基于学科交叉融合的通识选修课程建设实践——以“化学与文物考古”课程为例

在“双一流”建设背景下,如何通过课程实施来培养具有跨学科素养的复合型人才已成为一流本科专业人才培养的目标问题。以“化学与文物考古”课程为例,归纳出了基于学科交叉融合的通识选修课程建设的基本做法和实践经验,特别是此课程使不同专业的学生接触到了跨学科素养形成所依赖的跨学科内容,从而为高校培养具备综合创新能力的跨学科人才提供重要抓手。因此,本课程的实践探索可为高校交叉学科融合的通识选修课程的建设提供经验启示。     

以标准为风向标的化学与生活课程教学设计

公共选修课是高等教育课程体系的重要组成部分,在大学生综合素质的教育和培养方面发挥着重要作用。化学与生活是面对非化学专业开设的一门公共选修课程,其主要内容包括与衣、食、住、行等相关的化学知识。本文将国家标准应用于化学与生活课程的教学设计中,以标准为载体设计教学情境,引导学生了解国家标准中的相关规定,掌握使用标准文件分析问题的方法。促使学生客观地认识化学学科,了解化学学科在生活中的作用,规避化学产生的危害,培养学生的科学素养,使学生学会利用化学知识改善自己的生活,提高生活质量。     

“实验化学”翻转课堂教学案例设计

针对实验化学课程的特点,探讨了实验化学“课前知识传递,课堂知识内化,课后反思提高”的翻转课堂教学设计。以“硫酸亚铁铵的制备”为实验案例,通过翻转课堂在学习目标、活动主体与教学流程上的教学设计,详细阐述了以学生为中心的教学实施,并全面评价了教学实践。     

中学化学骨干教师PCK的实证研究*——以“析氢腐蚀和吸氧腐蚀”主题为例

使用本土化的教学内容表征(CoRe)工具调查了46名接受“国培计划”的中学化学骨干教师关于“析氢腐蚀和吸氧腐蚀”主题的PCK,结果表明:(1)骨干教师的PCK包含5个相互联系的组分,其中课程知识、学生知识以及策略知识均较为丰富。骨干教师能有针对性地选取化学学科专属的教学策略;(2)在教学取向方面,骨干教师在教学中发展与评价学生化学基本观念与学科核心素养的意识有待加强,引导学生自主建构学习的落实程度有待提高;(3)在评价知识方面,评价方式较为多元,但骨干教师对于形成性评价的重视程度不够。文末据此对我国化学教师教育以及化学PCK研究提出相关建议。     

校本课程开发:从“化学传奇”到“化学阅读”

校本课程“化学传奇”主要是引导学生阅读化学史文章。校本课程从“化学传奇”升级到“化学阅读”,化学阅读的内容拓展了,阅读形式升级了:由文章阅读升级为视频观看和整本书阅读,阅读的时间由校本课程的课内阅读延伸到课外阅读,阅读时段由校本课程季扩展为高中全学段。学生的阅读活动,也由教师规定阅读内容升级到学生在推荐书目内自主选择性阅读和个性化阅读。     

促进知识素养化的教学——以“硝酸的性质”为例

以“铜制品抛光液”为情境素材,设计一系列的情境问题,旨在探究浓度、温度、酸度等因素对硝酸强氧化性的影响、硝酸的不稳定性及硝酸的贮输等核心内容。开展以化学实验为主的多种探究活动,学生在问题解决和探究过程中结构化“硝酸的性质”知识,利用结构化的知识评价铜制品抛光液的优缺点,并对此种抛光液提出合理的改进方案,促使知识素养化,落实学生的化学学科核心素养。     

化学与人类文明公选课教学探讨

探讨化学与人类文明公选课教学,以便于指导选修此课程的学生更好地认识化学,应用化学和感悟化学。     

例谈避免"化学与生活"模块教学的科普化

高中化学新课程结构分为必修和选修2部分,"化学与生活"属于其中的一个选修模块。广大化学教师在实施此模块过程中遇到的普遍问题是:感觉没有多少化学知识,大部分教学内容倾向于科普介绍。通过"垃圾的妥善处理与利用"教学案例探讨避免"化学与生活"模块教学的科普化的教学策略和注意事项。     

