电热式变温液体黏度测量装置的设计与应用

设计了基于"落球法"的电热式变温液体黏度测量装置.借助该装置,通过改变2个侧加热板的间距,在室温下研究了侧加热板以及容器壁对蓖麻油中小球下落速度的影响,并以此为基础,利用对称测量原理,对蓖麻油在不同温度下的黏度进行了测量,揭示出蓖麻油的黏度与温度的关系近似满足阿伦尼乌斯公式,活化能约为9.213×10-20 J.     

毛细管法测量液体黏度实验再设计

设计了简单的毛细管法测量液体黏度的实验装置,通过测量液面高度与时间的变化,拟合实验数据得到液体的黏度,省去了传统的恒压液槽的设计.通过毛细管外加恒温管的方法,可较准确地测量不同温度下液体黏度的变化.通过实验给出泊肃叶公式中液体流速与毛细管长度、内径以及两端压强差的关系.     

利用蜂鸣片受迫振动测液体黏度

用信号发生器驱动蜂鸣片在真空泵油中产生受迫振动,通过测量液体中振动物体的谐振频率求得液体阻尼系数,进而确定了液体黏度.     

变速落球法测液体黏度的研究

利用小球在液体中的变速运动方程测量液体的黏度.通过测量小球在液体里非匀速运动过程中不同时刻的位置,运用软件的非线性拟合功能拟合数据,计算得到液体黏度.实验结果证明了变速落球法用于测量液体黏度的可行性.     

由相对不确定度研究气体比热容比的测量仪器选择

该实验利用测量气体比热容比的经典装置,证明小球装置中做简谐振动,并依据周期推导气体比热容比理论公式,分析了测定气体比热容比的误差来源采用计算机实时测量技术获得气体在任意时刻的压强,利用比热容比的相对不确定度确定了测量仪器,从而利用精确的测量量求得气体比热容比值,利用确定的仪器测量,最终实验相对百分误差控制在0.5％.     

用恒流法自制仪器精确测定液体的黏度

介绍了用恒流法自制仪器精确测定液体的黏度.该自制仪器,能有效地保证底部的密封性、液体水位恒定和可操作性.另外,还增设一个玻璃管连通器,并附加一根标尺和游标,可使液体水位的测量精确度提高.在接毛细管输出液体的量筒处加上光电计时,可使测量液体的流速的精确度提高.再将相关数据送入已编好程序的电子仪器进行计算并显示出黏度.另外该仪器可调换不同管径的毛细管,因此应用本方法能快速准确地测量多种液体的黏度.     

关于实际换能器指向性指数确定的简便方法

指向性指数在评价电声换能器,特别是在声呐应用中,一直是一个重要的参量。但因为它包含三维图案的积分,所以精确地计算和测量这个参数是困难的。因此,在理论上和测量中都广泛使用了近似方法。本文报道中运用的三种近似方法是:1.利用理论近似计算公式计算指向性指数;2.实测波束宽度再作理论近似计算;3.方向性图案测量和图表积分。用这三种方法分别测量和计算了四种换能器的指向性指数。     

用落球法测液体黏度的实验条件分析

从斯托克斯定律成立的条件入手,首先对斯托克斯公式修正项进行了理论探讨;二是分析了雷诺数修正项对黏滞阻力相对误差的影响;三是分析了落球直径、黏度对雷诺数的影响.最后得出用落球法测量液体黏度系数,要使测量误差控制在允许的误差范围内,就必须在实验中满足斯托克斯定律成立的5个条件.     

二端面转轴相对转动非线性动力学系统的稳定性与近似解

建立了二端面转轴相对转动系统的非线性动力学方程.对于等力矩的动力学方程进行了定性分析，得到了方程的稳定性等性质.用平均方法求得方程在一定条件下的近似解. 关键词： 非线性动力学方程 稳定性 极限环 近似解     

可控温式液体黏度测定仪的设计与测试

针对大学物理实验中落球法测液体黏度实验存在的普遍问题,设计了基于多传感器系统的可控温式液体黏度测定仪.测定仪采用了集成霍尔开关传感器、温度传感器、超声波传感器等组成的多传感器系统,可以实现对透明液体和非透明液体黏度的测量.结合外部加热装置,还可以测量不同温度下的液体黏度.     

