生物质再燃降低NOx排放的实验研究

在多功能燃烧脱硝实验装置上,对不同种类生物质再燃脱硝进行了实验研究,考察了生物质特性及实验工况对脱硝效果的影响。结果表明,生物质再燃能够取得55%～70%的脱硝效率,当实验参数选取在一定范围内时,随着再燃区温度的提高、过量空气系数的减少、再燃比的增加、NO初始浓度的提高以及燃料粒径的减小,NOx还原率逐渐提高。相同的实验工况下,玉米秸再燃取得的脱硝效果最好,麦秸、花生壳次之,杨木屑较差。     

热解温度对生物质焦理化特性的影响

利用SEM、BET及TGA对在873、1 073和1 273 K下制得的麦秆焦的理化特性进行分析,进行了用制得的麦秆焦还原NO的实验,同时考虑了焦样及NO初始浓度对该反应的影响,得出了热解温度对麦秆焦的各种物理化学特性及其与NO反应活性的影响。结果表明,1 073 K焦样的孔隙特征最为发达,燃烧活性最高,并对应最高的NO还原效率。焦作用下NO的还原率随着焦样浓度的增大线性升高,而随着初始NO浓度的增大呈幂函数的规律下降。不同热解温度下麦秆焦样与NO的反应均在1 173 K附近存在动力学控制和扩散控制的转折温度;在动力学控制的反应温度范围内,热解温度对麦秆焦与NO反应活化能的影响不大(89.78~95.41 kJ/mol),其中,NO浓度项和焦浓度项的反应级数分别为0.89和1.00。     

生物质气化技术发展分析

生物质气化技术在世界范围内得到了广泛应用.研究综述了生物质气化技术的发展现状和应用情况,阐明了生物质气化技术目前存在的主要问题;对中国生物质气化生活供气和工业供气典型项目的经济性进行了分析,在此基础上对中国生物质气化技术应用前景进行了展望;结合中国生物质气化产业发展面临的新形势,为生物质气化产业的发展提出建议.     

Application of catalysts for producing organic compounds from plant biomass

Experimental data on acid-base and oxidation-reduction catalysis in the conversion of wood carbohydrates and lignin to levoglucosenone, levulinic acid, aromatic aldehydes and other fine chemicals are presented and discussed.     

生物质热反应机理与活化能确定方法Ⅰ.干燥段研究

干燥段是生物质热解的第一个过程.采用热分析仪研究了杉木木屑干燥段质量和热量的变化,推导了非等温干燥动力学模型,探讨了热质传输机理.结果表明,随着温度的升高,木屑含湿量迅速下降,80℃左右出现一个明显的失重峰;非等温干燥动力学Page模型能很好地模拟木屑干燥过程,木屑干燥活化能为12.6 kJ/mol;水分传输与热量传递...     

Thermal processing of algal biomass for biofuel production

Concerns over the environment and energy security have led to considerable research efforts into the development of renewable alternatives to fossil-based fuels and chemical from biomass. Algae has been identified as the biomass with great potential for utilization in this regard, due to several advantages algae has over terrestrial plants, such as a higher growth rate and photosynthetic efficiency, better CO₂ sequestration, and the ability to grow in non-arable land with low quality water. Conversion technologies, particularly thermochemical conversion, are actively being researched and developed to produce renewable chemicals and fuels. A major advance in this regard is thermal conversion of whole algal biomass, especially wet processing that can significantly reduce the cost of production. This short review looks at major developments in thermal processing of algal biomass with primary focus on the past two years.     

