成都市农业土壤重金属污染特征初步研究

对成都市农业土壤中七种重金属元素Pb、Hg、Cr、As、Cu、Zn和Cd进行了测定和研究,并进行了潜在生态风险评价。结果表明,成都市农业土壤重金属元素含量分别为:Pb 77.27mg/kg,Hg 0.31 mg/kg,Cr 59.50 mg/kg,As 11.27 mg/kg,Cu 42.52 mg/kg,Zn 227.00 mg/kg,Cd0.36 mg/kg;重金属潜在的生态危害因子表明,Hg和Cd达到中等生态危害程度,Pb、As、Cu、Zn、Cr达到轻微生态危害;多种重金属的生态系统的潜在生态风险指数(RI)表明,成都市农业土壤生态危害级别为中等生态危害。     

ML-7对动脉粥样硬化兔肝脏微量元素含量的影响

探讨实验性动脉粥样硬化兔肝脏组织中Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn、Cr、Pb、Cd和Se含量的变化。高脂饮食复制兔动脉粥样硬化模型,然后给予ML-7建立治疗组模型,获取肝脏,微波消解样品,采用原子吸收光谱法测定肝脏组织中Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn、Cr、Pb和Cd的含量。原子荧光光谱法测定肝脏组织中Se的含量。高脂组肝脏组织Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn、Cr、Pb、Cd和Se含量分别为86.09、277.1、11.07、5.366 mg/kg、115.2、286.0、210.5μg/kg,2.139 mg/kg,治疗组肝脏组织Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn、Cr、Pb、Cd和Se含量分别为82.10、273.5、9.072、5.824 mg/kg、102.5、273.6、224.6μg/kg,2.511 mg/kg。经过ML-7治疗后,Zn/Cu、Mn、Se含量升高,Cu含量下降,Fe、Cr、Pb和Cd基本不变。     

微波消解-原子光谱吸收法测定皮蛋中的六种营养元素

目的建立了皮蛋中6种营养元素的火焰原子吸收测定方法。方法利用微波消解处理样品,火焰原子吸收法测定皮蛋蛋白和皮蛋蛋黄中钙、镁、铁、锌、铜和锰。结果皮蛋中含量丰富的营养元素,回收率为97.2％～110.0％,样品进行5次平行测定,RSD为1.87％～5.61％。结论方法具有快速、简便、灵敏、准确的优点,适于皮蛋中6种营养元素的测定。     

全蝎不同部位的宏量和微量元素含量比较

为探讨雌雄全蝎及不同药用部位的宏量和微量元素含量差异及与药效和毒性的相关性,采用发射光谱法测定雌雄全蝎及不同药用部位中宏量元素 Ca、Mg及微量元素 Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn、 Pb七种元素的含量.结果表明,雌雄蝎尾宏量元素 Ca、Mg和微量元素 Fe、Cu、Zn、Pb均明显低于全蝎和全蝎头部及腹部,其微量元素谱为 Fe＞Zn＞Cu＞Mn＞Pb;雄性全蝎 Zn含量明显低于雌性全蝎,而其含水量和有毒微量元素 Pb却明显高于雌性全蝎,雄性全蝎各药用部位宏量和微量元素亦明显低于雌性全蝎;全蝎宏量元素 Ca比文献高6～8倍,而 Mg含量与文献一致.可认为雌性全蝎及其药用部位药材质量和微量元素含量均明显优于雄性全蝎;蝎尾的镇痛和毒性作用与宏量和微量元素含量无关.     

头发中微量元素的分析及其对环境暴露的生物指示作用研究

用火焰原子吸收光谱法对中国部分地区的55例人发与土壤中的5种微量元素(Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu、Mn)的含量进行了测定。测定的人发中微量元素的平均值(μg/g)为:Cd,0.1854;Mn,1.5063;Pb,10.983;Zn,122.21;Cu,5.3602;土样中平均值(ug/g)为:Cd,1.3859;Mn,233.46;Pb,31.197;Zn,170.71;Cu,8.1473。对全国不同区域的5种元素分布状况进行了分析,运用相关分析法(SPSS)对不同地区中土壤和人发中同一元素进行了相关性分析。结果表明:发Zn和土Zn,发Cu和土Cu,发Cu和土Pb在0.01的水平上显著相关,相关系数分别为0.766,0.471和0.648。     

大亚湾表层沉积物中重金属分布特征及潜在生态危害评价

为了解大亚湾沉积物中重金属含量分布及其对海湾生态环境的危害状况,于2006年7月至2007年11月采集了大亚湾10个采样点的春、夏、秋、冬四个季度的表层沉积物样品,分析了沉积物中重金属的含量.结果表明,大亚湾重金属含量均低于海洋沉积物Ⅰ类质量标准,研究海域沉积物中Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn的含量分别为0.009 ～0.158 mg/kg、11.52 ～45.95 mg/kg、2.61 ～64.68 mg/kg、30.58 ～85.07 mg/kg,平均含量分别为0.040、28.50、12.46、61.76 mg/kg,Hg、Pb、Cu的季度差异不明显,Zn有较明显的季节变化.潜在生态危害评价表明,夏季重金属潜在生态危害属于强级污染,其余季节属于中等程度污染;重金属生态危害程度顺序为:Hg＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn,其中Hg的潜在生态危害属于很强级,其余均属于轻微级.     

