阿尔芬波加热托卡马克等离子体的能量平衡问题

本文用“剖面不变性”确定等效电子热导系数,研究了TCA装置上阿尔芬波加热的能量平衡,结果与实验符合很好。证明本文所用的方法对不同装置、不同加热方式都适用。     

托卡马克等离子体的热平衡特性与脱栏现象

本文利用欧姆加热条件下简化的能量平衡方程研究了热传导与杂质辐射的综合效应。首先指出边缘辐射带的建立与随半径增大而增大的K=nx模型紧密相关(x为电子热传导系数,n为等离子体密度),然后利用删削层中能量平衡关系确定边界温度,自洽地求解了能量平衡方程,得出的脱栏等离子体形成条件能较好地解释有关实验观察到的多种现象。     

快速焓探针

传统焓探针测量系统采用质量流量计测量样品气体的流量，这种方法的缺点是强烈依赖于等离子体工作气体的组分以及在测量时必须等待在焓探头内样品气体流动达到稳定状态，因此测量时间较长.本文介绍的快速焓探针测量系统中，用一个已知体积的储气罐获得被抽样品气体的摩尔量，从而克服了传统焓探针的缺点，实现了在几秒之内完成对一点的焓值测量.本文从四个方面的实验验证了快速焓探针测量结果的准确性.     

小功率等离子体射流的流特性

采用焓探针对小功率(5kW)热喷涂等离子体射流的焓、温度和速度进行了测量和计算。研究了气体成分、流量、电弧电压和电流对等离子流体的焓、温度和速度分布的影响。结果表明,对于单一氩气等离子体,当使用新喷嘴时,增大氩气流量能够使喷嘴内部电弧弧根向出口方向移动,从而增加等离子体射流的焓、温度和速度。对于Ar-N2等离子体,增加气体中氮气的含量,会提高等离子电弧电压,在同样的输入功率下,改变等离子电流和电压对等离子体的焓、温度和速度影响较小。对于Ar-N2等离子体,增加氢气含量会明显地提高等离子射流的速度和热传递。     

中性粒子输运及其应用研究

1引言 由于中性粒子不带电，因此不受磁场的约束，可以比较自由地出入等离子体区域。一方面，中性粒子输运直接影响主等高子体的能量平衡、动量平衡和粒子半衡；另一方面，研究中性粒子输运对等离子体诊断提供依据和分析对象。如逃逸的快中性原子可以被用来测量离子温度。     

微波气体放电等离子体与余辉中的动理学研究

研究了微秒脉冲聚焦微波束气体放电等离子体的动理学过程。数值模型基于自洽求解的微波电场亥姆霍兹方程、粒子连续性方程以及电子能量、气体分子振动能量和平动能量的平衡方程,并与等离子体动理学反应互相耦合。对比了国外报道的近期两项相关实验：次MW级X波段9.4 GHz微波氮气击穿和MW级W波段110 GHz微波大气击穿。在次MW级实验中,计算所得电子激发态N₂(C³Π_u)的数密度与实验所测发射光谱第二正带隙的强度一致;在MW级实验中,模拟结果重复了发射光谱测量所得振动温度和平动温度对放电气压的依赖关系。结果揭示了上述模拟和实验符合的内在物理机制。     

同轴磁场对非平衡磁控溅射系统放电特性的影响

采用激励电流可以调整的电磁线圈来激发非平衡磁场,调整约束磁场和放电空间等离子体状态。实验结果表明调整非平衡磁场显著影响系统的放电特性,使放电特性偏离常规的磁控溅射系统放电特性,增强了等离子体的引出效果。在Ar放电的条件下,详细研究了溅射系统的工作伏安特性随不同的工作气体、气压和溅射功率的变化规律。根据蔡尔得公式,讨论了非平衡磁场对于磁控溅射系统中放电特性的影响规律。     

