Bi系高温超导带材交流传输损耗的研究和分析

本文研究了Bi-2223高温超导带材的交流传输损耗和频率及运行电流的关系, 调查了热循环过程对交流传输损耗的影响. 实验中, 使用了Lock-in 放大器, 利用四引线法来测量带材交流传输损耗. 实验在温度为77K频率从45Hz到135Hz下进行. 在调查损耗和频率及运行电流的关系时, 发现在运行电流幅值小于临界电流时, 每周传输损耗和频率无关, 说明这时的损耗主要来源于磁滞损耗, 实验结果和Norris椭圆模型的计算结果很接近. 在研究交流传输损耗和热循环的关系时, 发现随着冷热循环次数的增加, 交流损耗也在增加. 这种损耗的增加来源于冷热循环过程中产生的应力, 这种应力的释放减弱了晶粒间的Josephson连接, 使临界电流下降, 从而造成了交流传输损耗的增加.     

高温超导YBCO带材的交流传输电流损耗测量

文中对不同频率不同幅值的交变电流下高温超导体YBCO带材的交流传输损耗进行了实验研究。实验在77K下,对Superpower公司生产的SCS4050型号带材采用电测法通过锁相放大器进行了交流损耗值的测量,并将其工作电流为50Hz时的测量结果与Norris矩形模型估算值进行了对比,同时也给出了15Hz到300Hz不同频率下交流损耗测量结果的比较分析。     

YBCO带材交流损耗电测法实验研究

介绍了交流损耗测量理论,搭建了高温超导带材的电测法测量平台,并分别测量不同频率下AMSC和Super Power两家公司生产的YBCO带材的交流损耗。将测试结果进行了归一化处理,并与计算结果和Norris模型进行比较,从两种带材材料层面分析了测量结果与计算结果存在微小差别的原因。实验结果表明测量结果与计算结果基本一致,并且和Norris模型吻合较好,说明该测量系统可以很好地测量不同频率下YBCO带材的交流损耗。     

外场因素对高温超导堆叠带材交流损耗的影响

REBCO高温超导带材在传输电流时会产生交流损耗,从而影响超导设备的稳定运行。基于麦克斯韦方程组,结合超导体的非线性E-J关系,使用H方法推导求解超导体交流损耗的数值计算公式,利用COMSOL Multiphysics有限元仿真软件建立二维轴对称模型并进行计算。结果表明,在通入交变电流后,超导带材由于抗磁性会出现部分零磁通区域,随着传输电流幅值、磁通蠕变系数、频率及环境温度的增大,磁通穿透深度逐渐增大,零磁通区域逐渐减小,传输电流主要分布于带材两端。增大传输电流幅值、磁通蠕变系数以及环境温度中任一变量,交流损耗随之增大,而交流损耗随频率的增大而减小。合理选取超导带材参数可有效降低交流损耗,保障超导设备安全运行。     

外场下机械振动对高温超导带材交流损耗的影响

高温超导带材在磁场中传输交变电流时,将受到电磁力的作用而产生机械振动,振动对带材的交流损耗将产生影响.本文讨论了振动情况下交流损耗的测量方法,在平行于带面的直流磁场下,测量了Bi-2223/Ag高温超导带材在不同振动情况下的交流损耗.结果显示:当传输电流频率偏离样品的共振频率时,振动对带材的交流损耗影响不大;只有当电流频率在共振频率附近时,样品产生剧烈振动,交流损耗才有明显的增加;另外,带材振动时的交流损耗随频率变化曲线的斜率比不振动时略有增加.     

高温超导磁体系统发热仿真及实验研究

本论文对高温超导磁体在传输直流电流时产生的损耗进行了理论分析和实验验证.本文考虑了高温超导带材非线性模型磁场方向对带材临界电流和n值的影响,用Bi2223超导带材绕制了(一个由20个双饼组成的高温超导磁体,用数值仿真和实验方法研究了此磁体传输直流电流时的指数损耗.并对每个双饼以及每匝线圈的损耗进行了分析.在液氮温度下对一个双饼线圈进行了指数损耗的测量,测量结果与数值仿真结果相当吻合.利用高温超导体临界电流此非线性模型,本文对此磁体快速励磁情况下的交流损耗的特点进行了数值模拟.     

