Conversion spectra of valence shell electrons of oxygen-containing uranium compounds

The structure of the experimental conversion spectra of an ultrasoft nuclear isomer transition of uranium-235 in oxygen-containing uranium compounds is investigated quantitatively. The behavior of the intensity of the U6p_1/2 line in the spectrum is analyzed. It is established that the quasiatomic U6p_1/2 orbital in uranyl compounds retains (69±9)% primary electron density on the uranium atom, the remainder passing to molecular orbitals. Translated fromZhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, Vol. 39, No. 6, pp. 1047–1051, November–December, 1998.     

Conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons over metal-zeolite catalysts

Ni²⁺, Cr³⁺ and Pb²⁺ exchanged CaY zeolites including mixed forms like CrNiCaY and PbNiCaY were used to study methanol conversion. The selectivity of the reaction to olefin and paraffin formation depends on the type of samples, the activation of the catalyst and the reaction conditions.

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CaY , Ni²⁺, Cr³⁺ Pb²⁺- , CrNiCaY PbNiCaY, . - , .

     

Transformation of oxiranes into other oxygen-containing heterocyclic systems

The review analyzes published data on the transformations of epoxy derivatives into other oxygen-containing heterocyclic systems, such as cyclic ethers (including cage-like structures), dioxolanes, ortho esters, lactones, and cyclic carbonates, some of which occur in the nature and exhibit biological activity. Reaction mechanisms involving heterolytic, homolytic, enzymatic, and single-electron transfer processes, as well as [2+2]- and [3+3]-cycloadditions, are discussed.Translated from Zhurnal Organicheskoi Khimii, Vol. 40, No. 9, 2004, pp. 1279–1432.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by L. Kasyan, Tarabara, A. Kasyan.     

Microcolumn liquid chromatography of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some isomeric compounds on cyclodextrin stationary phases

Preparative-grade bonded β- and γ-cyclodextrin stationary phases were used as the packing material of liquid chromato-graphic analytical microcolumns. Although the resulting columns are characterized by relatively low efficiency, the high selectivity of the cyclodextrin phases nevertheless allows their successful use for the separation of different classes of isomeric compounds that are difficult to resolve on conventional LC stationary phases. Examples of baseline (or almost baseline) separations of a number of isomeric compounds, including isomeric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are presented to demonstrate the analytical potential of such columns. Retention behavior of the separated isomers is discussed based on the structure of the solute molecule and the possibility of its inclusion into the molecular cavity of cyclodextrin stationary phases.     

Friedel-crafts cyanation of some reactive aromatic hydrocarbons

Direct cyanation, using the heterogeneous Friedel-Crafts system cyanogen bromide/aluminium chloride, has given good yields of the following carbonitriles: anthracene-9-, chrysene-6-, 2-methyl-1-naphtho-, 4-methyl-1-naphtho-, 1-naphtho-, phenanthrene-9-, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzo-, triphenylene-1- and triphenylene-2-carbonitriles.     

Calculated polarizabilities for some aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons

Ground-state molecular polarizabilities of some aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons have been calculated using the method of Marchese and Jaffé. The polarizability components for the typical normal alkane n-heptane are found to be very nearly independent of conformation; those for biphenyl show a significant dependence but the average polarizability is approximately constant. The polarizabilities of the n-alkanes in general are seriously underestimated, but relatively good agreement with experiment is obtained for benzene and biphenyl.     

Magnetic properties of some aromatic compounds

The effect of hydrogen bonds on the anisotropy of the diamagnetic susceptibility of 2-amino-3-methyl-benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid and o-aminobenzoic acid has been studied. From measured values of the crystal susceptibilities and molecular orientations, the principal molecular susceptibilities have been calculated. The observed anisotropics are interpreted in the light of the hydrogen bonding of these molecules.     

Critical point measurement of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

The critical temperatures and the critical pressures of five polycyclic aromatic compounds, namely, acenaphthene, fluorene, anthracene, phenanthrene, and pyrene have been measured. All the compounds studied decompose at near-critical temperatures. A pulse-heating technique applicable to measuring the critical properties of thermally unstable compounds has been used. The times from the beginning of a heating pulse to the moment of reaching the critical temperature were from (0.06 to 0.85) ms. The short residence times provide little degradation of the substances in the course of the experiments. The experimental critical parameters of the polycyclic aromatic compounds have been compared with those estimated by five predictive methods. The acentric factors of polycyclic aromatic compounds studied have been calculated.     

