表面粗糙度对析晶污垢附着的影响

研究了沸腾条件下竖直放置的304不锈钢试样表面粗糙度对结垢诱导期CaCO_3析晶污垢生长的影响。结果表明,粗糙度居中的试样污垢增重最快,而抛光处理的试样对抗垢能力的改善没有大的提高。扫描电镜表明,污垢在试样表面吸附并没有显示出对沟槽的优先吸附,而是呈现出随机吸附的效果。粗糙度对污垢的附着有一定影响,但这种差别不能本质上改善材料的抗垢能力。污垢的附着和材料的抗蚀性密切相关,改善材料的抗蚀性将有助于改善抗垢性。     

改性换热表面冷却水微生物污垢特性的实验研究

利用化学镀Ni-P的方法对换热设备常见的紫铜表面进行改性,得到几种不同表面微观结构的镀层。在镀层工艺选择上发现,在调整主盐浓度所制备的几个试样中,存在使镀速达到最大的一个最佳主盐浓度;试样生物污垢附着与腐蚀实验表明,试样耐蚀性与试样表面非晶结构的含量并没有明显的线性关系,在改变主盐浓度(15~35 g/L)制备的几个试样中,硫酸镍浓度为25 g/L时的试样在微生物中的耐蚀性最好。     

高压静电抗垢强化传热实验研究

在污垢热阻动态监测装置上,进行了高压静电抗垢强化传热实验研究．结果表明,成垢溶液经过高压静电处理以后在换热表面结垢减轻,污垢热阻明显减小,阻垢率可达到56．5％．对污垢晶体的扫描电镜观察表明,高压静电处理后污垢晶体形态发生了改变,由结构致密型的霰石改变为结构松散的不定形体,从而不易在换热表面结垢。     

换热表面镀银抑制微生物污垢综合分析

换热表面形成的微生物污垢一直是严重影响换热效率和系统安全的重要问题.表面改性是有效抑制微生物污垢生长的措施,镀银又是表面改性手段中效果较好的一类。当前镀银抑垢研究主要集中在非换热表面,如果将镀银措施引入到换热表面,需要分析抑垢效果、换热变化和经济成本的综合问题。本文通过镀银处理的换热流道实验装置,获得镀银处理后有微生物污垢生长的换热装置的热阻曲线和厚度曲线,对镀银换热表面的抑垢效果、附加热阻、耐久度和经济性进行了全面讨论。结果表明,镀银抑垢效果良好,并且可以优化设计镀银抑垢方案,将经济成本控制在合理范围.     

氟化时间对环氧树脂绝缘表面电荷积累的影响

为抑制环氧树脂绝缘的表面电荷积累、研究处理时间对表面电荷积累的影响, 使用氟/氮混合气在实验室反应釜中对环氧试样进行了不同时间(10 min, 30 min和60 min)的表面氟化处理. 衰减全反射红外分析与SEM断面和表面观察表明随氟化时间的增加, 氟化层的氟化度和厚度增大, 表面微观粗糙度降低、表面组织变得致密. 与开路热刺激放电电流测量所表明的、未氟化(原)试样有深的表面电荷陷阱和稳定的表面电荷相比, 这些氟化试样的表面不能存储电荷. 沉积在它们表面上的电晕电荷于室温下分别约在2 min, 10 min和15 min内快速衰减为零, 展现随氟化时间的延长而减慢的电荷释放速率. 表面电导率和接触角测量及表面能计算表明氟化引起表面电导率和表面润湿性与极性的显著增加, 但它们随氟化时间的延长而减小. 氟化试样表面电导率的显著增大归因于表面电荷陷阱的非常可能的实质变浅和表面吸附的水分. 表面充电电流测量进一步地表明, 与原试样几乎为零的稳态表面电流相比, 这些氟化试样在连续充电期间显现大的稳态表面电流. 这意味着这些氟化试样在充电期间比原试样有少得多的表面电荷积累.     

