of the electroactive process included an examination of the degree of reversibility. Various parameters such as the effect of pH volume of aqueous phase, reagent and naphthalene concentrations and the interference of a large number of anions and cations on the estimation of these elements were studied in detail. The method is found to be highly selective, fairly sensitive, rapid, simple and economical. It has been applied for the trace determination of gallium and niobium in various standard alloys and may be applied safely for the analyses of complex materials like environmental samples and ores.

     

Selective Preconcentration and Ion Chromatography of Trace Lead(II) in Environmental Samples Using a Porous Graphitic Carbon Column

Abstract

Highly selective ion analysis of sub-ppm Pb(II) on a porous graphitic carbon (PGC) column, is described using ion chromatography with acidified aqueous mobile phases, post-column detection using PAR and spectrophotometric detection. Sensitivity is enhanced by on-line preconcentration of the metal prior to the chromatography using one millilitre injection volumes applied to a calix[4]arene-tetrahydroxamate based chelating precolumn. The method is applied to water samples collected from a river subjected to an industrial effluent discharge and results obtained compare favourably with those obtained using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy.     

Preconcentration and Determination of Trace Amounts of Heavy Metals in Water Samples Using Membrane Disk and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

A fast and simple method for preconcentration of Ni^2＋, Cd^2＋, Pb^2＋, Zn^2＋, Cu^2＋ and Co^2＋ from natural water samples was developed. The metal ions were complexed with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate （Na-DDTC）, then adsorbed onto octadecyl silica membrane disk, recovered and determined by FAAS. Extraction efficiency, influence of sample volume and eluent flow rates, effects of pH, amount of Na-DDTC, nature and amount of eluent for elution of metal ions from membrane disk, break through volume and limit of detection have been evaluated. The effect of foreign ions on the percent recovery of heavy metal ions has also been studied. The limit of detection of the proposed method for Ni^2＋, Cd^2＋, Pb^2＋, Zn^2＋, Cu^2＋ and Co^2＋was found to be 2.03, 0.47, 3.13, 0.44, 1.24 and 2.05 ng·mL^-1, respectively. The proposed （DDTC） method has been successfully applied to the recovery and determination of heavy metal ions in different water samples.     

N-Methylethylxanthocarbamate as an Analytical Reagent: Differential Pulse Polarographic Determination of Cadmium in Standard Alloys, Biological and Environmental Samples after Adsorption of its Complex on Microcrystalline Naphthalene

N-methylethylxanthocarbamate has been used as an analytical reagent for the determination of trace amounts of cadmium in standard alloys, biological, and environmental samples. The reagent has been found to form a water insoluble complex with cadmium. It is quantitatively adsorbed over microcrystalline naphthalene in the pH range 2.5 to 12.0. The metal complex is desorbed with HCl and cadmium determined with a differential pulse polarograph. The detection limit is 0.05 ppm (signal-to-noise ratio = 2) and the linearity is maintained in the concentration range 0.2–25 g/ml, with correlation coefficient of 0.9995 and a relative standard deviation of ±0.81%. Characterization of the electroactive process includes an examination of the degree of reversibility. Various parameters, such as the effect of pH, reagent concentration, amount of naphthalene, volume of aqueous phase, and the interference of a large number of metal ions on the determination of cadmium, have been studied in detail to optimize the conditions for its determination in various complex materials.     

Differential Pulse Polarographic Determination of Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride in Pharmaceuticals and Biological Fluids

Abstract

A simple, fast, sensitive and fully validated differential pulse polarographic (DPP) method for the determination of trace amounts of moxifloxacin in pharmaceutics, serum and urine is reported. Moxifloxacin exhibited irreversible cathodic peak over the pH 5.00–11.00 in Britton–Robinson (B–R) buffer. At pH 10.00 (the analytical pH), a well‐defined peak at ?1.61 V versus saturated calomel electrode was obtained. The current has been characterized as being diffusion‐controlled process. The diffusion current constant (i_d) was 1.48±0.12 and the current–concentration plot was rectilinear over the range from 5×10^?7 to 1×10^?4 M with correlation coefficient (n=10) of 0.995.

The proposed method was applied to commercial tablets and average percentage recovery was in agreement with that obtained by spectrophotometric comparison method. The method was extended to the in vitro determination of moxifloxacin in spiked human serum and urine.     

催化动力学极谱法测定痕量亚硝酸根

在硫酸介质中，痕量亚硝酸根对溴酸钾氧化酸性铬深蓝的反应有极强的催化作用，研究了最佳反应条件，发现在氨缓冲溶液中酸性铬深蓝具有良好的极谱峰，以极变法监测催化反应过程中酸性铬深蓝浓度的变化，建立了催化动力学极谱法测定痕量亚硝酸根的方法，方法的线性范围为0．20－1．34μg.ml^-1，检出限为0．088μg.ml^-1，应用于雪水，雨水中痕量亚硝酸根的测定，结果满意。     

聚乙烯吡咯烷酮增敏荧光光度法测定生物样品中痕量铅

研究了聚乙烯吡咯烷酮对桑色素和铅（Ⅱ）络合反应的增敏作用，发现ＰＨ３．４３时Ｐｂ－ｍｏｒｉｎ－ＰＶＰ三元体系在４３５ｎｍ激发下，４４４ｎｍ处有强荧光发射，提出了荧光光度法测定痕量Ｐｂ的新方法，其线性范围为０－２４０μｇ／Ｌ，对空白１１次测定ＲＳＤ为３．５％，检出限为２．１＊１０＾－２ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

Rapid Differential Pulse Polarographic Determination of Thiamethoxam in Commercial Formulations and some Real Samples

