达安基因两产品获欧洲CE认证

达安基因公司近期通过了BSI（英国标准协会）的认证，荣获BSI颁发的医疗器械质量管理体系（ISO13485）认证证书、沙眼衣原体核酸扩增荧光检测试剂盒（CT）CE证书及人巨细胞病毒核酸扩增荧光检测试剂盒（CMV）CE证书。     

Application of CE–ICP–MS and CE–ESI–MS in metalloproteomics: challenges,developments, and limitations

Application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) as a high-resolution separation technique in metalloproteomics research is critically reviewed. The focus is on the requirements and challenges involved in coupling CE to sensitive element and molecule-specific detection techniques such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) or electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI–MS). The complementary application of both detection techniques to the structural and functional characterisation of metal-binding proteins and their structural metal-binding moieties is emphasised. Beneficial aspects and limitations of mass spectrometry hyphenated to CE are discussed, on the basis of the literature published in this field over the last decade. Recent metalloproteomics applications of CE are reviewed to demonstrate its potential and limitations in modern biochemical speciation analysis and to indicate future directions of this technique.     

Enantioselective CE–MS analysis of ketamine metabolites in urine

The chiral drug ketamine has long-lasting antidepressant effects with a fast onset and is also suitable to treat patients with therapy-resistant depression. The metabolite hydroxynorketamine (HNK) plays an important role in the antidepressant mechanism of action. Hydroxylation at the cyclohexanone ring occurs at positions 4, 5, and 6 and produces a total of 12 stereoisomers. Among those, the four 6HNK stereoisomers have the strongest antidepressant effects. Capillary electrophoresis with highly sulfated γ-cyclodextrin (CD) as a chiral selector in combination with mass spectrometry (MS) was used to develop a method for the enantioselective analysis of HNK stereoisomers with a special focus on the 6HNK stereoisomers. The partial filling approach was applied in order to avoid contamination of the MS with the chiral selector. Concentration of the chiral selector and the length of the separation zone were optimized. With 5% highly sulfated γ-CD in 20 mM ammonium formate with 10% formic acid and a 75% filling the four 6HNK stereoisomers could be separated with a resolution between 0.79 and 3.17. The method was applied to analyze fractionated equine urine collected after a ketamine infusion and to screen the fractions as well as unfractionated urine for the parent drug ketamine and other metabolites, including norketamine and dehydronorketamine.     

Sensitive redox speciation of neptunium by CE–ICP–MS

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) was used to separate the neptunium oxidation states Np(IV) and Np(V), which are the only oxidation states of Np that are stable under environmental conditions. The CE setup was coupled to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (Agilent 7500ce) using a Mira Mist CE nebulizer and a Scott-type spray chamber. The combination of the separation capacity of CE with the detection sensitivity of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) allows identification and quantification of Np(IV) and Np(V) at the trace levels expected in the far field of a nuclear waste repository. Limits of detection of 1?×?10^-9 and 5?×?10^-10 mol L^-1 for Np(IV) and Np(V), respectively, were achieved, with a linear range from 10^-9 to 10^-6 mol L^-1. The method was applied to study the redox speciation of the Np remaining in solution after interaction of 5?×?10^-7 mol L^-1 Np(V) with Opalinus Clay. Under mildly oxidizing conditions, a Np sorption of 31% was found, with all the Np remaining in solution being Np(V). A second sorption experiment performed in the presence of Fe²⁺ led to complete sorption of the Np onto the clay. After desorption with HClO₄, a mixture of Np(IV) and Np(V) was found in solution by CE–ICP–MS, indicating that some of the sorbed Np had been reduced to Np(IV) by Fe²⁺.     

Chiral Separation of Erythromycin as a New Chiral Selector on CE

Erythromycin as a new chiral selector was first used for chrial separation of four derivatives of biphenyldimethylester enantiomers on CE.The influence of pH,the chiral selector concentration and organic modifiers were preliminarily studied.Experiments show that the erythromycin as chiral selector is useful to CE.     