热泵制热量测量空气焓值测量方法的改进

利用空气焓值测量方法对热泵的制热量进行测量时,通常采用测流量法测量空气的流量和截面平均温度．这种方法受温度测量布点的限制,使精度很难进一步提高,本文对这种方法进行了改进,采用风量测量和风速测量对温度进行加权的方法,并对这两种方法进行了比较和评价。     

HL－1M装置等离子体的平衡和控制

ＨＬ－１Ｍ是ＨＬ－１的改进装置，去掉铜壳后，对极向场线圈和电源都做了必要的修改。此外，还增加了四个快垂直场线圈，并采用可控环流四象限晶闸管交流器供电。对装置调试和运行结果表明．反馈控制系统能很好地维持等离子体平衡。放电一直持续到铁芯变压器的伏秒数用完为止，最长达１０４０ｍｓ。在多数放电的平顶段，等离子体位置都被控制在±４ｍｍ之内．     

Al-Ce二元合金的第一原理计算

用第一原理方法对Al-Ce二元合金系统的金属间化合物进行了结构优化和总能量计算,通过拟合状态方程,得到体弹性模量及体弹性模量对压强的微分,计算得到的金属间化合物的形成焓与实验值以及其他理论结果相符。     

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采用焓探针对大气压力下热喷涂等离子体射流的焓和温度进行了测量和计算,研究了氩气流量变化、电流变化和喷涂距离对等离子射流的焓和温度分布的影响。结果表明,氩气流量不变的情况下,随着功率的增加等离子体的焓值和温度增加;电流保持不变时,随着氩气流量的增加等离子体的焓值和温度不断减小,随着距离喷嘴出口轴向距离的增加,等离子体的焓值和温度都大幅度的降低;氩气流量变化对喷枪热效率影响不大,功率增大时,喷枪热效率增加显著,喷枪热效率最高可达到60%。     

Measurement of optical signals as a plasma propagation in the atmospheric pressure plasma jet columns

The propagation of plasma jets with argon gas is characterized in terms of two factors, the effect of electric field distribution along the tube and the effect of voltage polarity, from the observed results of optical signals along the entire column of plasma. The optical signal of plasma propagates from the high electric-field region of high-voltage electrode toward the low field region of the open air-space, regardless of the polarity of the voltage. The optical intensity and the propagation velocity are higher for the positive voltage than for the negative voltage. Moreover, the length of plasma plume exited from the end of the glass tube into the open air is shorter for the negative voltage. When the optical intensity is strong enough, a secondary peak signal follows the primary peak. In the plasma column on the inside of the glass tube, the optical intensity and the propagation velocity depend on the strength of the electric field; they are both high at the high-field region of voltage terminal and decay toward the end of the tube. The velocity is as fast as 10⁴ m/s at the high-field region and slows down to 10³ m/s at the low-field region of the glass-tube end. However, the plasma accelerates drastically to be (10⁴–10⁵) m/s after exiting the glass tube toward open air, even though the electric field is a quite low and thus the optical signal decays low before fading out. The experimental observations present in this report are explained with the propagation of the plasma diffusion waves.     

Measurement of Mach probe on plasma flow velocity in highly collisional plasma jet

A normalized plasma flow velocity in highly collisional plasma formed by a microwave plasma jet, which is dimensionless unit for plasma flow velocity/ion acoustic velocity, was measured by the parallel Mach probe. To deduce the normalized plasma flow velocity under highly collisional plasma conditions, the collisional model of a Mach probe was proposed. In addition, neutral gas flow velocity which assumed to be plasma flow velocity was calculated by the turbulent model. The results for the two different models were compared with those for the collsionless models of the Mach probe. The turbulent model produced 2–4 times reduced values than by measurements with collsionless models. The measured results with the collisional model were shown as approximately 100–250% lower than those for collsionless models. They were obtained to be in good agreement with difference rate of 10–30% when compared to those for the turbulent model.     

