Relativistic conductive additional terms in Navier-Stokes equations

The general-relativistic equation of motion for a continuum and the corresponding mass balance equation are approximately treated for nonrelativistic velocities and weak gravitational fields, but taking into account the conductive momentum density caused by the irreversible effects. We find a new force term and a modification of the mass balance equation, neither of which can be neglected if irreversible processes are involved, (e.g., nuclear processes occurring in plasmas [1]).     

A new approach to irreversibility in deep inelastic collisions

We use concepts of statistical mechanics to discuss the irreversible character of the experimental data in deep inelastic collisions. A definition of irreversibility proposed by Ruch permits a unified overview on current theories which describe these reactions. An information theoretical analysis of the data leads to a Fokker-Planck equation for the collective variables (excitation energy, charge and mass). The concept of mixing distance can serve as a quantitative measure to characterize the “approach to equilibrium”. We apply it to the brownian motion as an illustration and also to the phenomenological analysis of deep inelastic scattering data with interesting results.     

Critical voltage of a mesoscopic superconductor

We study the influence of a voltage-driven nonequilibrium of quasiparticles on the properties of short mesoscopic superconducting wires. We employ a numerical calculation based upon the Usadel equation. Going beyond linear response, we find a nonthermal energy distribution of the quasiparticles caused by the applied bias voltage. It is demonstrated that this nonequilibrium drives the system from the superconducting state to the normal state, at a current density far below the critical depairing current density.     

Multistability,absolute negative conductivity and spontaneous current generation in semiconductor superlattices in large magnetic fields

We discuss electron transport through a semiconductor superlattice subject to an electric field parallel to, and a magnetic field perpendicular to, the growth axis using a semiclassical balance equation model. We find that the current–voltage characteristic becomes multistable in a large magnetic field; furthermore, hot electrons display novel features in their current–voltage characteristic, including absolute negative conductivity and a spontaneously generated dc current at zero bias.     

Multifluxon dynamics in driven Josephson junctions

The dynamics of fluxons in a long Josephson junction driven by time-varying nonuniform bias currents are described by a generalization of the sine-Gordon equation. This equation has solitary wave solutions which correspond to current vortices or quantized packets of magnetic flux in the junction. As with the sine-Gordon equation, multifluxon solutions may be demonstrated for the long Josephson junction. Our numerical calculations show that several fluxons may be launched or annihilated at the end of a junction. We also show multiple steady state conditions which correspond to one or more flux quanta trapped in the junction.     

Multiple-frequency current oscillations in GaAs-AlGaAs quantum wells containing a thin semi-insulating layer

We have investigated non-equilibrium electron transport properties of a quantum well with an inserted thin semi-insulating potential barrier layer in nonlinear bias using a time-dependent simulation technique. We find that the charge redistribution with time in the whole structure has an important effect on the final current-voltage (I-V) curves. The results show that there are two evident current hysteresis phenomena in the negative differential conductance regions and the inserted semi-insulating potential barrier layer induces the formation of multiple emitter quantum wells, which leads to high-frequency terahertz current oscillations with multiple-frequency relations around the valley of current.     

Modification of the electrical properties in Fe-Al2O3 granular thin films due to increased bias potential

We studied the electrical properties in Fe-Al₂O₃ granular films when the injected direct current or bias potential are varied in the low-field regime (eΔV?k_BT). Measurements of the electrical resistance as a function of temperature and applied bias at different temperatures were performed. We found that the electrical properties are best described using variable range hopping. The variation in resistance showed unexpected characteristics in distinct regions of potential. These regions of potential could be due to modification of the electronic localization length. We have shown that the electrical resistance decreases when the applied bias and/or current increases. We associate this behavior of the resistance with the activation of new electronic paths. The total resistance of our samples is reduced as additional parallel electronic paths are formed.     

DC current singularities in long Josephson tunnel junctions: Approximate solutions of the sine-Gordon equation with loss and bias

We construct approximate analytic solutions of the sine-Gordon equation with loss and bias, which describe the fluxon propagation in long overlap Josephson junctions. By these solutions a qualitative explanation of the main observed features of the DC current singularities can be easily obtained.     

强迫耗散系统的有序结构和系统的发展(Ⅰ)，最小熵产生原理和有序结构

一个系统的发展总是由不可逆热力过程和非线性动力过程所驱动.将大气动力学方程组同考虑了动能变化的Gibbs关系结合起来构建的熵平衡方程，才能更好地描述大气系统的不可逆热力过程和非线性动力过程.至今非平衡态热力学仅利用Onsager线性唯象关系证明了最小熵产生原理.利用新建立的熵平衡方程和大气动力学方程的性质证明，最小熵产生原理在热力学线性区和非线性区都是普遍成立的.且当热量输送平衡、水汽输送平衡和动量输送平衡时，系统达到不可逆过程最弱的最小熵产生热力学状态.当系统又是动力平衡且无平流时，这种最小熵产生态就是 关键词： 非线性热力学 熵产生 最小熵产生原理 有序结构     

Long-range triplet Josephson current driven by the bias voltage

We study the long-range triplet Josephson current in a clean junction composed of two s-wave superconductors and a normal-metal/ferromagnet/normal-metal trilayer. Through applying the bias voltages on the metal regions by two antiparallel half-metal electrodes, we show that the amplitude and direction of this long-range current can be controlled flexibly. Such current arises from the fact that the applied voltage can produce a nonequilibrium spin-dependent quasiparticle distribution in the metal regions so that the Cooper pairs entering these regions acquire extra momenta, which will lead to a spin-transition process in the metal regions. This process can produce the parallel spin-triplet pairs in the central ferromagnet layer. In particular, if the voltage is applied only to one metal region, we further find that the recently discovered long-range superharmonic Josephson current will appear because of the transport of an even number of parallel spin-triplet pairs.     

