石墨烯/聚吡咯纳米纤维超级电容器电极材料的制备及其电化学性能

超级电容器因其具有较高的循环稳定性和较好的能量密度而成为储能器件中的研究热点,其电极材料及制备方法是决定超级电容器电化学性能的关键因素。 本文以聚环氧乙烷-聚环氧丙烷-聚环氧乙烷三嵌段共聚物(P123)为软模板,通过一步原位聚合法成功地制备了石墨烯/聚吡咯纳米纤维(GR/PPy NF)复合超级电容器电极材料。 通过X射线衍射(XRD),X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)等对复合材料的结构和形态进行了系统的表征。 利用电化学方法对GR/PPy NF复合电极材料的电化学性能进行了系统的分析。 结果表明,在电流密度0.5 A/g下,纳米复合材料的比电容量高达969.5 F/g,在充放电600圈之后,仍可保留初始比电容的88%,展示了良好的电容性能及循环稳定性。 GR/PPy NF制备简单,性能优异,是一种很有前途的能量转换/存储材料。     

多次聚合法制备多孔聚吡咯厚膜及其电化学容量性能

为了得到高面积比容量的聚吡咯(PPy)膜超级电容器电极材料, 用多次聚合法合成了PPy厚膜, 聚合电量分别为8、10和12 mAh·cm-2, 掺杂离子分别为氯离子和对甲基苯磺酸根离子(TOS-). PPy膜的电化学性能采用恒电流充放电、循环伏安(CV)和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)等方法测试. 研究表明, 多次聚合法可以制备表面平整且内部均匀多孔的PPy厚膜. 在聚合电量为12 mAh·cm-2时, 用Cl-、TOS-两种离子掺杂的PPy厚膜的面积比容量高达5 F·cm-2, 并表现出理想的电化学容量性能. 同时PPy-Cl厚膜的质量比容量达到330 F·g-1, PPy-TOS厚膜的质量比容量略低(191 F·g-1), 但具有更快的充放电速率. 与一次聚合法合成的PPy 薄膜相比, 多次聚合法合成的PPy厚膜的质量比容量没有降低. 通过场发射扫描电镜(SEM)观察了一次聚合法和多次聚合法制备的PPy厚膜的截面形貌, 并讨论了多次聚合法的合成机理.     

基于静电吸附作用制备PPy/CNTs复合材料

通过添加十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS), 在碳纳米管(CNTs)表面引入具有静电吸附作用的基团, 使吡咯单体附着于CNTs表面, 然后发生化学原位聚合, 得到了由片状聚吡咯(PPy)包覆CNTs所构成的PPy/CNTs复合材料, 开辟了一条易于工业化生产制备PPy/CNTs复合材料的途径. 所得材料和CNTs借助傅立叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜等设备进行了成分和形貌的表征; 并将所得材料组装成电化学超级电容器, 进行了电化学性能测试. 研究结果表明, 加入SDBS后, 吡咯单体能很好地吸附于CNTs表面; CNTs的应用细化了PPy的颗粒, 改善了PPy的导电性能和机械性能, 使PPy/CNTs复合材料呈现出多孔状; 其电化学容量达到101.1 F·g-1(有机电解液), 是同样制备条件下所得纯PPy电化学容量(19.0 F·g-1)的5倍多, 约是所用纯CNTs电化学容量(25.0 F·g-1)的4倍.     

