初中化学(科学)启蒙教材中“实验”“插图”“科普知识”的比较分析*

我国大陆和台湾的化学(科学)教材在化学启蒙方面的内容编写有着各自的特点和优势,因此以我国大陆人教版初中《化学》与我国台湾康轩文教版《自然与生活科技》为例,通过问卷调查法与对比分析法,研究化学启蒙阶段的学生对待化学的态度以及海峡两岸教材中“实验”“插图”“科普知识”等3部分内容的设置差异。结果表明:(1)化学实验是启蒙阶段学生对化学感兴趣的起始点,也是初接触时的难点,其中以我国台湾《自然与生活科技》教材中化学实验的探究性及层次性更深;(2)化学启蒙阶段教材中插图的科学性、清晰度以及精美程度对学生学习化学的兴趣和态度有较大影响;(3)化学教材中的模型图实物化有助于学生拨云见日,了解化学的真实模样。     

高中化学教科书中“潜台词”的研究*

以人教版高中《化学1》《化学2》为研究对象,将化学教科书中“潜台词”分为文字中的“潜台词”、表格中的“潜台词”、插图中的“潜台词”3类,对教科书中“潜台词”的作用与功能、类型与呈现知识的方式进行了说明与分析。     

知识发展、教材编排与学生学习的三序结合*——以“分子和原子”为例

“分子和原子”是九年级《化学》上册第三单元课题1的内容,是学生学习初中化学物质构成的启蒙。本文论述了“分子和原子”的知识研究发展顺序、教材编排顺序和学生学习顺序,针对该部分内容提出了在教学中三序结合的方式与建议。     

“素养为本”的化学课堂教学设计研究的特征与启示*——基于CNKI 253篇文献的知识图谱研究

利用CiteSpace可视化文献计量分析软件,对2016年以来,我国化学教育教学领域最具影响力的3本学术期刊《化学教育》《化学教学》和《中学化学教学参考》中“素养为本”的化学课堂教学设计相关文献进行统计分析,探析其研究热点和发展趋势,以期为后续“素养为本”的化学课堂教学设计提供有益的参考。     

立体化“工作页式”活页教材的设计与开发*——以《药物检验技术》为例

本教材“以药物检验活动为导向,以药物检验技能为核心”重构学习内容,通过教材活页的灵活“拆装”重组实现教材应用“活页”化,将教学内容与岗位标准统一实现任务实施“工作页”化,把传统纸质教材与数字化资源结合实现资源“立体”化,同时将“以德树人、课程思政”有机融合到教材中,体现“重技尚艺崇德”,达到纸数融合、产教融合、理实融合、德技融合的目的,展示职教教材开发的新范式。     

中英化学教材“化学反应速率”内容比较研究

“化学反应速率”综合体现了微粒观、实验观及科学本质观等化学基本观念,是提高学生科学素养的重要载体。从内容选取、内容编排与内容呈现3个方面对英国索尔特高级化学课程教材与国内化学教材中“化学反应速率”相关内容的编写进行比较,并简要阐述几点对化学教材编写和化学教学的启示。     

基于模型建构的“初中化学用语”教学*——从知识传递走向深度学习

通过化学用语认识模型的建构,彰显其教学功能价值,为内隐的“心智模型”与外显的“符号模型”之间建立可能的联系和发展。运用“联想与建构”“迁移与体验”“本质与变化”等教学策略,实现化学用语的教学从内容传递走向深度学习。     

2009—2018年《化学教育》“问题讨论与思考”栏目分析与研究

以 2009—2018 年《化学教育》期刊“问题讨论与思考”栏目的载文为研究对象,采用系统查阅年度总目录与阅读原始文献相结合的方法,从载文的数量、内容、作者、引文等 4 个方面进行统计分析。发现近 10 年《化学教育》“问题讨论与思考”栏目的年均载文量为33篇;研究内容涉及化学知识讨论、教学讨论、实验探究、教材讨论、习题讨论等;载文作者所属地区、机构分布不均衡;研究方法以思辨和化学实验为主;作者之间的合作研究成为一种趋势;引文数量呈现逐渐增多的趋势。     