PTFE、FEP涂层表面CaCO3污垢特性的实验研究

实验室里进行了PTFE与FEP表面CaCO3污垢的对比实验.采用直接称重法获得污垢生长曲线,研究了在不同流速、温度、浓度条件下PTFE和FEP两种表面污垢特性.实验结果表明:在相同流速、浓度和温度条件下,FEP比PTFE有更好的阻垢性能;溶液流速、温度和浓度对CaCO3污垢沉积有较大影响:增大溶液流速、降低溶液的温度和浓度都会使这两种材料表面的污垢渐近值减小.     

技术开发与应用——热退火影响微弧氧化TiO2薄膜表面特性的研究

由于具有质轻、刚度大、较高的熔点以及良好的耐腐蚀性和生物活性等，钛及钛合金被广泛应用于航空、军事以及生物工业。然而，在某些应用过程中钛及钛合金却显示出较低的抗磨损和接触腐蚀（相对负标准电位为-1．63V）。为提高其实际应用特性，许多表面改性方法已应用于钛及钛合金的表面处理，如：表面氧化，物理汽相沉积，化学汽相沉积和离子注入等。     

纯铀表面的激光快速熔凝处理

铸态纯铀不耐腐蚀，放置于空气中在很短的时间内就会使表面氧化而变质。激光快速熔凝处理是激光表面改性技术中的一项重要而先进的技术内容，纯铀经过激光快速熔凝处理后，其抗腐蚀能力明显增强，同时也可以提高铀表层的耐磨性和疲劳强度。试验表明：激光快速熔凝处理的铀试样比未处理的铀明显增强，在空气中放置数年后，其处理层的颜色基本没有变化。     

高压静电场抗垢性能的实验研究

通过静态和动态两种方法,进行了高压静电抗垢强化传热实验研究.静态实验结果表明,高压静电场能够使污垢晶体形态发生改变,由六面体结构变为树枝状和薄片状结构,并促进污垢晶体尺寸的增大.动态实验结果表明,成垢溶液经过高压静电处理以后,污垢热阻明显减小,流速的增大能够增强抗垢能力.     

pH值对AZ31镁合金表面植酸转化膜在模拟体液耐腐蚀性能的影响

采用沉积的方法在镁合金AZ31表面制备植酸转化膜并研究了pH值的影响. 利用极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱方法测定其耐腐蚀性能,用扫描电子显微镜观察转化膜的表面微观结构,用能谱测定转化膜的组成元素. 在理论上通过热力学的方法分析最佳pH值. 植酸转化膜可以提高镁合金AZ31的耐腐蚀性能. 当植酸溶液的pH=5时腐蚀效率达到了89.19%,此时腐蚀电位正移了156 mV,腐蚀电流密度与没有处理的试样相比减小了约一个数量级. 热力学分析表明植酸转化膜的耐腐蚀性能不仅受植酸根离子和镁离子浓度的影响,也与氢气释放的速率有关.     

热交换器表面镀层对传热性能的影响

采用化学镀的方法对热交换器表面进行表面改性,使其换热表面沉积一层表面能不同的均匀镀层。传热实验表明,随着磷含量的增大,凝结传热系数增大。进一步可视化实验研究表明,镀层换热表面均表现为珠膜共存状态,增大镀层的磷含量,换热表面促进珠状凝结的效果更加明显。这归于镀层降低了传热表面的表面能值。     

热交换器非晶镀层表面的污垢特性研究

研究了化学镀三元Ni-Cu-P镀层的制备工艺,分析了三元Ni-Cu-P镀层成分、镀速的变化规律。通过DSA100接触角仪测试表明,所得三元Ni-Cu-P镀层均具有较大的接触角及较低的表面自由能。进一步的污垢沉积实验结果表明,与热交换器常用的不锈钢换热表面相比,4种三元Ni-Cu-P镀层表面均明显抑制了污垢的粘附。     

Preparation of Sn films deposited on carbon nanotubes

In this work carbon nanotubes were first grown on copper substrate by chemical vapor deposition method. The Sn deposits were then deposited on the surface of as-grown carbon nanotubes by three different methods: electroplating, electroless plating and displacing methods. The Sn deposits on CNTs surface were characterized by both scanning electron microscope and field emission scanning electron microscope. The compositions of Sn deposits were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope. The results showed that both electroless plating and displacing deposits can but the electroplating deposits cannot cover on the surface of CNTs. Besides C, Sn, Ni and Pd, the electroless deposits also contain element of oxygen and the displacing deposits also contain elements of copper and oxygen.     