聚吡咯/还原氧化石墨烯复合物的合成及电容性能

通过原位聚合方法制备不同配比的聚吡咯/氧化石墨（PPy/GO）复合物,将其用NaBH4还原得到聚吡咯/还原氧化石墨烯(PPy/RGO)复合物,采用X射线衍射、红外光谱和场发射扫描电子显微镜（FESEM）对其结构和形貌进行物理表征。 采用循环伏安、恒电流充放电和交流阻抗等电化学方法系统研究了所制备样品的电化学性能。 实验结果表明,在电流密度为0.5 A/g、吡咯（Py）与GO质量比为95∶5时,得到的复合物还原前后比电容分别可达401.5和314.5 F/g,远高于单纯的GO（34.8 F/g）和PPy（267.5 F/g）。 经过1200圈循环稳定性测试后,PPy/RGO复合物比电容保持了原来的62.5%,与PPy和PPy/GO（电容保持率分别为16.8%和46.4%）相比,PPy/RGO表现出更好的循环稳定性能,有望成为超级电容器电极材料。     

9,10-蒽醌-2-磺酸钠盐掺杂对导电聚吡咯电容性能的促进作用

用恒电位法制成以9,10-蒽醌-2-磺酸钠盐(AQS)为掺杂阴离子的导电聚吡咯(PPy)电化学电容器电极材料,并采用循环伏安(CV)、充放电测试、电化学阻抗(EIS)等方法表征电容性质.结果表明,与高氯酸阴离子(ClO4-)掺杂的PPy相比,PPy/AQS电极材料不仅单位质量电容和电极稳定性得到提高,工作电压范围也得以扩大.在1mol·L-1的氯化钾中,工作电压为-0.6至0.6V,扫描速率为50mV·s-1时其单位质量电容达到491F·g-1,比PPy/ClO4-电极材料提高1.5倍.这是由于AQS自身良好的氧化还原活性和AQS掺杂有利于聚吡咯膜形成疏松多孔的纳米及亚微米颗粒结构而导致的.     

电化学混合电容器用新型聚吡咯/介孔碳纳米复合电极

采用介孔碳CMK-3作为载体,通过化学原位聚合的方法制备出一种新型的聚吡咯/介孔碳(PPy-CMK-3)纳米复合材料.将该纳米复合材料作为正极,配以介孔碳CMK-3为负极和1.0mol·L-1NaNO3中性电解液,组装成为电化学混合电容器.电化学测试表明:在5.0mA·cm-2电流密度和1.4V充放电电位条件下,其放电比容量达57F·g-1,电容器功率密度为2.5×102W·kg-1,能量密度达17Wh·kg-1.当电流密度从5.0mA·cm-2增加至50mA·cm-2时,电容器的容量保持率在80%以上,显示高倍率充放电特性优异.此外,聚吡咯-介孔碳/介孔碳电化学混合电容器易活化,并具有优异的充放电效率和良好的循环稳定性能.     

基于碳纳米管－聚苯胺纳米复合物的超级电容器研究

为了提高碳纳米管的比容, 采用化学原位聚合的方法在碳纳米管的表面包覆聚苯胺, 制备碳纳米管-聚苯胺纳米复合物. 运用TEM和IR对样品进行了表征. 通过循环伏安研究样品的电化学特性. 利用恒流充放电考察基于碳纳米管-聚苯胺复合物超级电容器的性能. 在相同实验条件下, 对碳纳米管进行了比较分析. 实验结果表明, 在电流密度为10 mA/cm²时, 碳纳米管和碳纳米管-聚苯胺复合物的比容分别为52和201 F/g. 基于碳纳米管-聚苯胺纳米复合物的超级电容器的能量密度达到6.97 Wh/kg, 并且具有良好的功率特性.     

聚苯胺/聚吡咯-纳米二氧化硅复合薄膜的合成及防腐性能

采用循环伏安法(CV)在316不锈钢(316SS)表面聚合生成聚苯胺/聚吡咯-纳米二氧化硅(PAni/PPySiO_2)共聚复合薄膜.通过电化学工作站、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等考察了聚苯胺(PAni)、聚苯胺/聚吡咯(PAni/PPy)与PAni/PPy-SiO_2薄膜的电化学聚合过程、分子结构和特征形貌;在3.5%(质量分数)Na Cl水溶液中利用Tafel极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)分别考察了PAni,PAni/PPy与PAni/PPy-SiO_2薄膜对不锈钢的防腐性能.结果表明,通过电化学法可以在316不锈钢表面生成PAni/PPy-SiO_2共聚复合薄膜;相对于PAni薄膜与PAni/PPy薄膜,PAni/PPy-SiO_2薄膜有着更密实的表面结构,其对不锈钢的保护能力优于PAni/PPy薄膜和PAni薄膜,纳米SiO_2的掺杂通过加强膜层的机械屏蔽作用并抑制腐蚀反应过程中电荷的传递,提高了薄膜的防腐能力.     