高温超导磁体系统发热仿真及实验研究

本论文对高温超导磁体在传输直流电流时产生的损耗进行了理论分析和实验验证．本文考虑了高温超导带材非线性模型磁场方向对带材临界电流和n值的影响，用Bi2223超导带材绕制了（一个由20个双饼组成的高温超导磁体，用数值仿真和实验方法研究了此磁体传输直流电流时的指数损耗．并对每个双饼以及每匝线圈的损耗进行了分析．在液氮温度下对一个双饼线圈进行了指数损耗的测量，测量结果与数值仿真结果相当吻合．利用高温超导体临界电流此非线性模型，本文对此磁体快速励磁情况下的交流损耗的特点进行了数值模拟．     

高温超导电流引线电磁特性及交流损耗研究

在无限长堆叠带材模型的基础上对高温超导电流引线的交流损耗建立了新的计算模型,即正十二边形骨架计算模型.由于正十二边形对称性,通过建立合适的坐标系,对坐标进行旋转即可求出每堆带材处的磁场.使用matlab编程计算并得出一系列电流下的交流损耗值,通过将所得数据绘成图形,比较了不同电流下穿透深度及交流损耗的大小.然后搭建实验平台,测量了不同频率下电流引线的交流损耗,并将理论与实验对比,得到较好的一致性.     

不同温区下准各向同性超导股线传输损耗研究

对第二代高温超导带材堆叠的准各向同性高温超导股线进行仿真，研究其在不同温区下的交流损耗。首先采用自洽模型获得20 K至77.5 K下超导股线的自场临界电流和磁场分布，然后通过T-A算法计算超导股线在不同温区下的传输不同幅值、频率的传输交流损耗。仿真结果表明，准各向同性高温超导股线在不同温区下的传输交流损耗与传输电流大小成正比，且温度越低传输交流损耗越大；不同温区下超导股线的传输损耗与频率无关。这对准各向同性超导股线应用于高场强磁体的冷却系统效率及热负荷的预估具有重要的参考意义。     

YBCO-NiW超导电缆中导体层的交流损耗测量研究

为了弄清由YBCO-NiW带材制成的高温超导电缆在导体层的交流损耗特性,该实验使用的是由YBCO-NiW带材制成的5m高温超导电缆作为样品,在导体层表面分别以每90度角焊接一个导体引线,共4个,并对导体层和屏蔽层串联后通入方向相反的电流后进行测试。实验结果表明YBCO-NiW带材的自场损耗主要是磁滞损耗,导体层的交流损耗对频率、通电周期不具有依赖特性,其损耗值的大小也与导体引线的不同接触位置无关。     

Indirect measurement of AC current distributions in HTS tapes by a pickup coil method

It is necessary to develop HTS conductors with a large current capacity and low AC loss characteristics for practical use of HTS power devices. For large capacity power applications, HTS tapes such as Bi-2223 tapes and YBCO coated conductors are assembled. So, it is important to evaluate the characteristics of current distributions in such assembled HTS tapes. However, an adequate measurement method has not been established. In this study, we have tried the development of an indirect measurement method to evaluate the current distributions in stacked HTS tapes. In this method, the current distributions are indirectly found from the results of the field distributions measured by a pickup coil located around the surface of the sample tapes. To confirm the accuracy and the sensitivity of this method, current distributions in a test conductor made of copper tapes are measured. Numerical and measured current distributions are compared. Using this method, the current distributions in stacked Bi-2223 tapes are measured at room temperature and 77 K. On the basis of the obtained results, the characteristics of the AC current distributions in the HTS tapes are discussed.     

Investigation of Bi-2223 high temperature superconducting tape as the material for gradient coil in MRI

The use of Bi-2223 high temperature superconducting (HTS) tape as a material for gradient coils in MRI is evaluated in this paper. Bi-2223 tapes have a very high critical current and a very low power loss. A HTS tape gradient coil is expected to provide much higher gradient strength and generate much lower heating than a copper coil. Measurements of the AC power loss of Bi-2223 tapes at typical operating frequencies for gradient coils are presented. The degradation of the critical current and its effect on the increase of AC power loss is analyzed. Practical technical issues such as resistance, gradient strength and mechanical performance are also discussed. A prototype Bi-2223 HTS tape gradient coil is evaluated to verify the concept.     