CE法测定CD45-FITC荧光抗体溶液中的游离FITC

建立了测定CD45-FITC荧光抗体样品溶液中游离FITC浓度的毛细管电泳(CE)方法。熔融石英毛细管45 cm(有效长度30 cm)×75μm i.d.;0.05 mol·L-1磷酸氢二钠-磷酸二氢钠缓冲液(含5g·L-1PEG4000,p H=7.14);分离电压+12 k V;进样压力0.5 psi(3.45 k Pa),进样时间3.0 s;分离温度25℃;UV-Vis检测器检测波长200 nm。该方法能有效测定CD45-FITC荧光抗体样品溶液中游离的FITC含量,线性回归方程相关系数r=0.9900,检测限LOQ=0.20μg·m L-1。样品加标回收率为105.49%,相对标准偏差小于5.36%。该方法快速、灵敏、重现性好,能用于CD45-FITC荧光抗体样品溶液中游离FITC的快速测定。     

On-line electrophoretic sample clean-up for sensitive and reproducible μCE immunoassay

We report a novel on-line electrophoretic sample clean-up approach for highly sensitive and reproducible microchip electrophoretic (μCE) immunoassay of low-abundance proteins in human serum. The method takes advantage of the differential effect of field-amplified sample stacking on molecules with different electrophoretic mobility. Large interfering proteins are removed from the loading channel by simple voltage control, resulting in selective concentration and injection of smaller target analytes to the separation channel. As a proof of concept, an antibody-free injection mode was developed for direct μCE immunoassay of human insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in serum samples without any additional purification steps. Clear and sharp peaks were obtained for IGF-I with low background and excellent reproducibility. Besides, the assay sensitivity was further increased by addition of ethanol to the sample buffer at a concentration of 50% right before performing the μCE detection. The lower limit of detection of IGF-I achieved 0.68 ng mL(-1), with an overall signal enhancement factor of 2750. The established on-line electrophoretic sample clean-up approach may find wide applications in the development of other microchip-based high-throughput analytical platforms for clinical and biological use.     

CE与ICP-MS联用分析测定不同形态的三有机锡化合物

有机锡化合物(OTCs)是最毒的有机金属化合物之一,其在工农业生产中的广泛应用可能诱发严重的环境问题.     

UPA-β-CD的合成及其在CE手性拆分中的应用

以6-乙二胺-β-CD和马来酸酐为原料,合成了6-(N-乙基氨基马来酸)-氨基-β-CD(UPA-β-CD),并以此为手性选择剂,利用毛细管电泳法对2种手性药物进行拆分。分别考察了手性选择剂浓度、缓冲溶液pH、分离电压和温度等对拆分效果的影响,在β-环糊精15 mmol/L,缓冲液pH 3.5和pH 4,分离电压18 k V和20 k V,分离温度20℃时,盐酸克伦特罗和非尼拉敏2种手性药物均达到基线分离,分离度分别为1.98和1.62。     

Study of Chlorambucil and Chlorambucil–Trimethyl-β-cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex by CE

The results of CE studies of solid inclusion complexes of chlorambucil (CHL) and trimethyl-β-cyclodextrin (TM-β-CD) are presented. Chlorambucil has low stability in aqueous solution, so the formation of complexes with β-CD is a good way to improve its stability and dissolution. The experimental results confirm the existence of inclusion complexes. CE can differentiate free CHL from CHL–TM-β-CD complexes due to their different electrophoretic mobilities.     

鼠脑微透析液中谷胱甘肽和介质氨基酸的CE—LIF

神经递质类氨基酸和谷胱甘肽（Ｇｌｕｔａｔｈｉｏｎｅ,ＧＳＨ）因在诸多病理生理过程中所起的重要作用而倍受人们的关注［１］。国外自８０年代开始利用高效液相色谱（ＨＰＬＣ）研究细胞外液中某些递质类氨基酸的变化,但此法因进样量较大,而无法与微透析取样技术（１－２μｌ／ｍｉｎ）联用,不能实现实时在位分析［２］。毛细管电泳－激光诱导荧光的（ＣＥ－ＬＩＦ）进样量小（ｎｌ－Ｐｌ）且具有极高的灵敏度,与微透析技术结合可实现体内痕量活性物质的动态监测。Ｌ．Ｈｅｒｎａｎｄｅｚ等曾利用ＣＥ－ＬＩＦ定量分析了鼠脑微透析液…     

耦联式安培-电导检测器的研制及其在CE中的应用

毛细管电泳(CE)检测器的研究是一个具有挑战性的课题.目前已发展的一些检测方法有光学、电化学、质谱的和放射同位素等.     