万宁小海表层沉积物中重金属物质的空间分布特征及生态风险分析

为了解万宁小海海域表层沉积物重金属污染状况,2020年5月在小海潟湖采集18个沉积物样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）同时测定5种重金属含量,采用原子荧光光度计测定总汞和砷,并分析归纳出重金属分布特征。采用Hakanson的潜在生态风险指数法识别小海表层沉积物潜在生态风险程度,以及运用富集系数和地累积法进一步评价小海表层沉积物重金属的污染程度。结果表明：Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As含量平均值分别为7.26 mg/kg、27.08 mg/kg、75.06 mg/kg、0.16 mg/kg、38.43 mg/kg、0.054 mg/kg、4.66 mg/kg,均符合第一类海洋沉积物质量标准。7种元素的潜在生态风险程度依序为Hg＞Cd＞Pb＞As＞Cu＞Cr＞Zn,其中Hg和Cd为主要潜在生态危害因子,其综合潜在生态风险等级已达到中等级风险;富集系数评价和地质累积系数评价污染程度依次为：Cd＞Hg＞Pb＞Zn＞Cr＞As＞Cu;表层沉积物中TOC 含量与 Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd 和 Cr 含量具存在显著正相关,与粒度呈一定的负相关。     

1007例2～4个月婴儿头发微量元素测定和相关性分析

为探讨 2～ 4个月婴儿头发微量元素的含量和相关性 ,用电感耦合高频等离子体发射光谱法测定了广州市 1 0 0 7例 2～ 4个月健康婴儿的头发中Zn、Fe、Cu、Ca、Mn、Pb 6种元素的含量 ,并用SPSS统计软件包进行了数据处理和相关性分析。结果表明 ,2～ 4个月男女婴儿微量元素以低Zn最为明显 ,分别是 3 3 8%和 3 5 4% ,无性别的差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;其次是低Cu、Ca、Mn,存在性别的差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ;高Pb分别是 3 5 7%和 2 4 6% ,有性别的差异 ,男婴高Pb比女婴严重(P <0 0 5 )。Fe与Zn、Cu与Ca、Mn与Zn有正相关性 (P <0 0 5 ) ;Pb与其它微量元素含量不存在相关性 (P >0 0 5 )。提示 :广州市 2～ 4个月婴儿存在不同程度的微量元素缺乏 ,母婴均应注意均衡饮食 ,避免铅暴露     

汽车发动机润滑油使用前后微量元素变化的研究

为了研究汽车发动机润滑油使用前后微量元素变化的情况,采用超谱M型油料分析光谱仪对汽车发动机润滑油在使用前、后油品中的微量元素含量进行了测定,对其测定结果进行了数据处理.分析表明:Ca、Z、Mg、Si、Al、Na、Fe、Cu是润滑油中主要微量元素;使用后润滑油中增加了元素K、Pb、Cr、Ni;Zn元素含量增加最大,增加值为94.9 mg/kg;含量增长率最大是Cu元素,值为500%;含量增长率最小是Ca元素,值为10%.在所测元素中,除元素V外,使用前后汽车发动机润滑油中的微量元素值都不同程度的增加.     

洛阳市郊区叶菜中重金属含量抽样分析及评价

为了研究洛阳市郊区蔬菜中重金属污染状况,采用火焰原子吸收法对郊区李楼乡和孙旗屯乡抽取的叶菜样品中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量进行了测定。结果表明,8个蔬菜样品中Cu含量在0.393 9～0.970 7 mg/kg之间,Zn含量在1.395 0～10.080 0 mg/kg之间,均未超过国家蔬菜卫生限量标准;Pb含量在0.100 0～0.248 6 mg/kg之间,其中有3个样品Pb含量超出国家蔬菜卫生限量标准;Cd含量有5个样品未检出,其余3个样品也不超国标。经用单因子和综合因子污染指数评价,洛阳市郊区叶菜类蔬菜重金属污染大部分已处于警戒级到轻度污染,因此,应加强蔬菜中重金属污染的预防与治理工作。     