ITER电流引线高温超导叠制作工艺及性能测试

ITER高温超导电流引线载流能力最大要达到68 kA,一根电流引线共需要1000多根银金基Bi-2223高温超导带并联.这些高温超导带分成90叠,每叠由12层带组成.银金基Bi-2223带价格是普通银基Bi系带的4～5倍,而目前欧洲超导公司提供的超导叠的报价几乎是其带价格加倍,所以开发超导叠的制作工艺是非常有价值的.本文详细的介绍了超导叠的真空钎焊制作工艺,并进行了77 K下超导带的接头电阻测试和77 K自场下的临界电流测试,以及模拟在实际运行温度65～5 K条件下高温超导叠的载流能力测试和接头电阻的测试.测试结果证明了此工艺的可行性.     

The frequency dependence of AC transport losses in stacked Bi—2223／Ag superconducting tapes

AC transport losses in a single superconducting tape, double-and triple-stacked Bi-2223/Ag superconducting tapes were measured by use of electrical method. The measurements were carried out at 77K with the frequency of AC transport currents ranging from 50 to 100Hz. The dependence of AC losses on frequency and the number of tapes in the stack were presented and analysed.     

Comparison between self-field AC losses of a single-phase Bi-2223 cable measured by electric and calorimetric methods

High-T_c power cables based on Bi-2223 tapes are under development worldwide. An important parameter for design and cost optimization is the AC loss expected during 50/60 Hz operation. Its measurement can be affected by several experimental problems that may alter the results. For this purpose, the 50 Hz losses of a 1.5 m long conductor, made by helically winding four layers of Bi-2223 tapes, were measured simultaneously by electrical and calorimetric methods in a wide range of currents up to 2 kA in order to investigate the reasons for possible discrepancies. The present, specifically designed, calorimetric system is not based on temperature distribution analysis but on the measurement of the gas boil-off rate of the liquid nitrogen bath.     

Bi-2223/Ag超导带材的失超传播速度研究

文中对超导带材的失超产生机理进行了详细分析,建立了其失超传播的计算模型。在此基础上,对Bi-2223/Ag高温超导带材失超传播进行了实验研究,用四引线法测得不同条件下其失超传播的U-t曲线,由此计算出Bi-2223/Ag超导带材的失超传播速度为0.4cm/s～1.98cm/s。实验结果表明:带材的失超传播速度与载流大小有关,与触发失超的能量无关,带材载流越大,失超传播得越快。     

传输交流的Bi2223/Ag高温超导带在不同取向交流外场下的交流损耗

在高温超导的电力应用中，如超导电机、变压器等，多数情况下，高温超导带材在通以交流传输电流的同时还处于交变磁场中。此时，超导体的交流损耗不仅依赖于磁场的大小，还与磁场相对于超导带面的取向有关。本文在77K及工频50Hz情况下，实验研究了单根多芯Bi2223/Ag高温超导带及两带并联时的交流损耗随着外磁场与带面夹角的变化情况；以及交流磁场对临界电流的影响情况；并对单根带及两带并联的实验结果进行了比较与分析。     

Electrical AC loss measurements of Bi-2223 tapes, performed under the Brite EuRam Research programme SACPA

A series of electrical AC loss measurements on Bi-2223 tapes have been performed under the Brite Euram project SACPA. This included, for the first time, a round-robin of independent self-field AC loss measurements between four laboratories. The very close agreement of data demonstrates the validity of the electrical technique and lays the basis for a measurement standard. Other preliminary measurements in SACPA showing the variation of losses with frequency, temperature and applied DC field are also reported.     

AC losses in a flexible 10 m long conductor model for a HTS power transmission cable

To demonstrate the possibility of manufacturing a HTS power transmission cable with low AC losses, we fabricated a 10 m long cable conductor and a cryosystem. The conductor was wound in a four-layer design out of 2 km Ag/Bi-2223 tapes. We determined a critical current of 5000 A. Loss measurements were performed with an electric method which detects the voltage drop along the conductor with a lock-in technique and a calorimetric method which measures the temperature rise along the conductor. Both methods yield the same low loss values of only 0.8 W/m at 77 K and 2000 A_rms/50 Hz. This is due to the low loss winding scheme we used which assures an equal current distribution in all four layers through transformatoric coupling. We applied the uniform current distribution model and added the nonlinear V–I curve to describe quantitatively the obtained results.