Characterization of Interactions Between Fluoroquinolones and Human Serum Albumin by CE–Frontal Analysis

The binding of fluoroquinolones to the transport protein, human serum albumin (HSA), under simulated physiological conditions has been studied by capillary electrophoresis–frontal analysis (CE–FA). The binding of these drugs to human plasma was evaluated by using ultrafiltration and capillary electrophoresis. The free drug concentration [D]_f at each HSA concentration was determined by the plateau height in the electropherograms and the calibration lines. The binding constants of fluoroquinolones and HSA were estimated using nonlinear regression with origin 7.5 software. The fluoroquinolones were found to show low affinity toward HSA, with binding constants ranging from 1.73 × 10² to 5.40 × 10² M^?1. The percentages of protein binding (PB) for fluoroquinolones to HSA were between 8.6 and 22.2%, while the PB percentages for fluoroquinolones to human plasma were between 10.2 and 33.1%. It can be found that the PB percentages for fluoroquinolones to HSA are mostly lower than those for fluoroquinolones to human plasma. It suggests that HSA is the primary protein responsible for the binding of fluoroquinolones in human plasma. The thermodynamic parameters were obtained by CE–FA. The positive ?H and ?S values obtained by CE–FA showed that the binding reaction was an endothermic process, and the entropy drive the binding and hydrophobic interaction played major roles in the binding of fluoroquinolones to HSA.     

Characterization of Interactions Between Fluoroquinolones and Human Serum Albumin by CE–Frontal Analysis

The binding of fluoroquinolones to the transport protein, human serum albumin (HSA), under simulated physiological conditions has been studied by capillary electrophoresis–frontal analysis (CE–FA). The binding of these drugs to human plasma was evaluated by using ultrafiltration and capillary electrophoresis. The free drug concentration [D]_f at each HSA concentration was determined by the plateau height in the electropherograms and the calibration lines. The binding constants of fluoroquinolones and HSA were estimated using nonlinear regression with origin 7.5 software. The fluoroquinolones were found to show low affinity toward HSA, with binding constants ranging from 1.73 × 10² to 5.40 × 10² M⁻¹. The percentages of protein binding (PB) for fluoroquinolones to HSA were between 8.6 and 22.2%, while the PB percentages for fluoroquinolones to human plasma were between 10.2 and 33.1%. It can be found that the PB percentages for fluoroquinolones to HSA are mostly lower than those for fluoroquinolones to human plasma. It suggests that HSA is the primary protein responsible for the binding of fluoroquinolones in human plasma. The thermodynamic parameters were obtained by CE–FA. The positive ∆H and ∆S values obtained by CE–FA showed that the binding reaction was an endothermic process, and the entropy drive the binding and hydrophobic interaction played major roles in the binding of fluoroquinolones to HSA.

     

Determination of Lipoic Acid in Biological Samples with Acetonitrile–Salt Stacking Method in CE

An acetonitrile–salt stacking method was established for the assay of lipoic acid (LA) in biological samples. Samples were deproteinized with acetonitrile at a final concentration of 60 % (v/v) and then injected hydrodynamically at 3.45 × 10³ Pa for 180.0 s. The optimum background electrolyte was found to be 90.0 mmol L^?1 pH 9.1 borate buffer. LA could be detected within 35 min at +7.0 kV with satisfactory repeatability (relative standard deviations, RSDs, of migration times and peak areas were both below 10 % for intraday and interday; n = 6/9) and a relatively low limit of detection of ca. 0.5 μmol L^?1.     

