电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定PM2.5中的重金属元素

采集环境空气细颗粒物(PM2.5)样品,建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)同时测定PM2.5中10种重金属元素的方法。样品经5%HNO_3超声浸提,过滤后,用ICP-MS测定。结果表明:10种重金属元素的检出限在0.030μg/L~0.13μg/L之间;线性关系良好,精密度为0.82%~4.3%,回收率为80.1%~113.0%。该方法快速、准确,可用于PM2.5中重金属元素的测定。     

超声波辅助消解-原子荧光光谱法同时测定PM_(2.5)中汞和硒

正PM2.5又称细颗粒物,是环境空气中动力学直径小于或等于2.5μm颗粒物的通称。重金属元素是PM2.5的重要组分,对其进行研究,能更好地识别污染来源、判断污染物的迁移转化途径、评估污染危害毒性,从而更有效地防治和控制环境空气污染。目前我国还没有PM2.5中重金属含量指标的相关标准,因此研究PM2.5中有害重金属的测试方法对评价可入肺颗粒物中的重金属含量指标具有重要意     

成都十里店地区冬季大气PM_(2.5)的浓度及重金属含量特征

随着我国大气污染问题日益严峻,大气环境质量愈加受到人们的关注。由于PM2.5粒径小且毒性大,现已成为大气颗粒物的研究重点。该文以成都理工大学为采样点,于2014年11月进行样品采集,并对PM2.5的重金属污染特征及其中的重金属进行评价,以加深公众对其健康危害的认识。     

不同酸体系对PM2.5中重金属测定的影响

采用3种消解体系对聚四氟乙烯滤膜采集的PM2.5样品进行消解,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定样品中15种重金属元素。比较了硝酸–盐酸(A)、硝酸–过氧化氢(B)、硝酸–氢氟酸–高氯酸(C)3种体系的消解效果,分析了南京市PM2.5中重金属含量,并与文献值进行了比较。结果表明,A,B,C 3种体系测定结果的相对标准偏差的平均值分别为7.9%,9.9%和17.2%,加标回收率分别为80.5%~111.0%,87.5%~120.0%,74.1%~113.0%。C体系测定结果偏高,操作步骤繁琐,精密度差;A,B体系具有试剂用量少,精密度好,准确度高等优点,能满足环境空气PM2.5中多元素同时测定的要求。     

~(13)C固体核磁共振技术检测PM_(2.5)中的总有机碳质组分

建立了13C固体核磁共振技术检测PM2.5中总有机碳质组分的分析方法。针对大气气溶胶中有机质组分的复杂性,探索出较为快速检测PM2.5中总有机质组分的核磁共振分析方法,使样品无需进行繁琐的前处理即可获得可靠的化学结构信息。利用该方法获得了太原、新乡、广州冬季PM2.5样品中总有机物的化学结构信息。结果表明,该方法操作简单,检测较为快速,准确度较高,可以满足大气气溶胶总有机成分的检测要求。     

室内可吸入肺颗粒物PM_(2.5)采集实验与SEM观察

采用自行搭建的大气颗粒物采集平台,对室内可吸入肺颗粒物PM2.5进行了采集实验,并运用扫描电子显微镜分析技术(SEM)对室内PM2.5颗粒物样品进行了形貌观察和分析。实验在同一房间进行,以每天只采集一个PM2.5样品的方式,分别采集了室内不同体积空气中的PM2.5。实验表明:随着抽气体积的增加,可吸入肺颗粒物PM2.5样品的斑点颜色逐渐加深;对于抽气体积在3 m3以上的室内颗粒物样品,肉眼已无法分辨,但SEM可以显著分辨;SEM的分析结果表明,成都市城东龙潭工业园室内可吸入肺颗粒物PM2.5由形貌各异、大小不等的固态颗粒组成,颗粒物轮廓清楚、表面特征明显,粒径在0.01~3μm之间;长时间沉积PM2.5实验显示,室内PM2.5中存在大量不规则片状颗粒物,粒径在1~3μm之间。通过室内可吸入肺颗粒物PM2.5采集实验与SEM观察,可再根据元素分析技术进一步分析室内PM2.5,从而找出室内PM2.5污染物的来源,为制定相应的污染防治措施提供科学依据。     