Influence of photo-induced superhydrophilicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the anti-fouling performance of ultrafiltration membranes

Fouling is one of the most present prominent problems in almost all membrane processes. An increase in the membrane hydrophilicity is one of the effective ways to improve the membrane resistance to fouling. In this research, TiO₂ nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of composite ultrafiltration (UF) membrane, and then irradiated by ultraviolet (UV) light. The coating of the membrane surface with TiO₂ nanoparticles and radiation with (UV) light led to the considerable increase of hydrophilicity on the membrane surface. The deposition of TiO₂ nanoparticles was carried out through coordinance bonds with OH functional groups of the polymer on the membrane surface. The flux through a coated and (UV) light radiated membrane was increased to a large extent compared to a virgin membrane. In this research, the effect of different concentrations of TiO₂ nanoparticles in the presence and absence of (UV) irradiation was investigated, and the role of increasing of hydrophilicity on the anti-fouling property of membranes was studied. In order to characterize the membranes FTIR, XRD, SEM, water contact angle and cross-flow filtration were employed. This procedure is a useful technique for improvement of hydrophilicity to decrease (increase) fouling (anti-fouling performance) and enhance the permeation of membranes.     

Preparation of the Ni-P composite coating co-deposited by nano TiC particles and evaluation of it's corrosion property

In current research, low carbon steel plates were coated by Ni-P electroless method. The effect of adding different concentrations (ranging from 0.01 g/l to 0.5 g/l) of TiC nano-sized particles to the plating bath on deposition rate, surface morphology and corrosion behavior of Ni-P-TiC composite coatings were investigated. The surface morphology and the relevant structure were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Corrosion behavior of the coated steel was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization techniques. The results showed that addition of TiC nano-particles to Ni-P electroless bath not only changes the surface morphology of Ni-P coating, but also improves corrosion resistance of the steel in comparison with TiC free Ni-P electroless coating. In addition, the deposition rate of coating was also affected by incorporation of TiC particles. It was also found that improvement in corrosion resistance largely depends on the phosphorous and TiC concentrations on the coatings.     

The influence of cobalt on the corrosion resistance and electromagnetic shielding of electroless Ni-Co-P deposits on Al substrate

Electroless Ni-P and Ni-Co-P deposits were obtained on Al substrate. Their surface morphology, microstructure and composition were analyzed using SEM and XRD. Their corrosion resistance was characterized by anodic polarization curves. Based on the measurement of the thickness, electrical conductivity and magnetic conductivity of the deposits, their electromagnetic shielding effect values were calculated and the influence of cobalt on the corrosion and electromagnetic shielding properties of Ni-Co-P deposits was revealed. The results showed that cobalt improved the corrosion resistance and greatly enhanced the electromagnetic shielding property of Ni-Co-P deposits. Electroless Ni-Co-P deposits on Al substrate would impart the product with high corrosion resistance, good electromagnetic shielding effect and light weight.     

基于降低污垢热阻的复合强化传热研究

复合强化传热的换热系数的增加通常要比单独使用其中的任何一种技术高,但过分增长的污垢热阻会轻而易举地将对流换热系数提高的效果加以抵消。将振动看作不仅仅意味着噪声与元件损坏的能量表达方式,就有可能利用流体诱导的传热元件振动扰动水流,提高对流换热系数;同时,用振动变形清除传热表面积垢,降低污垢热阻,从而形成一种复合强化传热的新方法。     

缩放管混合污垢特性的实验研究

实验室里进行了缩放管与对应光管管内混合污垢的对比实验,实验工质为加有MgO或CaSO颗粒的人工硬水.实验结果表明:在相同流速、浓度条件下,与对应光管相比,缩放管不仅有较好的阻垢性能,还有较好的传热性能;流速、颗粒浓度和颗粒粒径对混合污垢热阻有较大影响:增大流速、减小颗粒浓度、增大颗粒粒径都会使缩放管混合污垢热阻的渐近值减小.