Dynamic steering beams for efficient force measurement in optical manipulation

An efficient and inexpensive method that uses a glass plate mounted onto a motorized rotating stage as a beam-steering device for the generation of dynamic optical traps is reported.Force analysis reveals that there are drag and trapping forces imposed on the bead in the opposite directions,respectively,in a viscous medium.The trapped bead will be rotated following the beam’s motion before it reaches the critical escape velocity when the drag force is equal to the optical trapping force.The equilibrium condition facilitates the experimental measurement of the drag force with potential extensions to the determination of the viscosity of the medium or the refractive index of the bead.The proposed technique can easily be integrated into conventional optical microscopic systems with minimum modifications.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of thermomechanical coupling in cholesteric liquid crystals

The lack of a centre of inversion in a cholesteric liquid crystal allows linear cross-couplings between thermodynamic forces and fluxes that are polar vectors and pseudo vectors respectively. This makes it possible for a temperature gradient parallel to the cholesteric axis to induce a torque which rotates the director. This phenomenon is known as the Lehmann effect. The converse is also possible: one can drive a heat current by rotating the director. In this work a recently developed non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation algorithm is applied to calculate the cross-coupling coefficient between the temperature gradient and the torque for a molecular model system based on the Gay-Berne fluid. According to the Onsager reciprocity relations this cross-coupling coefficient is equal to the coupling between the director angular velocity and the heat current. The cross-coupling coefficients are found to be very small but non-zero and the Onsager reciprocity relations are satisfied within the statistical uncertainty.     

Experimental study of macroscopic coupled resonators for neutron waves

The viscosity coefficient of flux motion in lead films was determined using high resolution magnetooptical flux detection combined with measurements of the flux-flow voltage. A comparison with theoretical models shows, that eddy-current damping is the dominant mechanism for the viscous drag force. The experimental results indicate, that frictional forces due to pinning centers can be neglected in our specimens. The viscosity coefficient was determined by a measurement of the number and the size of flux tubes and their velocities during the flux-flow process.Supported by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

Entropy-Based Shear Stress Distribution in Open Channel for All Types of Flow Using Experimental Data

Korean river design standards set general design standards for rivers and river-related projects in Korea, which systematize the technologies and methods involved in river-related projects. This includes measurement methods for parts necessary for river design, but does not include information on shear stress. Shear stress is one of the factors necessary for river design and operation. Shear stress is one of the most important hydraulic factors used in the fields of water, especially for artificial channel design. Shear stress is calculated from the frictional force caused by viscosity and fluctuating fluid velocity. Current methods are based on past calculations, but factors such as boundary shear stress or energy gradient are difficult to actually measure or estimate. The point velocity throughout the entire cross-section is needed to calculate the velocity gradient. In other words, the current Korean river design standards use tractive force and critical tractive force instead of shear stress because it is more difficult to calculate the shear stress in the current method. However, it is difficult to calculate the exact value due to the limitations of the formula to obtain the river factor called the tractive force. In addition, tractive force has limitations that use an empirically identified base value for use in practice. This paper focuses on the modeling of shear-stress distribution in open channel turbulent flow using entropy theory. In addition, this study suggests a shear stress distribution formula, which can easily be used in practice after calculating the river-specific factor T. The tractive force and critical tractive force in the Korean river design standards should be modified by the shear stress obtained by the proposed shear stress distribution method. The present study therefore focuses on the modeling of shear stress distribution in an open channel turbulent flow using entropy theory. The shear stress distribution model is tested using a wide range of forty-two experimental runs collected from the literature. Then, an error analysis is performed to further evaluate the accuracy of the proposed model. The results reveal a correlation coefficient of approximately 0.95–0.99, indicating that the proposed method can estimate shear-stress distribution accurately. Based on this, the results of the distribution of shear stress after calculating the river-specific factors show a correlation coefficient of about 0.86 to 0.98, which suggests that the equation can be applied in practice.     