美国PM2.5采样器校准方法总结

介绍美国PM2.5采样器的分类,从采样时间、滤膜称量、流量、温湿度要求和采样器性能指标等方面总结了美国PM2.5联邦参考方法采样器的校准方法。介绍美国PM2.5联邦等效方法采样器的分类及3个等级PM2.5联邦等效方法采样器的不同校准方法,以及PM2.5单分散气溶胶两种常用制备方法的制备步骤,以期促进完善我国PM2.5监测仪量值溯源体系。     

同时测定空气PM2.5细颗粒物中9种卤乙酸的方法

<正>公开(公告)号:CN106525670A公开(公告)日:2017.03.22申请(专利权)人:淄博市环境监测站摘要本发明属于环境检测技术领域,具体涉及一种同时测定空气PM2.5细颗粒物中九种卤乙酸的方法。利用PM2.5采样头采集环境空气中PM2.5细颗粒物样品,以甲基叔丁基醚作为解吸试剂,将样品中的卤乙酸解吸附,得到解吸液;向     

ICP-MS测定PM2.5中痕量重金属及铅同位素

建立了HNO3-H2O2湿法消解、电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)同时测定PM2.5样品中痕量重金属Cr,Ni,Cu,As,Cd,Pb和Pb同位素的方法。通过内标校正克服了基体效应、物理效应和仪器的长短期漂移的干扰。在ICP-MS优化参数下,测定的痕量元素及Pb同位素的标准曲线相关系数均优于0.9997,5种痕量元素的方法检出限在0.01~0.07μg/L之间,4种Pb同位素的方法检出限在0.014~0.07μg/L之间。通过测定滤膜标准物质(GBW(E)080212)和Pb同位素标准物质(NIST981)考察了方法准确性,测定值均在标准值范围内。当Pb质量浓度大于10μg/L时,浓度对Pb同位素比值的测量影响不显著。运用该方法测得厦门市PM2.5中6种痕量重金属元素的RSD小于4.8%,Pb同位素RSD小于0.5%。     

离子色谱法测定PM2.5中草甘膦、硫氰酸盐和高氯酸盐

正PM2.5又称细颗粒物,由于其粒径小,在大气中停留时间长,能直接通过呼吸进入并沉积在肺泡,引起心肺功能损害。PM2.5易附带微生物、重金属、有机物等有毒有害物质,在人体内不可降解,可引起人体致癌、致畸、致突变等一系列健康损害效应[1-3]。城市PM2.5的化学组成因本地区工业排放及污染源的不同而不同,了解PM2.5的污染来源和化学成分至关重要,PM2.5的危害程度又与其化学成分直接相关。根据国家大气污染(雾霾)治理总体部署,在现     

Analysis of voltammetric data for the evaluation of seasonal changes of the Ni, Cd, Pb and Cu content in atmospheric particulate PM2.5

In this paper, the preliminary results of a study on concentration of heavy metals in PM2.5 (atmospheric particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microm) fractions of atmospheric particulate matter, sampled in Milan, are presented. This work aims to develop an electroanalytical method to analyse Pb, Cu, Cd and Ni in PM2.5 and to investigate seasonal and weekly trends in the amount of PM2.5 and its composition for considered metals. The samples have been selected within the seasons ranging from September 2002 to November 2003 so that they represent the possible seasonal changes; the samples within this period have been chosen in order to have data relevant to both working days and holidays. The determination of Cd, Pb and Cu has been carried out by Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry, whereas the concentration of Ni has been determined by Differential Pulse Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry. The concentrations of the metals in the sampled atmosphere and in the PM2.5 have been evaluated; through ANOVA possible seasonal or weekly variations in the above cited concentrations have been investigated.     

Assaying particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from archived PM2.5 filters

Airborne particulate matter contains numerous organic species, including several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are known or suspected carcinogens. Existing methods for measuring airborne PAHs are complex and costly, primarily because they are designed to collect both gas-phase and particle-phase PAH constituents. Here, we report an assay for measuring particle-bound PAHs in archived filters from the network of U.S. monitoring stations for particles less than 2.5 microm in diameter (PM2.5), without the need for deploying specialized samplers. PAHs are extracted from Teflon filters with dichloromethane, concentrated, and measured at trace levels using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Although PAHs with 3-6 aromatic rings can be assayed, results are only unambiguously accurate for compounds with 5- or 6-rings, due to variable vaporization losses of the more volatile 3- and 4-ring compounds during sampling and/or storage. The method was evaluated for sensitivity, recovery, precision, and agreement of paired air samples, using PM2.5 samplers locally in Chapel Hill, NC. Additionally, three sets of archived samples were analyzed from a study of PM2.5 in the Czech Republic. Levels of some 4-ring and all 5- and 6-ring PAHs in both the local and Czech samples were consistent with published results from investigations employing PAH-specific air samplers. This work strongly suggests that assessment of particle-bound 5- and 6-ring PAHs from archived PM2.5 filters is quantitatively robust. The assay may also be useful for selected 4-ring compounds, notably chrysene and benzo(a)anthracene, if PM2.5 filters are stored under refrigeration.     

