Model-based target recognition in pulsed ladar imagery

A pulsed ladar based object-recognition system with applications to automatic target recognition (ATR) is presented. The approach used is to fit the sensed range images to range templates extracted through a laser physics based simulation applied to geometric target models. A projection-based prescreener filters out more than 80% of candidate templates. For recognition, an M of N pixel matching scheme for internal shape matching is combined with a silhouette matching scheme. The system was trained on synthetic data obtained from the simulation, and has been blind tested on a data set containing real ladar images of military vehicles at various orientations and ranges. Successful blind testing on real imagery demonstrates the utility of synthetic imagery for training of recognizers operating on ladar imagery.     

新体制激光雷达光纤扫描系统

为了提高激光成像雷达的帧频与激光点斑密度,介绍了光纤扫描装置的原理。光纤扫描激光雷达系统基于两套激光发接收对称的光纤束,其发射系统由圆形排列到线性排列、接收系统由线性排列到圆形排列;圆形排列激光束与扫描摆镜、直线排列光纤束与物镜系统分别构成发收光学系统,实现光束在空间的偏转和接收。该雷达的核心是光纤束与光学镜头耦合构成的发收光学系统以及相应的控制系统。重点分析了光纤的数值孔径、瞬时视场角、成像视场、光学耦合效率等光学系统参数设定方法,介绍了一种光学镜头设计方案及控制系统中MCU的功能和参数选择方法。该项研究结合了国内的光学超精细加工、精密光学装调以及同步控制技术水平等设定合理的参数,概念新、方法新,实现光纤扫描激光雷达还是可行的。     

激光雷达测距系统光源驱动设计

脉冲式激光雷达探测性能与激光光源发出的光脉冲密切相关,而激光二极管(LD)驱动电路性能直接决定了光脉冲的优劣。基于激光雷达系统要求,选用超快速金属氧化物半导体场效应管(MOSFET)作为开关器件,建立驱动电路模型,对驱动电路设计与分析,经过多次试验,成功设计出最小脉宽10 ns,上升沿3.5 ns,重复频率可达50 kHz的LD驱动电路。驱动LD峰值功率将近60 W,成功用于激光雷达光源部分,测距精度达到3 cm/10.77 m,满足激光雷达系统要求。     

光波导相控阵激光雷达接收系统设计

针对光波导相控阵扫描角度大、速度高的特点,设计了光波导相控阵激光雷达的接收系统。该系统采用大视场凝视型的单孔径接收望远镜和APD阵列探测器,进行目标信号的接收转换与目标角度测量;同时采用微透镜阵列（MLA）以弥补APD阵列产生的探测视场空白,提高回波信号能量利用率。首先给出了设计的总体方案,选择并设计了系统的具体参数;针对选择的器件参数,根据激光雷达方程对系统的性能进行了分析。研究结果表明:所设计的接收系统具有体积小、结构紧凑的特点,性能指标可满足相控阵激光雷达的探测需要。     

多发多收合成孔径激光雷达高分辨率宽测绘带成像

合成孔径激光雷达（SAL）是作为未来远距离高分辨率对地区域观测的理想方式。针对传统的单发单收合成孔径激光雷达系统中高分辨率和宽测绘带的矛盾导致测绘带宽窄的问题,提出一种多发多收合成孔径激光雷达工作体制,该体制工作在低PRF模式,保证了距离向测绘带的不模糊,在方位向采用了多通道技术,利用虚拟孔径和真实孔径结合实现了方位向的多普勒不模糊。通过自适应波束形成将多通道数据合成大带宽无模糊数据,实现高分辨率宽测绘带成像。首先简述了方位向多通道技术提高方位向分辨率的原理;随后提出了多发多收合成孔径激光雷达的工作体制,并且给出了该工作体制下的信号模型,针对低脉冲重复频率条件下的多普勒模糊问题,提出了基于自适应波束形成解模糊信号处理方法。最后,通过三发三收体制验证多发多收合成孔径激光雷达工作体制的可行性。     