煤与生物质混烧灰荷电特性研究

对玉米秸分别与两种煤以不同比例混烧生成的混烧灰进行了荷电特性研究。利用法拉第杯荷电量检测系统和静电低压撞击器(ELPI)测量了混烧灰的总体荷质比及分级荷质比,并借助于成分分析及形貌分析结果讨论了其影响机理。结果表明,随着生物质掺入量在混烧燃料中的增加,混烧灰的成分组成发生变化,使得其介电常数变大,比电阻增大,表面吸附能力增强,从而使混烧灰的总体荷质比有一定的上升趋势。对混烧灰的分级荷质比测量结果表明,排除灰样粒径的影响,生物质的掺入使得混烧灰的荷电能力得以增强,但影响相对较小,颗粒粒径是影响混烧灰荷电能力的主要因素。     

Carbonaceous residues from biomass gasification as catalysts for biodiesel production

Tars and alkali ashes from biomass gasification processes currently constitute one of the major problems in biomass valorisation,generating clogging of filters and issues related with the purity of syngas production.To date,these waste residues find no useful applications and they are generally disposed upon generation in the gasification process.A detailed analysis of these residues pointed out the presence of high quantities of Ca(>30 wt%).TG experiments indicated that a treatment under air at moderate temperatures(400-800 C) decomposed the majority of carbon species,while XRD indicated the presence of a crystalline CaO phase.CaO enriched valorized materials turned out to be good heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from vegetable oils,providing moderate to good activities(50%-70% after 12 h) to fatty acid methyl esters in the transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol.     

离子液体作用下微波辐照生物质快速热解制备生物质油(英文)

以离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯([Bmim]Cl)和1-丁基-3甲基咪唑四氟化硼([Bmim]BF4)为催化剂,在微波加热作用下,研究了稻草和锯屑的热解。微波加热20 min,稻草和锯屑的生物油产率分别为38%和34%。考察了微波加热时间、微波功率和离子液体用量对生物质油产率的影响。当以相同的离子液体为催化剂时,稻草微波热解得到的生物质油产率大于锯屑的。生物油成分主要有糠醛、醋酸和1-羟基-2-丁酮等,其含量主要取决于生物质原料和加入的离子液体的类型。     

烟煤与生物质快速共热解产物特性分析

研究了烟煤(YL)分别与富含半纤维素的玉米芯(CB)和富含木质素的松木屑(SD)快速共热解产物产率和气体组成的变化规律。结果表明,烟煤与生物质共热解组分互相作用,造成共热解气、液、固相产率和气体组成的明显变化,且与生物质种类有关。相对于独立热解过程,玉米芯丰富的半纤维素造成热解水蒸气和CO₂浓度较高,且玉米芯中富含的K元素挥发迁移至煤焦表面,对热解半焦与水蒸气、CO₂的气化反应起到催化作用,反应生成的H₂和富氢组分易与热解生成的自由基结合,抑制自由基之间的缩聚反应,使得共热解气体和液体产率增加,而半焦产率减小。烟煤/松木屑共热解过程中,松木屑中富含的Ca元素在煤焦表面迁移,促进了松木屑热解液体在半焦表面裂解反应,生成CO₂、CO和富氢自由基等轻质组分,造成共热解半焦和液体产率降低而气体产率增加。热解产物半焦、焦油、水蒸气、CO₂之间的气化和裂解反应均产生富氢的次生组分,从而提高了共热解气体中CO和烃类气体产率,降低了H₂产率。     

Integrated processes for use of pulps and lignins obtained from sugarcane bagasse and straw

Sugarcane bagasse and straw can be converted into pulps, oils, controlled-release formulations, chelating agents, and composites. This article reviews bagasse and straw conversion efforts in Brazil. Laboratory-scale processes were developed aiming at the integral use of these biomass byproducts. Organosolv pulping and oxidation of lignin are the most promising processes for the rational use of sugarcane residues. Fungal pretreatment and spectroscopic characterization are also discussed.     