纳米结构ZnO/染料/聚吡咯光阳极的光电化学性质

用光电化学方法研究了染料RuL2 (NCS) 2 (L =2 ,2′ bipydine 4,4′ dicarboxylicacid) (简写为Dye)、聚吡咯 (PPy)敏化氧化锌 (ZnO)纳米晶电极以及用RuL2 (NCS) 2 和PPy复合敏化ZnO纳米晶膜电极的光电化学行为 .实验表明 ,ZnO/PPy纳米多孔膜电极为双层n 型半导体结构 .PPy和RuL2(NCS) 2 都可对ZnO纳米晶膜产生敏化作用 ,ZnO/RuL2 (NCS) 2 /PPy复合多孔膜电极产生的光电流远大于ZnO/PPy纳米多孔膜电极和ZnO/Dye多孔膜电极产生的光电流 .讨论了该电极的光生电子的机理 ,初步测定了ZnO/RuL2 (NCS) 2 /PPy电极作为光阳极的光电化学电池的工作特性曲线 ,测得该电池的光电转换效率为 1 .3% ,填充因子为 0 .75 .     

超级电容器用聚吡咯纳米粒子的比容量衰减机理研究

基于化学氧化聚合法制备了粒径约为40nm的掺杂对甲苯磺酸(TSA)的聚吡咯(PPy)复合纳米粒子.采用XRD、EDS、SEM和TEM研究了产物的结构和形貌特征,并用循环伏安、恒流充放电等方法测试了纳米粒子的电化学性能.结果表明PPy/TSA具有良好的快速充放电能力,在10 mA/cm2时比容量达到268Fg-1,但在1000次循环后发现其比容量下降了25.5%.用CV测试了PPy/TSA电极在第一次循环和第1000次循环的伏安曲线图,发现经过1000次循环后PPy/TSA电极的氧化峰逐渐消失,并且非法拉第电流减小.交流阻抗测试表明,PPy/TSA纳米粒子在反复充放电循环后,其界面电荷传递电阻增加,高频段双层电容值降低,但低频段的赝电容值却有所增加.通过比表面积测量发现,聚合物链的反复氧化-还原过程还可导致平均孔径减小、比表面积下降.红外和拉曼光谱也证实PPy纳米粒子在充放电过程中会发生降解,生成一种含氧的醌式结构,这表明聚合物电极材料比容量的下降可能与PPy主链的不可逆氧化和结构碎片化有关.     

Nano-polypyrrole supercapacitor arrays prepared by layer-by-layer assembling method in anodic aluminum oxide templates

A novel method for preparing nano-supercapacitor arrays, in which each nano-supercapacitor consisted of electropolymerized Polypyrrole (PPy) electrode / porous TiO₂ separator / chemical polymerized PPy electrode, was developed in this paper. The nano-supercapacitors were fabricated in the nano array pores of anodic aluminum oxide template using the bottom-up, layer-by-layer synthetic method. The nano-supercapacitor diameter was 80 nm, and length 500 nm. Based on the charge/discharge behavior of nano-supercapacitor arrays, it was found that the PPy/TiO₂/PPy array supercapacitor devices performed typical electrochemical supercapacitor behavior. The method introduced here may find application in manufacturing nano-sized electrochemical power storage devices in the future for their use in the area of microelectronic devices and microelectromechanical systems.     