原始化学问题的内涵与价值

在化学教育中落实化学学科核心素养,是我国当前化学教育教学改革的现实问题。与传统习题不同的是,原始化学问题关注学生在解决“复杂的、不确定的现实问题”时的综合品质,是一种能够考查学生高水平化学学科核心素养的新型问题。对原始化学问题的内涵进行深入解读,厘清原始化学问题与化学习题的关系,发掘原始化学问题的教育价值,有助于落实化学学科核心素养,促进学生系统思维的发展,引导化学教育评价理念的变革。     

化学教育专业学生对化学科学知识学习特点认识的调查研究

调查显示, 不少师范生对信息加工理论不熟悉, 对化学知识的基础是语言知识、约定、规则和实验缺少认识, 不懂得为什么化学是自然科学中使用模糊语言最多的学科, 对不同类型化学知识学习的特点认识不足。化学教育专业教师, 在教学中要以学生已有知识经验为基础, 引导学生认识化学学科特点, 渗透针对化学科学知识学习特点的学习策略教育, 把传统教学方式与现代教育技术有效整合。提高师范生灵活地、科学地采用学习策略的能力。     

基础化学与特色专业化学的承接与协调——以煤化学中“胶质体”为例

针对特色专业化学教学过程中与基础化学知识的承接和协调问题，将繁杂的基础知识和专业理论设定成不同的学习目标，对课程内容重新梳理和组织。以PBL教学理念进行教学设计，强化学习过程中的自我管理和解决问题的能力；以CBL模式进行案例分析，将抽象枯燥的理论知识变成直观、生动、形象的案例，促使学生不断思考该问题或现象出现的原因和机制，克服了普通教学法理论与实践相互联系不足的缺点。对知识点的讲解采取"因-果"相承、"点-面"结合、"抽象-具体"对照的授课方法，获得了良好的教学效果。     

Modern Aspects of Pseudohalogen Chemistry: News from CN‐ and PN‐Chemistry

The pseudohalogen concept still provides a powerful tool to understand the correlation between chemical properties, structure and bonding of pseudohalogen species. Starting from a modern version of the pseudohalogen concept, this research report gives an overview on different subjects of CN‐ and PN‐chemistry dealt with in our group. One of our fundamental interests lies in the synthesis and study of structure and bonding of resonance stabilized pseudohalides such as methanides, amides or binary PN‐pseudohalides. The first chapter describes new syntheses of alkaline dinitroso‐ and nitro(nitroso)cyanomethanides, methanide‐based ionic liquids and their chemical properties. The second chapter deals with azaphospholes which can be considered (i) as resonance stabilized dimers of P‐analogues of covalent azides in case of the triazadiphospholes or (ii) as [3+2] cycloaddition product of a hidden PNN 1,3 dipole (P‐analogue of a covalent azide) with dipolarophiles possessing NN or PN moieties. Starting from a [3+2] synthetic tool kit, new PN‐heterocycles (triazadiphospholes and tetrazaphospholes) and a new synthetic approach called GaCl₃‐assisted [3+2] cycloaddition are discussed.     

Thiol–Ene Click Chemistry

Following Sharpless′ visionary characterization of several idealized reactions as click reactions, the materials science and synthetic chemistry communities have pursued numerous routes toward the identification and implementation of these click reactions. Herein, we review the radical‐mediated thiol–ene reaction as one such click reaction. This reaction has all the desirable features of a click reaction, being highly efficient, simple to execute with no side products and proceeding rapidly to high yield. Further, the thiol–ene reaction is most frequently photoinitiated, particularly for photopolymerizations resulting in highly uniform polymer networks, promoting unique capabilities related to spatial and temporal control of the click reaction. The reaction mechanism and its implementation in various synthetic methodologies, biofunctionalization, surface and polymer modification, and polymerization are all reviewed.     