Sensitive CE–MS analysis of potentially genotoxic alkylation compounds using derivatization and electrokinetic injection

A CE–MS method has been developed to detect trace levels of potentially genotoxic alkyl halides. After derivatization of the target components with 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) or butyl 1-(pyridinyl-4yl) piperidine 4-carboxylate (BPPC), the natively positively charged derivatives are pre-concentrated by applying electrokinetic injection and separated by a highly efficient CZE method using a background electrolyte (BGE) consisting of 100 mM of TRIS adjusted to pH 2.5 with phosphoric acid. Using a sheath liquid interface, subsequent MS detection allows highly specific and sensitive analysis of alkyl halides.     

Liquid phase separation of proteins based on electrophoretic effects in an electrospray setup during sample introduction into a gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analyzer (CE–GEMMA/CE–ES–DMA)

Nanoparticle characterization is gaining importance in food technology, biotechnology, medicine, and pharmaceutical industry. An instrument to determine particle electrophoretic mobility (EM) diameters in the single-digit to double-digit nanometer range receiving increased attention is the gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analyzer (GEMMA) separating electrophoretically single charged analytes in the gas-phase at ambient pressure. A fused-silica capillary is used for analyte transfer to the gas-phase by means of a nano electrospray (ES) unit. The potential of this capillary to separate analytes electrophoretically in the liquid phase due to different mobilities is, at measurement conditions recommended by the manufacturer, eliminated due to elevated pressure applied for sample introduction. Measurements are carried out upon constant feeding of analytes to the system. Under these conditions, aggregate formation is observed for samples including high amounts of non-volatile components or complex samples. This makes the EM determination of individual species sometimes difficult, if not impossible. With the current study we demonstrate that liquid phase electrophoretic separation of proteins (as exemplary analytes) occurs in the capillary (capillary zone electrophoresis, CE) of the nano ES unit of the GEMMA. This finding was consecutively applied for on-line desalting allowing EM diameter determination of analytes despite a high salt concentration within samples. The present study is to our knowledge the first report on the use of the GEMMA to determine EM diameters of analytes solubilized in the ES incompatible electrolyte solutions by the intended use of electrophoresis (in the liquid phase) during sample delivery. Results demonstrate the proof of concept of such an approach and additionally illustrate the high potential of a future on-line coupling of a capillary electrophoresis to a GEMMA instrument.     

Method development and validation for rat serum fingerprinting with CE–MS: application to ventilator-induced-lung-injury study

In the search for a noninvasive and reliable rapid screening method to detect biomarkers, a metabolomics fingerprinting approach was developed and applied to rat serum samples using capillary electrophoresis coupled to an electrospray ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometer (CE–TOF-MS). An ultrafiltration method was used for sample pretreatment. To evaluate performance the method was validated with carnitine, choline, ornithine, alanine, acetylcarnitine, betaine, and citrulline, covering the entire electropherogram of pool of rat serum. The linearity for all metabolites was >0.99, with good recovery and precision. Approximately 34 compounds were also confirmed in the pool of rat serum. The method was successfully applied to real serum samples from rats with ventilator-induced lung injury, an experimental rat model for acute lung injury (ALI), giving a total of 1163 molecular features. By use of univariate and multivariate statistics 18 significant compounds were found, of which five were confirmed. The involvement of arginase and nitric oxide synthase has been proved for other lung diseases, meaning the increase of asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA) and ornithine and the decrease of arginine found were in accordance with published literature. Ultimately this fingerprinting approach offers the possibility of identifying biomarkers that could be regularly screened for as part of routine disease control. In this way it might be possible to prevent the development of ALI in patients in critical care units.

Planar tetracoordinate carbon in CE42− (E = Al–Tl) clusters

The structures and bonding of the CE₄^2?clusters (E = Al, Ga, In, Tl) have been theoretically studied via B3LYP/def2-TZVP computations. Total energies were recalculated at the CCSD(T)/def2-TZVPP//B3LYP/def2-TZVP level in order to corroborate the energy differences. Our computations show that all the CE₄^2?and CE₄Li^?clusters (E = Al, Ga, In,Tl) have a planar tetracoordinate carbon structure. Interestingly, while the most stable form of CAl₄Li^? and CGa₄Li^? is planar with coordination of Li⁺ to an edge of the CE₄^2? fragment, for CIn₄Li^? and CTl₄Li^? the pyramidal structures with C_4v symmetry are the lowest-energy structures.