物理化学中的热力学方法、拓展及应用

主要依托物理化学中的热力学基本原理,浅议热力学方法、简介化工热力学方法和工程热力学方法及应用等。热力学方法主要有循环法、特性函数法、变量变换法、标准状态法、平衡法及极值法、微元法等,并归纳了各种方法的特点、作用及意义。对于学生学习物理化学中的热力学,具有一定的指导意义,拓展了热力学的基本知识。     

前言:化学热力学专刊

<正>化学热力学是物理化学和热力学的一个重要分支学科,其利用热力学原理研究物质体系中的化学现象和规律,根据物质体系的宏观可测性质和热力学函数关系判断体系的稳定性、变化方向和变化的程度.学科交叉发展对化学热力学不断提出新的、更高的要求,化学热力学研究目前已涵盖溶液化学热力学、热化学、相平衡、热分析、统计热力学与分子模拟、生物化学热力学、材料化学热力学、绿色化学热力学、胶体界面化学热力学、能源化学热力学等方向.发展化学热力学理论、方法和手段,解决多年来一直没有解决的重要化学热力学难题,     

我国化学热力学与热分析的研究进展(2012-2013)

本文简要综述了2012~2013年化学热力学与热分析学科在绿色溶剂体系化学热力学、材料热力学、生物热化学、胶体化学热力学、超分子化学热力学以及新型热分析仪器等方面取得的研究成果。共引用参考文献52篇。     

从统计热力学角度理解重要的热力学概念

基于玻尔兹曼统计法,简要总结独立粒子的非定位系统的统计热力学基础,并应用一些实例来分析统计热力学和热力学方法之间的区别和联系,帮助学生从统计热力学角度加深对一些重要的热力学概念(如热容、吉布斯自由能、焓和化学势)的理解,建立微观物理图像,以更好地学习两部分热力学知识,并能够灵活运用于化学问题的求解中。     

还原半反应的相关热力学计算

借助于经典热力学和电化学知识的结合,较系统探讨了水溶液中热力学"0"标准的选取、离子的热力学数据与单质或化合物的热力学数据能否互相借用和还原半反应热力学计算公式等问题,并计算了不同类型电极对应还原半反应电子的标准摩尔熵。研究表明:298.15K,100kPa下,还原半反应中电子的ΔfHm(e-,aq,∞)=0、ΔfGm(e-,aq,∞)=0和Sm(e-,aq,∞)=65.32J.mol-1.K-1;离子的热力学数据与单质或化合物的热力学数据可互相借用;还原半反应热力学计算公式包括:ΔhGm=-ZFE、ΔhHm=∑iνi.ΔfHm,i、ΔhGm=∑iνi.ΔfGm,i、ΔhSm=∑iνi.Sm,i、ΔhGm=ΔhHm-TΔhSm。     

前言

<正>化学热力学是物理化学的重要分支学科.化学热力学应用热力学原理研究物质体系中的化学现象和规律,依据体系的宏观可测性质和热力学函数关系判断体系的稳定性、变化的方向和变化的程度.相平衡、化学平衡、热平衡、分子构象的稳定性、分子间的聚集与解离平衡等许多重要问题都需要用化学热力学的原理和方法进行判断和解决.化学热力学的主要特点是具有坚实的理论基础,其原理具有高度的可靠性和普适性,因此对理论研究和实际应用都有重要指导意义.化学热力学的研究范畴决定了它与化学乃至化学学科以外的其     

Donkin定理及其在热力学中的应用

介绍了数学中的Donkin定理.讨论了该定理用于平衡态热力学的依据及由内能函数引出其它热力学特性函数及相应的热力学基本方程和某些热力学关系等问题.结果表明,Donkin定理可高度概括有关热力学特性函数的许多内容,而且具有严谨、完备、简便等优点,比以往人们采用Legendre变换进行讨论要更为深刻和全面.     

基于溶解热力学原理对纳米卤化银热力学性质的研究

在室温下,可控制备了系列纳米卤化银(Ag X)材料,并对其组成、形貌及结构进行了表征.基于块体卤化银与纳米卤化银热力学性质的本质差异,结合溶解热力学Debye-Hückel等基本理论公式,通过与块体材料对比,导出了纳米卤化银的表面热力学、偏摩尔表面热力学和规定热力学函数的关系式.为测定难溶盐类纳米材料的表面热力学和规定热力学函数提供了行之有效的新方法.     

热力学数据对1, 3-丁二烯燃烧特性的影响

基于G4方法, 计算了1,^{3-丁二烯框架燃烧反应机理中102个物种的热力学数据, 并考察了振动非谐性、 频率校正因子以及受阻内转动对结果的影响. 结果表明, 考虑振动非谐性或采用不同的频率校正因子, 对热力学数据的影响不大; 考虑内转动后, 对热力学数据有较大影响. 而且考虑内转动后, 得到的热力学数据与实验热力学数据吻合得更好. 用所得热力学数据模拟了1,3-丁二烯的绝热燃烧温度以及点火延迟时间, 结果显示, 要得到可靠的绝热火焰温度, 对小分子(如CO和CO₂等)的热力学数据需要采用实验结果. 将用所得热力学数据模拟得到的点火延迟时间, 与机理本身的热力学数据所得点火延迟时间进行对比, 二者差别显著, 表明所得热力学数据主要通过改变一些反应的逆反应速率常数来影响点火延迟时间. 进一步确定了用所得热力学数据对点火延迟时间有显著影响的一些物种.}     

谈谈热力学

介绍了热力学三个定律和非平衡态热力学的发展过程及其关系,并阐述了热力学定律和热力学量的含义。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。