The status of trace and minor elements in some Bangladeshi foodstuffs

An investigation is conducted on the status of trace and minor elements in some foodstuffs (cereals, vegetables, milk, egg and fish), commonly consumed in Bangladesh, using proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and radioisotope-induced X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques. In PIXE measurements, the samples were irradiated in air with 2.0 MeV (energy on the target) protons having the beam intensity of 30 nA for characteristic X-ray excitation, while in XRF analysis, the samples were excited for 5000 seconds with a 10 mCi Cd-109 annular X-ray source. The elemental concentration of K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, As, Br, Rb, Sr, Mo, and Pb were determined in the samples by comparison with X-ray yield curves constructed from IAEA and NBS standard reference materials. The validity of the analytical procedures (PIXE and XRF) followed in this study has been confirmed by comparative measurements of Cu, Zn and Mn in some varieties of rice with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results indicate that none of the food regimes investigated here is burdened with heavy metals beyond permissible limits except five species of vegetables with chromium having the range of 0.99–3.59 mg/kg compared to the literature value of 0.0–0.36 mg/kg (dry weight basis). An average value of 0.2 mg/kg of arsenic was observed both in IRRI (n=16) and local Aman (n=12) varieties of rice and only one hen egg contained 1.7 mg/kg of lead in yolk. The zinc content in some marine fish from Bay of Bengal was reported to be 5.4–19.5 mg/kg, whereas in the present study of sweet-water fish, the level is found to be 15.2–62.1 mg/kg (fresh weight basis) for five species. In human milk, both Cu (0.12–0.25 mg/l, n=8) and Zn (0.28–1.80 mg/l, n=8) levels appear to be almost half the literature values (n=25). On the other hand formula milk has higher values of Cu (0.32–1.63 mg/kg, n=16) and Zn (5.16–19.8 mg/kg, n=16).     

46例缺锌患儿补锌后发元素含量分析

用0．2%硫酸锌糖浆和葡萄糖酸锌合剂治疗缺锌患儿46例，观察治疗前后发中元素含量的改变，服药后发锌含量明显增加，铁、铜、铅含量明显减少，钙含量无变化，说明元素间存在拮抗作用，提示给患儿补锌要谨慎，必须严格掌握适应症、剂量、疗程、方法等。千万不能把锌剂当做营养药给儿童长期服用，以免导致体内元素平衡失调，造成不良后果。     

潮州市西湖沉积物中金属元素的污染特性研究

用原子吸收分光光度法研究了潮州市西湖沉积物中的铜、锌、铅、镉、锰、镍、镁、钙等金属元素的含量及分布规律。结果表明,铜、铅、锌、镉和镍是主要的重金属污染物,沉积物中5种重金属的平均含量为:铜584.7 mg/kg,铅149.1 mg/kg,锌360.9 mg/kg,镉1.2 mg/kg,镍76.7 mg/kg,均高于我国土壤背景值。     

儿童多动症与微量元素关系的探讨

为了探讨儿童多动症与微量元素的关系，测定了７２例多动症患儿头发中的六种元素Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｒ、Ｆｅ、Ｃａ含量，并将其与正常儿童进行比较，结果表明：多动症组Ｃｕ显著低于正常组，Ｐ〈０．０１，多动症组Ｚｎ显著低于正常组，Ｐ〈０．０５，多动症组Ｐｂ显著高于正常组，Ｐ〈０．０５。提示调整患儿体内微量元素平衡可作为治疗儿童多动症的辅助方法。     

固体添加剂对垃圾掺烧污泥焚烧飞灰高温过程中重金属挥发特性的影响

在研究垃圾与污泥掺烧后焚烧飞灰中重金属浸出特征的基础上,重点研究了飞灰在1 000 ℃条件下高温处置过程中重金属(Cu、Zn 、Pb、Cd)随不同停留时间的挥发特性及添加剂(CaO、Al₂O₃、SiO₂、高岭土、粉煤灰)对重金属转化与挥发特性的影响。研究结果表明,飞灰中重金属Zn、Pb、Mn含量较高,Ni的含量较低,而毒性较大的Cd达到29.4 mg/kg。浸出液中七种金属都满足危险废物鉴别标准(GB5085.3-1996),并且重金属的浸出浓度受浸取时间及浸取液pH值影响较大。在同样的高温处置条件下,焚烧飞灰中不同重金属的挥发特性有较大的差别。其中,Pb表现出易挥发的特性,其挥发率超过80%,而Cu挥发性较小,其挥发率小于30%。综合来看,飞灰中重金属的挥发性大小依次为Pb>Cd>Zn>Cu。飞灰中添加Al₂O₃和高岭土可以抑制Cd的挥发,添加Al₂O₃后Pb的挥发率有所减少,添加SiO₂、CaO、高岭土、粉煤灰均使Zn的挥发率降低,而对Cu的挥发率没有抑制作用,这与飞灰中高Cl含量及各痕量元素化合物对固体添加剂活性位选择性的竞争吸附有关。     