Materials Chemistry in Münster

Ende August haben Sigma‐Aldrich High‐Technology und die NRW Graduate School of Chemistry ihren zweiten gemeinsamen Doktoranden‐Workshop in Materials Chemistry veranstaltet. Mehr als 60 Doktoranden aus dem In‐ und Ausland haben drei Tage in den Münsteraner chemischen Instituten über Materialwissenschaften diskutiert.     

Materials Chemistry in Münster

Anfang September vergangenen Jahres haben Sigma‐Aldrich High‐Technology und die NRW Graduate School of Chemistry ihren ersten gemeinsamen Doktoranden‐Workshop im Bereich Materials Chemistry veranstaltet. Mehr als 80 Doktoranden aus dem In‐ und Ausland haben drei Tage in den Münsteraner Chemischen Instituten über Materialwissenschaften diskutiert.     

化学史融入中学化学课程“四线式”教学模式的构建

在借鉴已有科学史融入其他学科教学模式的基础上,针对目前化学史融入中学化学课程的实际教学现状,经过多次教学实践的检验,提出了一种将化学史有效融入中学化学教学实践的“历史线”“探究线”“知识线”和“应用线”的四线式教学模式,该模式可将化学核心素养的培养贯穿于整个教学之中。     

Visible‐Light‐Induced Click Chemistry

A rapid and catalyst‐free cycloaddition system for visible‐light‐induced click chemistry is reported. A readily accessible photoreactive 2H‐azirine moiety was designed to absorb light at wavelengths above 400 nm. Irradiation with low‐energy light sources thus enables efficient small‐molecule synthesis with a diverse range of multiple‐bond‐containing compounds. Moreover, in order to demonstrate the efficiency of the current approach, quantitative ligation of the photoactivatable chromophore with functional polymeric substrates was performed and full conversion with irradiation times of only 1 min at ambient conditions was achieved. The current report thus presents a highly efficient method for applications involving selective cycloaddition to electron‐deficient multiple‐bond‐containing materials.     

Wavelength‐Gated Dynamic Covalent Chemistry

Chemical reactions are classically controlled by the judicious choice of functional groups as well as external factors such as temperature and catalysts. However, the use of light‐induced reactions not only offers precise temporal and spatial control, but critically allows highly specific reaction channels to be selectively addressed through wavelength and intensity, thereby enabling targeted covalent bonds to be made and broken. Photoreversible cycloadditions are the most promising candidates to seize the outlined potential upon selective cyclization and cycloreversion, but are today still far from fulfilling these expectations. The current Minireview critically explores the current challenges in the application of photoreversible cycloadditions and discusses the steps necessary to realize their potential in molecular biology, biomimetic systems, 3D laser lithographic processes, and advanced soft matter materials with reprogrammable and self‐healing properties.     