“证据推理”在高考化学试题(全国卷)中的考查特点*

基于《普通高中化学课程标准(2017年版2020年修订)》提出的化学学科核心素养中“证据推理”的内涵及相关研究,将“证据推理”化学学科核心素养进一步解构为 “证据解读”“证据与结论的关系”“证据评估”等3个要素,并将证据按其呈现形式划分为反应机理、实验数据、工艺流程和实验方案等4种类型,在此基础上构建了“证据推理”视角下的试题分析框架,并以近5年高考化学试题(全国卷)为研究对象,总结其考查特点与规律,进而为改进化学教学提出相关建议。     

溯源辨析“活化分子”概念在化学教材中的角色定位*

“活化分子”作为国内化学教育领域广为人知的科学概念,在各类相关化学教材中都有介绍。然而在国外多种经典化学教材中却完全没有“活化分子”的概念,反映出国内外化学教育领域对化学反应速率理论相关知识点的处理上存在明显的差异与分歧。通过溯源关键历史文献,回顾了“活化分子”概念的形成及其在化学反应速率理论发展过程中的角色演变,指出“活化分子”概念已经退出反应速率理论的舞台,在教材中应更多地呈现其在科学史方面的价值,而不是科学价值。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Copper catalyzed/mediated synthetic methodology for ebselen and related isoselenazolones

Scope of the copper catalyzed/mediated selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been studied for the synthesis of isoselenazolones. It is noticed that the 2-chloro, 2-bromo-, and 2-iodo-aryl amides substrates can be exploited in the selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction by employing 25-100 mol % of CuI/1,10-phenanthroline (L) and potassium carbonate as a base in DMF. Furthermore, electron rich 2-chloro-arylamides also underwent selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction to give biologically important selenium-nitrogen heterocycles. Also, copper-catalyzed selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been meticulously applied for the synthesis of diaryl diselenides having methoxy, amine, and amide functionality from respective aryl iodides in the presence of stoichiometric amount of succinimide as an external Se-N coupling partner.     

Knoevenagel condensation catalyzed by novel Nmm-based ionic liquids in water

A series of novel N-methyl morpholine (Nmm) based ionic liquids with 1,2-propanediol group were synthesized and used as catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation at room temperature in water. Under the effect of the catalyst, various aldehydes or aliphatic ketones could react with a wide range of activated methylene compounds well, including malononitrile, alkyl cyanoacetate, cyanoacetamide, β-diketone, barbituric acid, 2-arylacetonitrile and thiazolidinedione. Furthermore, most of the products could be separated just by filtrating and washing with water. Additionally, the catalyst is recyclable and applicable for the large-scale synthesis.     

Construction of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives via sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction

A series of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives were obtained in moderate to excellent yields via a catalyst-free sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 under mild conditions. We also present the first asymmetric sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 with moderate to good enantioselectivities catalyzed by readily available chiral phase-transfer catalysts (PTCs).     

Suzuki-Miyaura reactions of the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor NS2028: a non-product specific route to C-8 substituted analogues

Both soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitors ODQ 1 and NS2028 2 are synthesized via improved protocols. In the former case treating 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one oxime 8, which can be prepared in two steps from 1,2-benzenediamine, with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) gives the dihydro-ODQ 10 that in the presence of KMnO₄ oxidises to give ODQ 1 in an overall yield of 46% starting from 1,2-benzenediamine. In the latter case, the synthesis affords NS2028 2 from 2-amino-4-bromophenol 3 in three steps with an overall yield of 85% and avoids the need for chromatography. Furthermore, Suzuki-Miyaura reaction conditions are described that enable the preparation of 8-aryl and 8-heteroaryl derivatives of NS2028 directly from NS2028 2. Finally, demethylation of the 8-(methoxyphenyl) substituted analogues afforded the 8-(hydroxyphenyl) derivatives 40-42. All new products are fully characterised.