轻小型全天时远程光子计数激光雷达系统技术

对提升激光雷达作用距离的方法进行了分析,针对2 km以上的远程探测应用,提出了一种轻小型能够全天时工作的光子计数激光三维成像雷达解决方案,可用于轻小型飞行器制导,无人机、直升机、船舶导航与避障,铁路轨道障碍物探查等有远程探测需求的应用场合。该系统采取光子计数高探测灵敏度方案,光学应用收发共光路设计,收发望远镜巧妙采用了共轭光学设计,二维扫描机构放置于望远镜的后方,不但扩大了望远镜口径,提升了作用距离,同时也缩减了扫描镜尺寸,有利于扫描速度的提高,激光收发采取窄发散角和瞬时视场共视场扫描设计,再结合超窄带滤波器的应用,使得系统能够实现强烈背景噪声条件下的工作。最后讨论了高重频微脉冲激光器、发射杂散光干扰、偏振激光雷达适应性以及光子计数背景滤波去噪处理技术等技术难点。     

脉冲激光雷达测距系统虚警分析

脉冲激光雷达测距中,由于各种原因引发的虚警是影响激光雷达使用性能的一个重要问题.文中对脉冲激光雷达测距系统进行分析,找出引起脉冲激光雷达测距虚警发生的主要原因,并提出了减少脉冲激光雷达测距虚警的措施.     

天基合成孔径激光雷达非合作目标成像系统设计与实验

合成孔径激光雷达是合成孔径技术在激光相干探测雷达领域的推广,相比传统合成孔径雷达具有更高的分辨率。相比机载、陆基等应用环境,空间没有大气湍流和机械振动,非常适合合成孔径激光雷达应用,而合成孔径激光雷达本身分辨率不随距离变化的优点,也利于空间大尺度距离探测。建立了对非合作目标进行高分辨率成像监测天基合成孔径激光雷达成像模型,对系统中关键参数进行分析,针对地球静止轨道上的目标进行了系统设计,提出系统实现工程化需要进一步突破的关键技术。结合理论分析,设计了缩比模型验证实验,利用转台模拟空间卫星间运动,得到了方位向分辨率1 mm的目标图像,证明了系统分析的合理性和该系统的实用性,对天基合成孔径激光雷达技术的推广具有一定意义。     

Design and performance of a 215 GHz pulsed radar system

A high-power 215-GHz pulsed radar system developed for remote-sensing applications is described that is capable of making backscatter measurements from terrain targets at ranges of several kilometers under normal atmospheric conditions. By using separate transmit and receive antennas, the amplitudes of the polarization matrix elements may be measured conveniently. A dedicated data acquisition system was developed allowing up to 15 range gates to be sampled at 100-ns intervals. Instrument stability of ±1.0 dB yields accurate scattering measurements of a variety of terrestrial targets. System performance and calibration, together with measurements of snow backscatter coefficients made during early 1987, are discussed     

激光雷达距离像相关跟踪中的图像预处理

相干激光雷达距离像预处理是获得最终图像必不可少的步骤,其处理的好坏直接关系到目标识别的正确与否及追踪的稳定性.本文首先通过基于相干激光雷达特性得到仿真激光雷达含噪距离像与强度像,进而对原始噪声图像进行了背景抑制与距离反常抑制(中值滤波)以及二者结合预处理.用基于MCD距离的相关算法对处理前、后图像进行追踪.最后给出跟踪绝对误差.     