Identification, characterization and quantitation of pyrogenic polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons and other organic compounds in tire fire products

On 15 August 2001, a tire fire took place at the Pneu Lavoie Facility in Gatineau, Quebec, in which 4000 to 6000 new and recycled tires were stored along with other potentially hazardous materials. Comprehensive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were performed on the tire fire samples to facilitate detailed chemical composition characterization of toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other organic compounds in samples. It is found that significant amounts of PAHs, particularly the high-ring-number PAHs, were generated during the fire. In total, 165 PAH compounds including 13 isomers of molecular weight (MW) 302, 10 isomers of MW 278, 10 isomers of MW 276, 7 isomers of MW 252, 7 isomers of MW 228, and 8 isomers of MW 216 PAHs were positively identified in the tire fire wipe samples for the first time. Numerous S-, O-, and N-containing PAH compounds were also detected. The identification and characterization of the PAH isomers was mainly based on: (1) a positive match of mass spectral data of the PAH isomers with the NIST authentic mass spectra database; (2) a positive match of the GC retention indices (I) of PAHs with authentic standards and with those reported in the literature; (3) agreement of the PAH elution order with the NIST (US National Institute of Standards and Technology) Standard Reference Material 1597 for complex mixture of PAHs from coal tar; (4) a positive match of the distribution patterns of PAH isomers in the SIM mode between the tire fire samples and the NIST Standard Reference Materials and well-characterized reference oils. Quantitation of target PAHs was done on the GC-MS in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode using the internal standard method. The relative response factors (RRF) for target PAHs were obtained from analyses of authentic PAH standard compounds. Alkylated PAH homologues were quantitated using straight baseline integration of each level of alkylation.     

Determination of total and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aviation jet fuel

The aviation jet fuel widely used in turbine engine aircraft is manufactured from straight-run kerosene. The combustion quality of jet fuel is largely related to the hydrocarbon composition of the fuel itself; paraffins have better burning properties than aromatic compounds, especially naphthalenes and light polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are characterised as soot and smoke producers. For this reason the burning quality of fuel is generally measured as smoke fermation. This evaluation is carried out with UV spectrophotometric determination of total naphthalene hydrocarbons and a chromatographic analysis to determine the total aromatic compounds. These methods can be considered insufficient to evaluate the human health impact of these compounds due to their inability to measure trace (ppm) amounts of each aromatic hyrcarbon and each PAH in accordance with limitations imposed because of their toxicological properties. In this paper two analytical methods are presented. Both are based on a gas chromatographic technique with a mass detector operating in be selected ion monitoring mode. The first method was able to determine more than 60 aromatic hydrocarbons in a fuel sample in a 35-min chromatographic run, while the second was able to carry out the analysis of more than 30 PAHs in a 40-min chromatographic run. The linearity and sensitivity of the methods in measuring these analytes at trace levels are described.     

Understanding the reactivity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds

This perspective article summarizes recent applications of the combination of the activation strain model of reactivity and the energy decomposition analysis methods to the study of the reactivity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds such as cycloparaphenylenes, fullerenes and doped systems. To this end, we have selected representative examples to highlight the usefulness of this relatively novel computational approach to gain quantitative insight into the factors controlling the so far not fully understood reactivity of these species. Issues such as the influence of the size and curvature of the system on the reactivity are covered herein, which is crucial for the rational design of novel compounds with tuneable applications in different fields such as materials science or medicinal chemistry.

This perspective article summarizes recent applications of the combined activation strain model of reactivity and the energy decomposition analysis methods to the study of the reactivity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds.     

Sorption purification of saturated hydrocarbons to remove aromatic compounds

Prospects for use of microscopic amounts of fullerenes as a modifying additive for improving the absorption capacity of conventional adsorbents in both static and dynamic conditions of purification of saturated hydrocarbons to remove aromatic compounds were examined.     

The estimation of primary aromatic amines and other basic nitrogen compounds in some coal liquefaction products

Summary The estimation of primary aromatic amines (PAA) and other basic nitrogen compounds in coal liquefaction products is described. Aqueous acid extraction was used to isolate basic nitrogen fractions which were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS). Selective chemical derivatization in conjunction with single-ion GC-MS was used to distinguish between the PAA and the isomeric aza heterocycles. The relative merits of the proprietary methylating reagent ‘Methyl-8’ (dimethylformamide dimethylacetal) and a more conventional fluoroacylating reagent for the selective derivatization of PAA are evaluated. Quantitative aspects of the analyses are discussed.     

The ion kinetic energy spectra of some aromatic hydrocarbons

The technique of ion kinetic energy spectroscopy has been applied to the study of the aromatic hydrocarbons benzene, toluene, naphthalene, 2-methyl naphthalene, biphenyl and anthracene. The method is illustrated by a complete study of naphthalene in which transitions of metastable doubly- and singly-charged ions are listed, including reactions in which singly-charged ions are formed by collision induced charge-exchange reactions of doubly-charged ions and by the double process of charge-exchange and metastable decomposition with loss of one or two hydrogen atoms. Decompositions of doubly-charged ions into two singly-charged ions, together with the kinetic energies released in these decompositions, are also given for all the compounds studied.