Assessment of trace elements characteristics and human health risk of exposure to ambient PM2.5 in Hangzhou,China

A method for simultaneously determining the trace elements in particulate matter (PM) (PM2.5) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was established. The PM2.5-loaded filter samples were digested under the optimised conditions including a mixture of HNO₃–HCl–HF with ultrasonication proceeding at 70°C for 2 h. Recoveries of 90.83–103.33% were achieved for 20 elements (Co, Sr, Ag, Cd, Sb, La, Ce, Sm, W etc.) in NIST standard reference material 1648a (urban PM). PM2.5 samples were collected at urban site in Hangzhou from August 2015 to November 2015. PM2.5 concentrations of 15% sampling days exceeded the daily limitation and the mean concentrations of PM2.5 from August to November reached the 66.4% of the limitation. PM2.5 concentrations in summer were higher than that in autumn. The concentration of Zn was highest, following with Al, Pb, Mn, Cu and As. Significant enrichment was observed in Mn, Zn, Pb, Ag, V, Ni, Cu, As, Se, Hg, Co, Cd and W, which was probably induced by vehicular exhaust, oil and residual fuel combustion and industrial emissions. The daily mass concentrations of PM2.5 and elements fluctuated significantly. Rainfall could significantly reduce the concentration of Ti, Mn, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Hg, Sr, Ag, Cd, Sb, La, Ce, Sm and Pb, and the risk levels of carcinogenic elements and non-carcinogenic elements in rain day were significantly lower (43.7–81.4%) than those in non-rain day. The risk levels of Co, Cd and As could lead to adverse health outcomes through the respiratory system, which should deserve more attention, while the risk levels of Ni and non-carcinogenic elements (Hg, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, V) were under average risk acceptance.     

广州大气细粒子中有机碳、元素碳和水溶性有机碳的分布特征

在广州市中山大学采样点进行了为期1年的大气细粒子(PM2.5)采样,监测分析得到PM2.5及有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)和水溶性有机碳(WSOC)等组分的质量浓度,并进行了比较和评价分析。结果表明广州市细粒子碳污染较严重。对OC、EC和WSOC质量浓度的月变化和季节变化特征进行了讨论,并分析了原因。OC、EC浓度相关性好,表明OC、EC来源大部分相同。根据OC/EC比值,估算二次有机碳(SOC)量,结果是SOC占OC的1/3。讨论了SOC和SOC/OC比值的季节分布,结果证明SOC夏季生成比冬季多。     

Chemical fractionation of elements in airborne particulate matter: primary results on PM10 and PM2.5 samples in the Lazio region (central Italy)

This paper describes how a two-step chemical fractionation method that allows the determination of 17 elements in airborne particulate matter, has been applied to a monitoring campaign of PM10 and PM2.5 in the Lazio region (Italy). This method involved an extraction in a pH buffered aqueous solution followed by a microwave-assisted acid digestion of the residue. With respect to the determination of the total elemental contents, the evaluation of a soluble fraction provides more reliable information on the presence and of the destiny of heavy metals in the environment. Furthermore, the pH buffered extraction conditions chosen, rendered the results independent of the intrinsic acidity of the collected samples and, although the chemical fractionation has a purely operational function, it facilitates the study of the relationship between the distribution of solubility and the different emission sources. Results are discussed in relation to the different concentration and the different degrees of solubility of the elements observed in two sampling sites; one in an urban and one in a rural environment. Since in-parallel sampling of PM2.5 and PM10 were performed in both sites, the influence of particle size is also discussed. Behaviour of some tracers deriving from both vehicular traffic, with particular attention to re-suspended road dusts, and naturally generated particulate matter, such as marine aerosol and Saharian dust, are discussed.     