Power system for a high-power burst mode pulsed load

A novel power system, recently completed and commissioned, is described. Operating directly from an ll-kV, 50-Hz public supply, it provides the electrical energy for a burst mode, pulsed load. In each burst, the minimum energy delivered by the power system is 100 kJ at a rate of 330 kW. The pulse modulator operates at a peak charge of 105 kV and is capable of switching 200 MW over a range of pulse lengths and repetition rates. The high-voltage, high-current thyratrons used as the charge, discharge, and PFN energy dump switches were specially developed, four-gap, double-ended CX 1199B thyratrons. Supply voltage stepup transformers were designed to operate over bursts of variable pulse number, length, and rate, with the rectified unfiltered transformer output directly feeding the modulator charging circuit at up to 65 kV. Polarizing effects in the transformer core caused by the use of repetition rates equal to, or harmonically related to, the supply frequency were analyzed and effectively eliminated. Special winding techniques were developed to provide the strength and insulation for withstanding fault transients. While the power supply is capable of limiting fault currents occurring in the modulator and load, normal full system protection is provided by PFN energy dumping and, in the ac supply, by fast-acting vacuum contactors. Comprehensive control, monitoring, and mode selection are based on micrologic elements. By using direct, high-voltage modulation considerable flexibility is possible. The various alternative arrangements which derive from this design concept are explained. In addition, factors which determined the major features of the equipment are reviewed. The construction, layout, and performance are illustrated.     

Some properties of an injection-locked pulsed magnetron in a coherent-echo-detection system

An injection-locked pulsed magnetron is studied by observing echo pulses from an acoustic-delay medium. Phase coherence at 9.3GHz is observed for injection ratios as high as 40dB. Long-term stabilities better than one part in 105 per hour are measured. Injection-pulse amplification is observed at frequencies outside the locking band.     

A pulsed load model and its impact on a synchronous-rectifier system

The pulsed load has become a developing trend of power loading. Unlike traditional loads, pulsed loads with current abrupt and repeated charges will result in unstable Microgrid operations because of their small capacity and inertia. In this paper, an Average Magnitude Sum Function (AMSF) is proposed to calculate the frequency of the grid, and based on AMSF, the Relative Deviation Rate (RDR) that characterises the impact of pulsed load on the AC side of the grid is defined and its calculation process is described in detail. In addition, the system dynamic characteristics under a pulsed load are analysed using an Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) to control the on/off state of the resistive load for simulating a pulsed load. Finally, the transient characteristics of a synchronous-rectifier system with a pulsed load are studied and validated experimentally.     

耐热合金涂层结构板材内部缺陷的脉冲红外热成像检测

为探索脉冲红外热成像技术用于检测耐热合金涂层结构内部缺陷的方法,采用有限元仿真和实验研究相结合的方法,对含有盲孔缺陷的耐热合金涂层结构试件进行检测研究。通过有限元仿真分析脉冲热流在被测构件中的传递过程,为检测实验中采样频率和采样时间的确定提供理论依据。利用高能脉冲闪光灯作为激励源对试件进行加热,通过FLIR SC7000系列红外热像仪采集图像序列,采用FCA法、PPT法和PCA法对原始图像序列进行处理。实验结果表明,在给定检测参数下,PPT法和PCA处理后的图像信噪比显著增强,可实现耐热合金涂层结构内部缺陷的可靠检测。     

电子轰击型有源像素传感器在激光雷达的应用

激光雷达技术是成像前沿技术之一,在红外波段尤为重要。由于大面阵激光成像雷达回波很弱,且红外波段探测器灵敏度等技术指标较低,导致成像距离有限,制约了其应用范围。美国Intevac公司发明并生产的电子轰击型有源像素传感器(EBAPS)适用于微光探测,且其响应谱段为950～1650 nm。美国陆军实验室等单位将EBAPS用于激光雷达。本文简述了EBAPS的工作原理及其三代相机产品的特性,重点介绍了EBAPS在激光雷达中的应用情况。旨在为我国激光雷达的发展及微光成像中探测器的选择提供参考。     