组合曲线回归法计算螺旋扁管管内对流传热系数

针对螺旋扁管壁面温度难于准确测试的特点,提出采用线性曲线回归与非线性曲线回归相结合的方法进行管内传热系数计算.进行了光管与螺旋扁管管内对流传热实验,并用该方法计算管内对流传热系数.光管传热系数计算值与经典公式的大偏差小于6%.螺旋扁管管内传热系数的计算值略大于通过测量壁温获得的传热系数值,分析了二者存在差异的原因.组合...     

Toroidal momentum pinch velocity due to the coriolis drift effect on small scale instabilities in a toroidal plasma

In this Letter, the influence of the "Coriolis drift" on small scale instabilities in toroidal plasmas is shown to generate a toroidal momentum pinch velocity. Such a pinch results because the Coriolis drift generates a coupling between the density and temperature perturbations on the one hand and the perturbed parallel flow velocity on the other. A simple fluid model is used to highlight the physics mechanism and gyro-kinetic calculations are performed to accurately assess the magnitude of the pinch. The derived pinch velocity leads to a radial gradient of the toroidal velocity profile even in the absence of a torque on the plasma and is predicted to generate a peaking of the toroidal velocity profile similar to the peaking of the density profile. Finally, the pinch also affects the interpretation of current experiments.     

Wetting of phospholipid membranes on hydrophilic surfaces - Concepts towards self-healing membranes

We report on the wetting behavior of phospholipid membranes on solid surfaces immersed in aqueous solution. Using fluorescence microscopy, the spreading velocity of fluid bilayers advancing from a lipid source is investigated. The kinetic spreading coefficient was measured as a function of temperature for pure DMPC membranes and as a function of charge density and cholesterol content for binary membranes. A theoretical model for the membrane flow is presented, which takes into account the liquid crystalline bilayer architecture of the lipid membrane. The spreading power results from the membrane-solid VdW interaction and is dissipated in hydrodynamic shear flow as well as by inter-monolayer friction within the bilayer. The frictional drag causes a dynamic tension gradient in the spreading membrane, which is manifested by a single exponential decay of the fluorescence intensity profile along the spreading direction. Obstacles are shown to act as pinning centers deforming the advancing line interface. However, no depinning was observed, since the centers are circumflown without abrupt relaxation. Received 6 November 1998     

一种新型垂直轴风力机的CFD分析

Savonius风力机由于作用在叶片的凸面上的"负阻力"和来流不稳定性导致效率低,该"负阻力"造成一个负转矩降低了输出功率,并且在某些来流角度下导致原装的Savonius风力机启动困难。本文提出一种采用控制叶片数目和叶片不同弯曲度的控制来提高风能的利用率,并用CFD方法模拟不同转子结构的内流特征,为消除"负阻力",提出一种采用导叶或挡风板的结构实现引流,并数值分析了该结构的流动特征。模拟结果显示,新结构的多叶片Savonius风力机的转矩和启动特性有明显改善,且功率系数也比普通的Savonius风力机高。     

Effect of a rough surface on the aerodynamic characteristics of a two-bladed wind-powered engine with cylindrical blades

We have reported the results of experiments on determining the drag coefficient and the thrust coefficient of a two-bladed wind-powered engine based on the Magnus effect with rotating rough cylinders in the range of air flow velocity of 4–10 m/s (Re = 26800–90000) for a constant rotation number of a cylindrical blade about its own axis. The results show that an increase in the Reynolds number reduces the drag coefficient and the thrust coefficient. The extent of the influence of the relative roughness on the aerodynamic characteristics of the two-bladed wind-powered engine has been experimentally established.