Nanocomposite with Polypyrrole Encapsulated within SBA‐15 Mesoporous Silica: Preparation and Its Electrochemical Application

The nanocomposite with polypyrrole (PPy) confined in ordered mesoporous silica SBA‐15 channels was synthesized by in situ electropolymerization. X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, N₂ adsorption/desorption, and FT‐IR studies indicated that the nanocomposite has the well‐ordered hexagonal structures and PPy was in situ polymerized into the channels instead of the outer surface of SBA‐15. Furthermore, the PPy/SBA‐15 nanocomposite was used as an electrode modifier. We found that the nanocomposite‐modified electrode exhibited good electrocatalytic activities for hydroquinone oxidation where PPy chains could facilitate the electron transfer between molecular sieves and electrode surface. Three dihydroxybenzene isomers (hydroquinone, catechol and resorcinol) have been successfully detected at PPy/SBA‐15 modified electrode by preconcentration of the analyte.     

聚吡咯为基质的脲酶传感器生物电化学响应

用电化学方法在吡咯（Ｐｙ）聚合的同时,将脲酶掺杂进聚吡咯膜（ＰＰｙ）中形成以聚吡咯为基质的脲酶电极．将脲酶电极与ＣＯ２气敏电极结合,组成对脲有电位响应的脲酶生物传感器．测试了传感器对脲的生物电化学响应．研究了聚合条件对酶活性的影响,并测定了掺杂于聚吡咯中的脲酶的活化能等动力学参数．在５０×１０－５～１．０×１０－２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的浓度范围内,传感器响应的电极电位与脲浓度的对数成正比．     

Bioelectrochemical Response of Polypyrrole Modified Urease Sensor

The preparation method of biological ferment electrode is one of decisive factors that affect its bio-electrochemical responding sign. It demands both suitable indicator electrode and antiwater soluble film that can keep catalytic activity. In this paper,urease was doped into polypyrrole(PPy) film while pyrrole(Py) was polymerized by electrochemical method to formed urease biosensor based on PPy film,then,ferment electrode was combined with CO₂ gas-sensing electrode to assemble a urease biosensor responding to urea.     

Application of Al2O3 in the electrosynthesis of polypyrrole with fuzzy morphology—Microtentacle

Polypyrrole (PPy) thin films were electrochemically polymerized onto the electrode surface. In this study alumina was used as the template and PPy film was prepared by electrochemical polymerization using Al/Al₂O₃ as the working electrode. Surface morphology of PPy was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the results revealed that the application of the template resulted in PPy with fantastic surface morphology which was called microtentacle and the length of the tentacle could reach 15 µm. The morphology can evidently increase the roughness, thus the surface area of the electrode substrate, and provide an intimate contact with the surrounding brain tissue compared to the hard, stiff metal surface. Relationship between PPy morphology and electrochemical polymerization parameters, such as polymerization time, was investigated. The study provided a fundamental method to prepare a PPy‐modified electrode with high surface area. Potential application of the study is proposed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

聚吡咯纳米阵列电极的光电化学

以多孔的铝阳极氧化膜(AAO)为模板制备了直径约为80 nm聚吡咯(PPy)纳米线的阵列电极, 并研究了它的光电化学响应. 结果表明, 在电极电位低于－0.1 V(vs Ag/AgCl)时出现的阴极光电流是由聚吡咯纳米线的p型半导体性质引起的, 其平带电位为－0.217 V. 聚吡咯纳米线的长度对光电流的影响较大, 最佳长度为42 nm. 这是因为在很短的聚吡咯纳米线阵列中PPy太少, 产生的光电流弱, 而在过长的聚吡咯纳米线阵列中光生电子在到达电极基底前易于与光生空穴复合而消失. 聚吡咯纳米线有可能作为纳米光电器件用于未来微器件系统.     