电弧射流激励器工作特性仿真研究

为了在高超声速飞行器减阻中达到更好的减阻效果,设计了一种电弧射流等离子体激励器。采用有限元法求解非线性多物理方程,对此电弧射流等离子体激励器的工作特性进行了数值模拟,得到了激励器内部的电势、压力、温度和速度分布,综合分析了进气口气体速度、放电电流、激励器管道半径对电势、压力、温度和速度分布的影响。获得了全面的影响规律,通过仿真结果还得到:电弧射流等离子体激励器可产生最高温度为8638 K、最高速度为655 m/s的等离子体射流。当电流20 A,进气速度0.5 m/s,管道半径2.5 mm时,所需功率最小;当电流20 A,入口气体流速5 m/s,管道半径2.5 mm时,出口处平均温度最高;当电流20 A,进口气体速度10 m/s,管道半径2.5 mm时,出口处平均速度最大。并对仿真得到的放电电压进行了实验验证,在等离子体参数相似的情况下,实验结果与仿真结果吻合较好。     

Expansion dynamics of atmospheric pressure helium plasma jet in ambient air

In this work, the expansion dynamics of a helium plasma jet in ambient air is examined. By using a fast imaging technique, the expansion of plasma jet from glass nozzle to air is captured which is in the form of plasma bullet propagating into the air. To understand the plasma bullet travel path from glass nozzle to plasma jet tip a drag force model is used. Moreover, the spatial variation of plasma density along the plasma jet length is estimated using drift velocity, plasma jet current and the cross-sectional area of the plasma jet. It is observed that the slight increase in plasma density is due to the combined effect of reduction of drift velocity, plasma jet current, and jet cross-sectional area. The obtained plasma density from glass nozzle to jet tip is in the range of (0.069-5.96) × 10¹² cm⁻³. The above parameters can be of the essence in biological and industrial applications.     

Optimization of double plasma jet torches in a scramjet combustor

Ignition tests by double plasma jet (PJ) torches in a supersonic flow were conducted. Two PJ torches with different feedstocks were arranged in a straight line in the direction of flow. The Mach number of the airflow was 2.3, and the total temperature and total pressure of the main flow were those of room conditions. A C₂H₄ fuel perpendicularly injected with its sonic speed into the main flow was tested. A combination of O₂–O₂ feedstocks for the two torches was more effective than other combinations such as H₂/N₂–O₂. Moreover, the effectiveness of the double PJs was found to be almost the same as that of a single PJ. These results indicate that combustion reactions of the main fuel injected upstream of the PJ were mostly completed in the vicinity of the upstream PJ. The upstream PJ was considered to be dominant for ignition and the combustion process, indicating that the influence of the downstream PJ was small. On the other hand, the advantage of the double PJs over the single PJ in reducing damage to the torch nozzle was confirmed.     

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利用纳秒脉冲放电在单针、环状、以及单针加环状三种不同电极结构下产生了均匀稳定的等离子体射流;通过光学和电学诊断研究了三种不同结构下等离子体射流的运行特性及相应的物理机制。实验结果表明,以上三种等离子体射流的转动温度均为295K,振动温度分别为1900K,2000K和2100K,都属于非平衡态等离子体;其中,基于单针和环状电极的混合型射流可产生更为均匀稳定的等离子体,且富含较多的活性物种,有望在材料表面处理及消毒灭菌等领域发挥一定作用。     

纳秒脉冲等离子体射流的产生及其特征研究

利用纳秒脉冲放电在单针、环状、以及单针加环状三种不同电极结构下产生了均匀稳定的等离子体射流;通过光学和电学诊断研究了三种不同结构下等离子体射流的运行特性及相应的物理机制。实验结果表明,以上三种等离子体射流的转动温度均为295K,振动温度分别为1900K,2000K和2100K,都属于非平衡态等离子体;其中,基于单针和环状电极的混合型射流可产生更为均匀稳定的等离子体,且富含较多的活性物种,有望在材料表面处理及消毒灭菌等领域发挥一定作用。