The polarographic behavior of thiamethoxam (a neonicotinoid insecticide) was studied by direct current and differential pulse polarography. Depending on the pH thiamethoxam exhibited one or two well-defined cathodic polarographic waves. The characteristics of the electrode reaction were investigated and it was found that at pH > 5.0 the target molecule captures four electrons in the first step, and two in the second. Based on the reduction behavior of the target molecule on the mercury electrode, a differential pulse polarographic method was elaborated for the rapid determination of thiamethoxam at pH 8.0. With the optimized method, a linear response for thiamethoxam was found in the concentration range of 31.1 − 470 ng cm⁻³, the relative standard deviation did not exceed 1.6%, and the detection and quantitation limits were found to be 9.3 ng cm⁻³ and 31.1 ng cm⁻³, respectively. The method was applied to the determination of thiamethoxam in commercial formulations and real samples (potato and maize). The procedure is simple, fast, sensitive, and compares well with comparative spectrophotometric and chromatographic (HPLC/DAD) methods.     

Determination of Trace Amounts of Lorazepam by Adsorptive Cathodic Differential Pulse Stripping Method in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Biological Fluids

Abstract

A new adsorptive cathodic differential pulse stripping voltammetry method for the direct determination of lorazepam at trace levels in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids is proposed. The procedure involves an adsorptive accumulation of lorazepam on a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE), followed by reduction of adsorbed lorazepam by voltammetric scan using differential pulse modulation. The optimum conditions for the analysis of lorazepam are pH=2 using Britton‐Robinson (B‐R) buffer, accumulation potential of ?0.2 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), and accumulation time of 40 sec. The peak current is proportional to the concentration of lorazepam, and a linear calibration graph is obtained at 0.05–1.15 µg mL^?1. A relative standard deviation of 2.41% (n=3) was obtained, and the limit of detection was 0.019 µg mL^?1. The capability of the method for the analysis of real samples was evaluated by determination of lorazepam in pharmaceutical preparations and biological (urine and plasma) fluids with satisfactory results.     

Pulse Polarographic: Determination of Nanogram Amounts of Ortho-Phosphate

Abstract

A procedure has been developed for the pulse polarographic determination of nanogram amounts of ortho-phosphate based on the reduction of molybdenum blue formed from 12-molydophosphate. The molybdenum blue is extracted into iso-amyl alcohol from acid solution, and the extract is then washed free of excess molybdate with dilute sulphuric acid. Finally, the molybdenum blue is back-extracted into a tartrate buffer and is pulse polarographed. Precise determinations can be made on 10 ng of PO₄ ³ ml^?11 in the polarographed solution. Determinations have been made on standard and sample ortho-phosphate solutions at the 2 ng of PO₄ ³ ml^?11 level by effecting a five-fold concentration at the extraction step.     

催化动力学极谱法测定痕量钼

在稀Ｈ２ＳＯ４介质中，钼（Ⅵ）对硫酸联氨还原乙基橙的反应有强烈的催化作用。建立了催化动力学极谱法测定痕量钼的新体系，方法线性范围为２０－３００ｎｇ／ｍＬ，检出限为３．５４ｎｇ／ｍＬ。方法应用于尿中中钼的测定，结果满意。     

螯合树脂浓缩柱预富集低压离子色谱分光光度法测定海水中痕量铅

采用螯合树脂浓缩柱预富集低压离子色谱分光光度法测定海水中痕量的铅。对于2.0μg/L的Pb2 溶液,测定的相对标准偏差为2.9%(n=8);将该法应用于不同盐度海水中铅的测定,获得满意结果,标准加标回收率在94%~101%之间,该法可以识别Ⅰ类海水,可以测定Ⅱ~Ⅳ类海水。     

流动注射在线预富集—同步扫描荧光法分析水样中痕量多环芳烃

建立了苯并［ａ］芘和的流动注射在线预富集－同步扫描荧光检测法，方法简便快速。苯并［ａ］芘和的测定下限分别为０２μｇ／Ｌ和００４μｇ／Ｌ。测定的相对标准偏差分别为：７１１％和７５４％。用于实际水样的测定，苯并［ａ］芘的回收率为９０％～１０３３％，为１０３３％～１１６７％，结果满意。     

流动注射在线置换吸附预富集-火焰原子吸收联用技术测定痕量铅

研究了流动注射在线置换吸附预富集-火焰原子吸收(FAAS)联用技术测定复杂样品中痕量铅的方法。首先使ZnⅡ与二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠(DDTC)在线配合形成Zn-DDTC并预先吸附在香烟过滤嘴填充柱上,然后使含PbⅡ的标准溶液或样品溶液流经填充柱与Zn-DDTC发生置换反应而被填充柱富集。被吸附的分析物用乙醇定量洗脱至FAAS进行在线检测。此在线置换吸附预富集过程有效地消除了与DDTC的配合物稳定性较Zn-DDTC弱的共存金属离子的干扰。在样品流速为5.0mL/min和置换吸附预富集90s的条件下,得到铅的吸收信号的增感因子为33,检出限为2.0μg/L。浓度为100μg/L的铅标准溶液11次平行测定的精密度(RSD)为1.2%。本方法已应用于生物样品的分析。     

Differential Pulse Polarographic Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides

Abstract

A method is described for the determination of organochlorine pesticides using differential pulse polarography. Using tetrabutyl ammonium bromide as a supporting electrolyte eight compounds of the three classes of organochlorine pesticides were determined in water. These are α-HCH; β-HCH; γ-HCH; o,[pacute]-DDT; p, p,[pacute]-DDT; aldrin dieldrin and endrin. the reliable application of the method for determination of endrin in a formulation has been established.