PPy modified titanium foam electrode with high performance for supercapacitor

Pyrrole was polymerized on the surface of titanium foam using FeCl₃ as oxidant and the as-synthesized product could be directly used as electrode for supercapacitor. The globular polypyrrole (PPy) particles were firmly loaded on the substrate with high density. The morphology study of PPy film is observed in SEM images, the XRD, FTIR and UV–vis spectra reveal the structure and crystalline of PPy nanoparticles. The electrochemical properties of PPy modified electrode are investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) and cycle life techniques. The electrochemical measurements showed such a PPy–Ti electrode had a wide working potential window, a high specific capacitance of 855 F g⁻¹ and excellent cycle stability at a discharge current density of 1 A g⁻¹.     

无纺布基聚吡咯柔性电极的储锂性能

高性能的柔性锂离子电池对可穿戴电子设备的发展具有重要意义。采用化学氧化法在聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)无纺布基材上原位聚合聚吡咯(PPy),并通过控制反应条件得到不同形貌的聚吡咯电极材料。当反应体系中剪切力较小时,得到纳米线状聚吡咯(PPy-NW/PET),反之,为纳米颗粒形貌的聚吡咯(PPy-NP/PET)。PPy纳米线的平均直径为460 nm,在包覆PET纤维的同时相互交叠,形成了三维网状导电通道。该PPy/PET可以直接作为无粘结剂的柔性电极材料。电化学测试结果表明,PPy-NW/PET电极材料的性能更优异,其首次放电和充电的比容量分别为124和98 mA[DK1]·h/g,且具有良好的柔性和稳定性。本文对柔性、轻质电极材料的制备及其在储能领域的应用提供了很好的思路。     

Preparation and characterization of conducting poly(acryloyl chloride)‐g‐ polypyrrole copolymer

The electroactive copolymer of poly(acryloyl chloride) (PAC) and polypyrrole (PPy) can be synthesized by electrochemical polymerization using a polymer precursor which contains a pyrrole moiety in its side chain. Poly(acryloyl pyrrole) (PAP) was synthesized chemically with acryloyl chloride and potassium pyrrole salt and characterized using FT‐IR and ¹H‐NMR spectroscopy. PAP dissolved in dimethyl formamide (DMF), was spin‐coated on a platinum electrode and polymerized electrochemically in the electrolytic mixture solution consisting of acetonitrile, 0.1 M pyrrole, and 0.1 M lithium perchlorate. Constant potential electrolysis showed that pyrrole groups in the precursor were oxidized to form PPy, that is, they acted as grafting centers at which the PPy grew. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results and conductivity measurements supported the formation of the graft copolymer. The morphological feature of PAC‐g‐PPy copolymer films showed homogeneous structure, but that of PAC/PPy composite films showed irregular structure. The maximum conductivity of the final products was about 1 S/cm. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

以聚吡咯和纳米金为基质基于电化学交流阻抗测试的乙肝表面抗原免疫传感器研究

A novel simple immunosensing strategy for fabrication of hepatitis B surface antigen detection has been developed via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） as a platform. At first, the conductive polymer polypyrrole （PPy） film was electrodeposited on a platinum electrode surface to adsorb the gold nanoparticles （nano-Au） via the opposite-charged adsorption technique, and then hepatitis B surface antibodies were adsorbed onto the surface of nano-Au. The modification procedure was characterized by EIS. Such spectroscopy is attributed to the concomitant conductivity changes of the polymerized pyrrole film and gold nanoparticles. The factors influencing the performance of resulting immunoelectrode were studied in detail. The linear range of the resulting immunoelectrode is from 2.6 to 153.6 ng.mL^-1 with a detection limit of 1.3 ng·mL^-1 at 3σ. In addition, the experiment results indicate that antibody immobilized on this way exhibits a good sensitivity, selectivity, high stability and a long-term maintenance of bioactivity, implying a great promising alternative approach for reagentless immunosensing analysis in the clinical diagnosis.