Pollution characteristics of ambient PM2.5-bound PAHs and NPAHs in a typical winter time period in Taiyuan

The pollution characteristics of ambient fine particulate matter（PM2.5） containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs） and nitrated PAHs（NPAHs） in samples collected during a typical winter time period in Taiyuan of China were investigated.The obtained results revealed that the mean mass concentrations of PM2.5,SPAHs（sum of 16 PAHs） and SNPAHs（sum of 3 NPAHs） on PM2.5were161.4 mg/m3,119.8 ng/m3and 0.446 ng/m3,respectively.Diagnostic ratios of PAHs and NPAHs implied that coal consumption might be the main source of the PM2.5pollution.The measured PM2.5mass concentrations,BaP equivalent toxicity（28.632 ng/m3） and individual carcinogenicity index（3.14 10 5） were much higher than those of the recommended safety standards.     

Ground level ozone (O3) associated with radon (222Rn) and particulate matter (PM) concentrations in Bucharest metropolitan area and adverse health effects

The aim of this paper is to contribute with new information in the application of ground based radon (²²²Rn) observations to atmospheric research, namely its relation with air pollution due to ground-level ozone (O₃) and particle matter in two size fractions (PM10 and PM2.5) for Bucharest metropolitan area in Romania. During January 1–December 31, 2011, ground levels of radon, ozone and particulate matter (PM) have been continuously monitored in synergy with the main meteorological parameters (air temperature, humidity and pressure), and daily global air quality indices. A systematic analysis of surface ozone observations of ground level radon, ozone and PM is presented. Observational results indicate the following yearly daily mean ground level concentrations: 40.26 ± 7.54 Bq/m³ for radon, 90.51 μg/m³ for ozone, 35.96 μg/m³ for PM2.5, and 40.91 μg/m³ for PM10. The assessment of the results showed the influence of local and meteorological conditions on the daily mean radon, ozone and PM concentrations. However, in densely populated metropolitan area of Bucharest the mean daily values of ozone, PM2.5, PM10, and attached ²²²Rn are sometimes higher than European Community limit values leading to serious public concern during the last years. Due to the high risk of increased levels of O₃, PM2.5, PM10, and attached ²²²Rn on human health respiratory function (especially for children and older persons), and urban green, the results are very useful for atmospheric, radiological protection, epidemiological and environmental studies.     

Determination of elemental and ionic compositions for diesel exhaust particles by particle induced X-ray emission and ion chromatography analysis.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the chemical characterization of PM2.5 and PM10 in diesel exhaust particles (DEP). Sampling of PM2.5 and PM10 in DEP was carried out in November 1999 using an automobile exhaust testing system at the National Traffic Safety and Environment Laboratory, with a diesel truck (engine type: direct injection, displacement: 7,961 cc, carrying weight: 2,020 kg, equivalent inertia weight: 5,600 kg) placed on a chassis dynamometer. Sampling conditions included idling, constant speed of 40 km/h, M-15 test pattern and 60%-revolution/40%-load of maximum power. Samples were collected on a polycarbonate membrane filter (Nuclepore, pore size: 0.8 microm) using a MiniVol Portable Air Sampler (Airmetrics Co., Inc.). The concentrations of several elemental and ionic species in the PM2.5 and PM10 samples were determined by particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and ion chromatography analysis. PIXE analysis of the PM2.5 and PM10 samples revealed 15 elements, of which Na, Mg, Si, S, Cl, Ca, Fe and Zn were found to be the major components. Ionic species were Cl-, NO2-, NO3-, SO4(2-), Na+, NH4+, K+ and Ca2+. Concentrations of elements and ionic species under the sampling condition of 60%-revolution/40%-load were highest in comparison with those of the other sampling conditions. The elemental and ionic species data were compared for PM2.5 and PM10; PM2.5 concentrations were 70% or more of PM10 concentrations for the majority of elements, and concentrations of ionic species in PM2.5 and PM10 were almost identical.     

大气颗粒物中有机物色谱分析的样品制备技术

大气颗粒物中有机物成分分析对深入研究大气颗粒物对人类健康、环境、气候、生态的影响,解析气溶胶来源,制定颗粒物控制相关法规,以及风险管理方法具有重要意义。由于颗粒物中的有机组分种类繁多,分析复杂,目前仅10%~20%的有机物得到了定性和定量分析。因此,大气细颗粒中有机物的分析已成为环境分析领域的优先发展方向。色谱是大气颗粒物中有机物分析的主要方法,而样品制备则是影响分析速度和精度的关键步骤。本文对颗粒物中有机组分色谱分析前的样品制备方法进行了综述,介绍了索氏提取、超声辅助提取、微波辅助提取、加压溶剂提取等溶剂提取方法以及热解吸提取方法,并重点介绍了这些方法在大气颗粒物样品处理中的应用,总结了各种方法的优缺点。