对“金属的化学性质”类中考试题若干问题的商榷*

金属的化学性质一直是中考考查的重点内容之一,通过对近4年来各地区涉及的“金属的化学性质”内容的中考试题的研究和分析后发现,试题存在如下问题:(1)依据金属与酸反应的剧烈程度判断金属的活动性强弱;(2)把金属的活泼性和活动性混淆为一体;(3)金属和酸反应呈现出“一斜二平”的图像关系;(4)试题超出义务教育化学课程标准的要求。针对上述4种情况对几组“金属化学性质”类中考试题分别进行讨论。     

以实验和论证为杠杆撬动化学概念深度学习*——以“分子与原子”教学为例

以倡导“理解与批判、联系与构建、迁移与应用”的深度学习为理念,围绕“分子与原子的概念”比较教材与文献的设计思路,调整认知脉络,着力解决“概念学习过程中实验探究少,宏观现象进入微观分析的相关实验不匹配,忽略证据推理、变化观念与平衡思想核心素养”等不足。设计“3种形态的碘与淀粉的反应、H2O2溶液与品红反应、H2O2溶液的分解反应”3组实验,设置学生画分子模型、画H2O2分子分解的微观过程等活动,提炼“物质种类、分子种类、物质性质之间的关系是什么？你从实验中找到哪些证据支持观点？前2个单元的实验,还有哪些可作为论证的依据？”等问题,引发学生充分论证。“实验、活动、问题、论证”环环相扣,促成教学内容的有效结构化,通过化学概念的深度学习实现化学学科核心素养的发展。     

手持技术数字化实验支持下的“盖斯定律”认知*

在“多重转化、比较建构”认知模型指导下,利用手持技术数字化实验和改进装置,在中学化学教材中“中和热的测定”实验的基础上进行拓展设计,用温度传感器测量3个变化过程的反应热:强碱固体溶解于水、强碱固体与稀盐酸反应以及强碱溶液与稀盐酸反应,并基于“四重表征”理论进行分析,实现对“盖斯定律”的验证,促进对“盖斯定律”的内涵认知。克服了操作烦琐、可视性不佳、实验误差大等问题,有助于在教学中渗透化学核心素养。本研究是对教材内容的补充和拓展,为教师进行“盖斯定律”教学实践提供一定参考。     

初中化学深度学习的教学实践*——以干冰探究二氧化碳的化学性质

传统实验方法较难判断干冰能否与氢氧化钠溶液反应,更无法呈现其反应的过程。通过验证生成物的实验可以判断干冰与氢氧化钠溶液反应,成功实现将无明显现象反应变成有明显现象反应。运用手持技术数字化实验将“不可见”的化学实验现象转化为“可观测”的数据与曲线图像,以及探究反应产物与氢氧化钠溶液浓度的关系,从而实现对二氧化碳化学性质的深度学习。     

对初中化学教学中一个问题的讨论

金属跟盐溶液之间的置换反应,两种电解质在溶液中交换离子的复分解反应,是初中化学教学的重点内容之一。学生掌握了它们的反应规律,就能在一定范围内判断反应能否发生,反应的产物是什么,正确书写反应方程式,达到灵活运用的目的。教学大纲指出：“单质、氧化物、酸、碱和盐的相互关系,只要求基本的、典型的化学反应,不要扩展”。限于初中学生的知识水平和接受能力,在教学中对这两类反应的讨论限定在一定范围内是非常必要的。因此在教学中常强调,在金属跟盐的反应中,盐应是可溶的;在碱跟盐、盐跟盐的反应中,两种反应物均应是可溶的。     

新课程背景下高中化学课外实验活动的实践与思考

在强调开放性实验探究的新课程改革实践过程中,设计开展了“原电池”为主题的课题式课外合作探究实验、“金属与稀硫酸反应”实验的定量化验证及“南京景观水体手持仪器现场监测应用”等一系列课外实验活动,初步建立起了高中化学课外实验活动的校本课程机制,培养了学生化学实验素养和可持续学习研究能力。     

基于热成像仪从能量视角辨观化学反应*

“能量”是学生认识化学变化的重要维度,本实验借助手持红外热成像仪“看到”化学反应中的能量变化。在实验中通过拍摄等量的不同酸溶液与氢氧化钠溶液混合反应时的热成像图,从“温度”高低间接反映出热量变化,从宏观的能量变化建立模型,推理微观的成键、断键等过程,探究酸碱中和反应过程的放热以及弱酸电离过程的吸热,并培养学生的证据推理能力和科学探究意识。     

基于“大清河盐场”实地观摩考察的初中化学项目式学习*—食盐的“旅程”

食盐的工业生产是一个理想的基于实际问题解决的教学素材。盐场的生产环境安全可考察,学生可以完整地了解所有生产环节,与溶液及粗盐提纯的部分关联较为紧密。本课程以“食盐的旅程—从自然界中的盐到餐桌上的盐”为项目主题,开展初中化学“溶液和粗盐提纯”的教学。通过赴大清河盐场考察,针对食盐生产过程中纳潮、晒盐、收盐、洗盐中的问题展开讨论,解释生产过程的核心环节和关键问题,模拟食盐生产过程,自主建构饱和溶液、溶解度等概念,掌握溶解、过滤、蒸发等基本操作技能,建立物质分离的模型。     

基于文献分析的“氧化还原反应”概念教学逻辑

以15篇有关“氧化还原反应”的课例研究文献为研究对象,基于内容分析法归纳出4种主要的教学逻辑：“分类标准直给型”“分类标准批判型”“反应本质揭示型”“知识演绎批判型”。从“知识是什么”“知识是如何被理解的”2个维度对4种教学逻辑进行评析,以反思氧化还原反应教学研究的发展及其局限。     

基于真实情境的初中化学微项目教学实践与反思*——以“溶液的形成”为例

以“溶液的形成”为例进行微项目教学实践,选择学生熟悉的护手霜为主题情境,巧妙设计了“原料分散”“微观探秘”“辨识活动”“对比实验”“感知乳化”等系列微项目活动,通过情境不断地设置认知冲突,引导学生反思、修正并最终形成更完善的概念,在环环相扣的探究活动中使学生自主建构结构化的知识。通过制作“护手霜”将“溶解”和“乳化”串联,感知溶液,感受乳化,感悟人与自然、社会的和谐、可持续发展。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。