Phenolic compounds,antioxidant activity and Cu,Zn, Cd and Pb content in wild and cultivated cranberries and blueberries

The aim of this study was to determine the content of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb and the total polyphenol (TP) content as well as the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in wild cranberries and blueberries collected from different localities of the Slovakia and to compare them with properties of six cranberry and six highbush blueberry cultivars obtained from the research centre. Compared with cultivated cranberries (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb content: 0.642, 1.496, 0.015 and 0.050 mg/kg FM) in wild fruits, higher Cu (by 37%) and lower Zn, Cd and Pb (by 8%, 7% and 44% respectively) were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry method. In wild blueberries, higher Cu, Zn and Pb (by 16%, 209% and 80% respectively) and similar Cd contents were determined compared with cultivated fruits (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb content: 0.483, 0.541, 0.003 and 0.055 mg/kg FM). The TP contents estimated by spectrophotometry using Folin–Ciocalteau reagent were in intervals 1405–3161 (cranberries) and 1300–3077 (blueberries) expressed as mg GAE/kg FM. While the average TP content determined in wild cranberries was by 31% lower than that in cultivated cranberries, in wild blueberries it was by 97% higher compared with highbush blueberry cultivars. The values of TAC determined by spectrophotometry method using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl were in range 20.67–22.22 (cranberries) and 14.03–24.79 (blueberries) expressed as mmol TE/kg FM. In wild cranberries and blueberries, the lower average TAC values compared with cultivated berries were determined (by 1% and 28%, respectively).     

全反式维甲酸治疗动脉粥样硬化兔肝脏微量元素含量的变化

目的探讨实验性动脉粥样硬化兔肝脏组织中zn、Fe、Cu、Mn和cr、Pb、cd含量的变化。方法用高脂饮食复制兔动脉粥样硬化模型,然后给予全反式维甲酸建立治疗组模型,获取肝脏,用硝酸、过氧化氢混合液微波消解样品,采用原子吸收光谱法测定肝脏组织中zn、Fe、Cu、Mn和Cr、Pb、cd的含量。结果高脂组肝脏组织zn、Fe、Cu、Mn和cr、Pb、cd含量分别为86．09、277．1、11．07、5．366mg／kg和115．2、286．0、210．5μg／／kg,治疗组肝脏组织zn、Fe、Cu、Mn和cr、Pb、cd含量分别为135．3、347．7、10．72、7．218mg／kg和137．3、209．4、250．2μg／kg。结论经过维甲酸治疗后,zn、Fe、Mn、Cr含量明显提高,基本达到正常组水平。     

发中微量元素与体外模拟血栓形成关系38例探讨

采用上海医科大学生物力学研究中心提供的Ｃａｓｔ体外模拟血栓仪，筛选出３８例血栓指数Ｑ值大于２０的阳性患者，测定其发中微量元素Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｕ含量及Ｚｎ／Ｃｕ比。另设正常血栓指数Ｑ值（男＜１０，女＜１２）为健康对照组共３０例。检测结果表明阳性组发中Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ含量明显高于对照组，而发Ｃｕ却显著低于对照组；Ｚｎ／Ｃｕ比值也明显高于对照组，但发Ｆｅ差异不明显，提示发中Ｚｎ，Ｃｕ的变化，尤其Ｚｎ／Ｃｕ比值的增高可作体内隐性血栓存在的预兆，该指标可与Ｑ值相互参考作为临床检测手段之一。     

Atomic absorption spectrometric determination of chromium, copper, lead, mercury, and zinc in sediments collected in Bayou d'Inde, southwestern Louisiana

The concentrations of the metals chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and zinc (Zn) were determined in sediment cores taken from Bayou d'Inde in southwestern Louisiana. Previous studies had reported elevated concentrations of these trace metals in sediments along this waterway. The current study, conducted more than a decade later, was designed to determine if these metals had migrated from the areas of highest concentrations. Concentrations as high as 400 mg/kg for Cr, 1100 mg/kg for Cu, 10 mg/kg for Hg, and 600 mg/kg for Pb and Zn were found. Areas of high concentrations of metals were isolated within a distance of about 1 km from the most highly contaminated areas in the bayou. Low concentrations of metals were found at the mouth of the bayou. Estimated sedimentation rates of 0.67-1.2 cm/yr were based on the burial of the sediments originally studied. The concentrations of the metals studied remained high and were also highly localized, both spatially and temporally.