以乙醇为主线的“化学方程式”单元复习课教学

分析了九年级化学“化学方程式”的有关教研类文献,提出在单元复习阶段要基于学科思想系统整合教学内容,以乙醇为教学主线,在知识之间进行整体性联通,引导学生深度思考,提高学科知识的整合能力,帮助学生建构学科观念,呈现了可借鉴的教学设计。     

真实情境推动下的大单元教学设计与实践*——以“过碳酸钠专题复习”为例

以“过碳酸钠专题复习”的大单元教学为例,从情境选择、内容确定、单元目标、活动设计等方面阐述中考复习阶段通过“单元设计”教学中情境化的教学设计、多样化的教学方式与科学化的教学评价,高效践行立德树人的素质教育以及学以致用、知行合一的真实学习。     

逆向设计在素养导向的单元教学设计中的应用——以“钠及其化合物”单元为例

逆向教学设计被称为“通过设计促进理解”的教学设计。教学过程中,教师结合课程标准相关要求进行单元逆向教学设计,有助于学生提升学科核心素养,引发深度学习。围绕“钠及其化合物”开展了逆向设计的相关探索。根据逆向设计模板,同时,结合本单元学生需要获取的目标、知识和表现性任务,设计了4个课时的教学任务。单元教学过程整体实现了初始培养学生从微观结构出发,结合实验事实认识钠的性质,进而到学生分析物质性质的相似性和差异性,然后到学生结合相关资料实现鉴别实验方案的设计,最终学生结合相关资料进行纯碱制备工业应用。通过总结学生在“钠及其化合物”单元教学各环节中的表现情况,包括课堂实录、完成表现性任务、以及针对授课学生、同行专家的调研问卷情况,整理了“钠及其化合物”单元教学过程中的相关收获以及反思。相关单元设计的认识可为今后落实“素养为本”的教学提供一定的参考。     

初中化学教学中培育社会责任素养*——以“燃料及其利用”复习教学为例

在分析“社会责任”素养内涵和研究现状的基础上,制订了初中化学“燃料及其利用”复习教学课的“社会责任”素养目标,并设计了以“秸秆综合利用的变迁”以及“历史悠久的薪柴燃料-使用方便的化石燃料-清洁环保的新型燃料”的燃料“进化史”为主线的教学流程。从“燃料及其利用”复习教学来看,初中化学教学可以通过真实情境、创新实验和有意义的学习经历等实践路径让学生获得“社会责任”体验,形成“社会责任”素养。     

从同课异构看化学教学设计的效果和发展

在同课异构的教学实践中,分别通过新授课、概念课和复习课的教学设计和实施,阐述如何遵循认识发展来突破学生的认知障碍,通过教学设计、教学实施、教学评价和教学反思诠释“为什么教”“教什么”“怎么教”“教得怎么样”和“教学发展”的问题,凸显教学的本质。     

高三复习课“氧化还原反应”的教学实录与反思

基于实证,设计了“氧化还原反应”高三复习课,以“污水处理”为主题,通过创设真实情境,激发生成问题,开展有效活动,引导学生在知识应用中加深对知识的理解,促进知识重构和认识转变,力求实现从虚拟走向真实,从学科走向学生,从经验走向科学,从教学走向教育。     

提升化学学科核心素养的高中化学教学——以“金属的防护”为例

针对人教版选修1《化学反应原理》第4章第3节“金属的腐蚀与防护”课时2“金属的防护”进行教学实践探索,融合STEM教育理念促进知识与社会生活结合。选用任务情境“家用电热水器碳钢内胆防腐”,通过实验探究构建起电化学防护的认知模型,再将模型应用于实际生产生活问题的解决,进行热水器内胆的防腐设计。在真实情境问题的解决中,将知识、方法、应用等3者融合,培养学生的问题意识和创新思维,逐步内化并表现出化学学科核心素养。     

基于化学学科能力的高三教学评一体化设计*

基于“化学学科能力内涵构成及其活动表现模型”,分析北京市近3年高考试题,总结北京高考对学生的要求;设计了高三三阶段复习计划,并以第一阶段复习为例,展示大单元复习教学整体设计、高三统练整体规划和试题设计;分析统练中学生各能力要素和知识主题的得分率,形成针对年级的评价、针对教学班教师的评价、针对个体学生的个性化评价。     

基于化学学科认知障碍突破的中考复习教学实践* ——以“二氧化碳的性质”为例

分析学生对二氧化碳的3个典型学科认知障碍,以“二氧化碳的捕捉”为情境,通过“尝试捕捉二氧化碳”“谁在捕捉二氧化碳”“捕捉背后的原理”等3个主要环节,实现对学科认知障碍的突破,展示了一种新的中考复习教学思路。     

用身边化学事件为教学素材的高三专题复习设计——以金属氢氧化物专题复习为例

用身边化学事件为教学素材的高三专题复习,能让学生巩固知识、提升能力,并对身边化学事件有更正面的化学认识,具有“学生喜欢又符合高考要求”的特点。用基于无机阻燃剂研制的金属氢氧化物专题复习设计为例,说明素材的获取、目标的确定及教学内容与过程的设计等具体过程,并分析此课堂的成效。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.