生物质铁盐催化加氢热解产生生物油与气态烃的研究

利用加压固定床反应器进行了松木催化加氢热解实验(终温600-700℃、氢压5.0 MPa),考察了硝酸铁和硫酸亚铁两种铁盐对热解产物产率及分布的影响。研究发现,Fe(NO₃)₃能够显著促进生物炭加氢生成甲烷,碳转化率高达97.4%,CH₄产率达21.2%,无水生物油产率为32.8%(产率基准均为干燥无灰生物质),生物油中含氧量降低,轻质芳烃产率增加,其中,苯、甲苯和二甲苯(BTX)产率为2.6%。而FeSO₄迥异于Fe(NO₃)₃,具有抑制气态烃和生物油生成的作用。机理研究表明,Fe(NO₃)₃在加氢过程中主要形成α-Fe,并促使生物炭形成无定型和多孔结构,从而有利于其加氢生成甲烷,而FeSO₄则部分转化为Fe₂S₃,由此可致使铁催化剂失活。     

Development of a multicriteria assessment model for ranking biomass feedstock collection and transportation systems

This study details multicriteria assessment methodology that integrates economic, social, environmental, and technical factors in order to rank alternatives for biomass collection and transportation systems. Ranking of biomass collection systems is based on cost of delivered biomass, quality of biomass supplied, emissions during collection, energy input to the chain operations, and maturity of supply system technologies. The assessment methodology is used to evaluate alternatives for collecting 1.8×10⁶ dry t/yr based on assumptions made on performance of various assemblies of biomass collection systems is based on cost of delivered biomass, quality of biomass supplied, emissions during collection, energy input to the chain operations, and maturity of supply system technologies. The assessment methodology is used to evaluate alternatives for collecting 1.8×10⁶ dry t/yr based on assumptions made on performance of various assemblies of biomass collection systems. A proposed collection option using loafer/stacker was shown to be the best option followed by ensiling and baling. Ranking of biomass transport systems is based on cost of biomass transport, emissions during transport, traffic congestion, and maturity of different technologies. At a capacity of 4×10⁶ dry t/yr, rail transport was shown to be the best option, followed by truck transport and pipeline transport, respectively. These rankings depend highly on assumed maturity of technologies and scale of utilization. These may change if technologies such as loafing or ensiling (wet storage) methods are proved to be infeasible for large-scale collection systems.     

Design of an experimental procedure for energy evaluation from biomass

The rational and sustainable exploitation of nature resources is one of the priority objectives of our society. In this article a method is proposed to evaluate and exploit the energetic resources contained in different forest formations. This method is based on the use of a combustion bomb calorimeter to determine the calorific values of the different samples studied. These results were complemented with chemical analysis of the samples and with environmental and geomorphological studies of the zones were samples were taken. The results obtained during the last 3 years for the residual biomass originated from the forest formations existing in Galicia ensure the reliability and usefulness of the method that can be extended to any forest formation all over the world.     

Flow field in a shrinking-bed reactor for pretreatment of cellulosic biomass

A shrinking-bed reactor was designed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory to maintain a constant bulk packing density of cellulosic biomass. The high solid-to-liquid ratio in the pretreatment process allows a high sugar yield and avoids the need to flush large volumes of solution through the reactor. The shrinking-bed reactor is a promising pretreatment reactor with the potential for scale-up for commercial applications. To scale up the shrinking-bed reactor, it is necessary to understand the flow pattern in the reactor. In this study, flow field is simulated with computational fluid dynamics using a porous medium model. Different discrete “snapshots” and multiple steady states are utilized. The bulk flow pattern, velocity distribution, and pressure drop are determined from the simulation and can be used to guide reactor design and scale-up.     

Synergies between bio- and oil refineries for the production of fuels from biomass

As petroleum prices continue to increase, it is likely that biofuels will play an ever-increasing role in our energy future. The processing of biomass-derived feedstocks (including cellulosic, starch- and sugar-derived biomass, and vegetable fats) by catalytic cracking and hydrotreating is a promising alternative for the future to produce biofuels, and the existing infrastructure of petroleum refineries is well-suited for the production of biofuels, allowing us to rapidly transition to a more sustainable economy without large capital investments for new reaction equipment. This Review discusses the chemistry, catalysts, and challenges involved in the production of biofuels.     