用PIN探测器进行激光雷达参考光检测

可靠准确的参考光检测是提高直接测距型激光主动成像系统测距精度的关键因素之一,对基于PIN探测器的参考光检测电路设计进行了深入研究。首先,对比分析了雪崩光电二极管（APD）和PIN光电二极管性能及其供电电路的难度。综合考虑参考光功率稳定特性及参考光光路设计难度,选择PIN探测器进行激光雷达参考光检测。详细分析了高压集成芯片LT3482作为常规电源和利用电流监测模式驱动PIN探测器时的差别。选择高增益带宽积跨阻放大器OPA657N实现PIN探测器电流电压转换,对其关键外围元件参数的选取进行了详细分析。同时介绍了超高速比较器MAX9601的应用注意事项。最后,设计了电路板并进行实验验证。结果表明:对脉冲为10 ns的激光光源,当PIN探测器施加89.449 V的偏置电压时,其输出电流信号经跨阻放大器后电压幅值达到-3.7 V,可保证起始信号可靠检出,但脉冲展宽为15 ns。整个模块可有效给出参考光对应的计时起始信号。基于集成高压芯片驱动的PIN探测器配合恒定阈值时刻鉴别方法在直接测距型激光主动成像系统参考光检测中是切实可行的。     

合成孔径激光雷达多通道扫描模式及成像方法

合成孔径激光雷达(SAL)受激光器件信号调制速 率的制约,导致了激光调制带宽和脉冲重复频率 (PRF)成为一对矛盾;同时,由于激光信号波长较短,造成波束 光斑脚印较小,限制了成像场景的幅宽。基 于此,本文提出了一种SAL多通道扫描工作模式下的成像方法。采用多通道体制,以空间采 样弥补时间采 样的不足,并采用空域滤波方法解决了多普勒模糊的问题;通过控制波束指向,使其周期性 的在不同子测 绘带之间扫描实现宽测绘带成像。针对扫描模式短孔径对宽场景成像易造成图像模糊的问 题,采用谱分 析(SPECAN)思想,将图像聚焦在方位频率域。仿真结果验证了本文算法的有 效性。     

合成孔径激光雷达距离像分辨率非线性恶化与补偿

详细研究了合成孔径激光雷达实验室演示成像实验中因发射激光器非线性调频而带来的距离像分辨率恶化及其补偿。理论分析了因采用线性调波长而非线性调频率光源引起的外差信号频谱展宽及其对距离像分辨率恶化的影响;比较了采用匹配参考信道或不匹配参考信道对距离像恶化的两种补偿办法;数值模拟计算了非线性调频带来的距离像分辨率恶化及其补偿后的图像;建立了以1.55 μm可调谐光纤激光器为发射源的演示实验装置,演示了距离像恶化的严重性和补偿的有效性,给出了采用参考信道补偿对距离像分辨率影响的详细数据。     

Investigation of carrier transport in a system of undoped quantum wells under pulsed excitation

A phenomenological theory describing nonstationary carrier transport processes in a system of undoped quantum wells with short carrier generation pulses is developed. An experimental method for finding the characteristic carrier trapping and carrier emission times from the wells is proposed on the basis of the theoretical expressions. The first experimental results making it possible in principle to determine these parameters are reported. Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 31, 444–450 (April 1997)     

合成孔径激光雷达下视三维成像构型及算法

传统激光三维成像均采用实孔径成像技术,其分辨率会随着作用距离的变远而降低。相比于实孔径成像,合成孔径成像的一个显著优势是沿航向的分辨率不随作用距离的变化而变化。基于合成孔径技术提出一种合成孔径激光三维成像雷达的工作模型。该系统采用激光泛光发射模式和多波束相干接收,首先,在高度向,采用大时宽带宽的线性调频信号,并利用解线频调技术实现高分辨率;其次,沿航向利用合成孔径技术频域压缩算法实现高分辨率,其中考虑到激光调频信号的长扫频周期,对于平台连续运动引入的多普勒平移项进行了补偿;在跨航向通过实孔径阵列实现高分辨率。最后,通过仿真实验验证了该系统的有效性。