Contribution to Halo‐Chalcogenates Chemistry

Abstract. By direct reactions of selenium with halogen and trimethylphenylammonium halogenide and tetraphenylphosphonium, ethyltriphenylphosphonium, and methyltriphenylphosphonium bromides, the tetrahalogenidoselenates(II) – bis(trimethylphenylammonium)tetrabromidoselenate(II) bromide, [NPhMe₃]₂[SeBr₄] · [NPhMe₃]Br, a mixed bis(trimethylphenylammonium) tetra(bromido/chlorido)selenate(II), [NPhMe₃]₂[SeBr_4–xCl_x] · [NPhMe₃]₂SeBr_1–yCl_y], [NPhMe₃]₂[SeBr_4–xCl_x],the haxahalogenidodiselenates(II) – bis(trimethylphenylammonium) hexabromidodiselenate(II), [NPhMe₃]₂[Se₂Br₆], bis(trimethylphenylammonium) hexachloridodiselenate(II), [NPhMe₃]₂[Se₂Cl₆], a mixed bis(trimethylphenylammonium) bromido/chlorido‐diselenate(II), [NPhMe₃]₂[Se₂Br₅Cl], bis(tetraphenylphosphonium) hexabromidodiselenate(II), [PPh₄]₂[Se₂Br₆], bis(ethyltriphenylphosphonium) hexabromidodiselenate(II), [PEtPh₃]₂[Se₂Br₆], and bis(methyltriphenylphosphonium) hexabromidodiselenate(II), [PMePh₃]₂[Se₂Br₆], were prepared. By the reaction of selenium with bromine in acetonitrile in the presence of trimethylphenylammonium, benzyltrimethylammonium, and tetramethylammonium bromides, the salts of the unique bromidoselenate(I) anions – bis(trimethylphenylammonium) hexabromidotetraselenate(I), [NPhMe₃]₂[Se₄Br₆], bis(benzyltrimethylammonium) hexabromidotetraselenate(I), [NBzMe₃]₂[Se₄Br₆], and bis(tetramethylammonium) octadecabromidohexadecaselenate(I), [NMe₄]₂[Se₁₆Br₁₈], were isolated. First mixed‐valence bromidoselenates(II/I) – bis(tetraethylammonium) octabromidotriselenate(II){dibromidodiselenate(I)}, [NEt₄]₂[Se₃Br₈(Se₂Br₂)], bis(tetraphenylphosphonium) hexabromidodiselenate(II)‐bis{dibromidodiselenate(I)}, [PPh₄]₂[Se₂Br₆(Se₂Br₂)₂], and tetrakis(tetramethylammonium) bis{decabromidotetraselenate(II)}‐bis{dibromidodiselenate(I)}, [(CH₃)₄N]₄[(Se₄Br₁₀)₂(Se₂Br₂)₂] – were synthesized. Mixed bis(trimethylphenylammonium) hexabromidoselenate/tellurate(IV), [NPhMe₃]₂[Se_0.75Te_0.25Br₆], catena‐poly[(di‐μ‐bromidobis‐{tetrabromidoselenate/tellurate(IV)})‐ μ‐bromine], [NPhMe₃]_2n[Se_1.5Te_0.5Br₁₀ · Br₂]_n were isolated. First mixed‐valence bromidoselenate(IV/I)‐bis(trimethylphenylammonium) hexabromidoselenate(IV)‐bis{dibromidodiselenate(I)}, [NPhMe₃]₂[SeBr₆(Se₂Br₂)₂], a number of mixed bromidochalcogenates(IV/I) – bis(trimethylphenylammonium), bis(tetraethylphosphonium), bis(ethyltriphenylphosphonium) hexabromidotellurates(IV)‐bis{dibromidodiselenates(I)}, [NPhMe₃]₂[TeBr₆(Se₂Br₂)₂], [PEt₄]₂[TeBr₆(Se₂Br₂)₂], [PEtPh₃]₂[TeBr₆(Se₂Br₂)₂], bis(triethylmethylammonium) hexabromidotellurate(IV)‐tris{dibromidodiselenate(I)}, [NMeEt₃]_2n[TeBr₆(Se₂Br₂)₃]_n, were synthesized. Mixed‐valence bromidoselenate(IV/II) – bis(methyltriphenylphosphonium) hexabromidoselenate(IV)‐bis{dibromidoselenate(II)},[PMePh₃]₂[SeBr₆(SeBr₂)₂], received by direct synthesis and two mixed‐valence bromidochalcogenates(IV/II) – bis(methyltriphenylphosphonium) and bis(tetrapropylammonium) hexabromidotellurates(IV)‐selenates(II), [PMePh₃]₂[TeBr₆(SeBr₂)₂] and [NⁿPr₄]₂[TeBr₆(SeBr₂)₂], were synthesized from elemental selenium, tellurium dioxide, and corresponding onium bromide. The structures of all compounds were determined by X‐ray diffraction.