生物质与烟煤混合灰熔融特性影响因素的研究

为探究气氛、混合比及残炭含量对生物质与煤混合灰熔融特性的影响,将松木屑灰与乌海烟煤灰按不同质量比混合,采用智能灰熔点仪测定各混合灰样在不同气氛下的灰熔融温度,X射线衍射仪从矿物质演变角度分析混合灰熔融温度变化的原因。结果表明,由于铁尖晶石和铁橄榄石的生成,使混合灰的熔融温度在弱还原性气氛下比氧化性气氛下低,且差值的大小与混合灰中Fe含量有关;随松木屑灰含量的增加,钙铝黄长石、镁黄长石、白榴石等低温共熔物的生成量增加,使混合灰的熔融温度降低;此外,由于Fe-C共熔体(Fe_xC_y)的生成、灰锥局部还原性气氛及残炭的骨架作用,使混合灰的熔融温度随煤灰中残炭含量的增加呈现先升高后降低再升高的趋势。     

生物质气再燃减少流化床N_2O排放的实验研究

以生物质气化气作为再燃燃料,在小型流化床反应器内进行了N2O脱除的实验研究。研究了生物质气化气投入位置、料层高度、再燃燃料比、烟气含氧量和反应温度对N2O排放的影响。结果表明,距布风板200 mm的B喷口较离布风板较近的A喷口(距布风板100 mm)对应的N2O转化率高;反应温度为850℃、按照N2O/N2配置模拟烟气的情况下,B口喷入生物质气量为1%,床料CaO高度为10 mm时N2O接近完全分解;反应温度为850℃,床层高度大于20 mm时,从B口喷入大于0.4%比例的生物质气对应N2O分解率高于95%。     

Cork biomass as biosorbent for Cu(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II)

The removal of Cu(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II) from solutions using biosorption in cork powder is described. The adsorption isotherms were determined, along with the effect of different variables, such as the solid–liquid ratio, temperature and pH on the removal efficiency of the metals. The potentiometric titration curve of the cork biomass was determined and some zeta-potential studies were carried out. The effect of the pre-treatment by Fisher esterification on the biosorption properties of cork is also presented. It was concluded that the adsorption of the heavy metals was favoured by an increase in pH. The degree of heavy metal removal is directly related to the concentration of cork biomass, and the maximum sorption capacity of cork biomass for Cu(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II) was 0.63, 0.76 and 0.34 meq./g, respectively. It is shown that ion exchange plays a more important role in the sorption of Cu(II) and Ni(II) on cork biomass than in the sorption of Zn(II). The pre-treatment by Fisher esterification confirmed the important role of the carboxylic groups in binding of Cu(II) and Ni(II) and showed that they are the only binding sites for Zn(II).     

焙烧温度对Ni-Mg基蜂窝状催化剂生物燃气重整调变性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了Ni、Mg双金属负载在堇青石表面形成的蜂窝状催化剂,研究了焙烧温度对催化剂结构和生物质粗燃气重整反应性能的影响.结果表明,在不同焙烧温度下主要有NiO和NiMgO₂固溶体物相生成.相比于其他焙烧温度,催化剂在650 ℃焙烧温度下更有利于镍活性金属位的分散和活性位数量的增加.在干重整反应条件下,CH₄、CO₂的转化率以及H₂、CO产率随焙烧温度的升高呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势,在650 ℃焙烧温度下达到最高.在水蒸气重整反应条件下主要发生烃类产物与H₂O和CO₂的重整反应以及水煤气变换反应,焙烧温度的升高有利于水煤气反应的进行.此外,焙烧温度对于干重整反应条件下的H₂/CO体积比调节影响较小,而对于水蒸气重整反应条件下的H₂/CO体积比可进行选择性调节.