Fluxons interactions in a Josephson junction with a phase-shift

We consider a long Josephson junction with a discontinuity point characterized by a gauge phase-shift. The system is described by a modified sine-Gordon equation. We study, in particular, the interactions between a fluxon and a fractional fluxon. A perturbation theory is developed in the small phase-shift limit to understand the characteristics of the interaction. Finally, numerical computations of the threshold bias current and the threshold velocity for a fluxon running over a fractional fluxon are presented.     

交换偏置双层膜中的反铁磁自旋结构及其交换各向异性

研究了交换偏置双层膜中界面存在二次以及双二次交换耦合下反铁磁磁矩转动及其交换各向异性.结果表明，其反铁磁膜中的磁矩转动存在可逆“恢复行为”、不可逆“半转动行为”、不可逆“倒转行为”以及不可逆“半倒转行为”四种情形，四种情形的出现强烈地依赖于界面二次、双二次耦合以及反铁磁膜厚度.其中可逆恢复行为情况下，系统出现交换偏置，而不可逆的半转、半倒转以及倒转情形，系统不出现交换偏置.特别地,在界面处仅存在双二次耦合的情形下，其界面双二次耦合常数J₂≤0.1 σ关键词： 反铁磁自旋结构 交换各向异性 界面双二次耦合 交换偏置     

Current-oscillator correlation and Fano factor spectrum of quantum shuttle with finite bias voltage and temperature

A general master equation is derived to describe an electromechanical single-dot transistor in the Coulomb blockade regime. In the equation, Fermi distribution functions in the two leads are taken into account, which allows one to study the system as a function of bias voltage and temperature of the leads. Furthermore, we treat the coherent interaction mechanism between electron tunneling events and the dynamics of excited vibrational modes. Stationary solutions of the equation are numerically calculated. We show that current through the oscillating island at low temperature appears to have step-like characteristics as a function of the bias voltage and the steps depend on the mean phonon number of the oscillator. At higher temperatures the current steps would disappear and this event is accompanied by the emergence of thermal noise of the charge transfer. When the system is mainly in the ground state, the zero frequency Fano factor of current manifests sub-Poissonian noise and when the system is partially driven into its excited states it exhibits super-Poissonian noise. The difference in the current noise would almost be removed for the situation in which the dissipation rate of the oscillator is much larger than the bare tunneling rates of electrons.     

Driving of a single vortex in a long Josephson junction

The driving of a single vortex by a bias current in a long Josephson junction with a finite width has been studied with the two-dimensional Josephson equation. The applicable range of the equivalent one-dimensional equation is shown.     

Carrier conduction through the quantum barrier region in a heterostructure barrier varactor induced by an ac bias

By solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, we have studied the quantum transport of a wavepacket in a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure barrier varactor (HBV) diode induced by an ac bias. The current conduction of a wavepacket is complicated due to the superposition of many different stationary states. When the oscillating frequency of the external bias is relatively low, the motion of the wavepacket follows the electric field induced by the external bias. When the frequency is too high (over 1000 GHz for the GaAs/AlGaAs HBV structure under investigation), the wavepacket becomes effectively confined by the oscillating bias, and the conduction current is significantly reduced.     

载流子穿越具有双Mot势垒的半导体晶界的输运行为

讨论了穿越具有双Mot势垒的n型半导体晶界的载流子输运行为，重点分析了受主缺陷扩散层对偏压下晶界势垒、直流电流、非线性特性和电容等的作用．晶界势垒在偏压下的变化决定了载流子穿越晶界的输运行为分为预击穿、击穿和回复三个区域．受主缺陷扩散层的存在改变了势垒及其偏压关系，使电流的变化和非线性特性大幅度加强，很大程度上决定了预击穿区的漏电流；同时也使势垒加宽而减小高频电容，但使直流偏压下因晶界电荷的共振响应而产生的电容峰值增大 关键词：     

Large Negative Differential of Heat Generation in a Two-Level Quantum Dot Coupled to Ferromagnetic Leads

Heat current exchanged between a two-level quantum dot (QD) and a phonon reservoir coupled to it is studied within the nonequilibrium Green's function method. We consider that the QD is connected to the left and right ferromagnetic leads. It is found that the negative differential of the heat generation (NDHG) phenomenon, i.e., the intensity of the heat generation decreases with increasing bias voltage, is obviously enhanced as compared to that in single-level QD system. The NDHG can emerge in the absence of the negative differential conductance of the electric current, and occurs in different bias voltage regions when the magnetic moments of the two leads are arranged in parallel or antiparallel configurations. The characteristics of the found phenomena can be understood by examining the change of the electron number on the dot.     

Theory of activated transport in bilayer quantum Hall systems

We analyze the transport properties of bilayer quantum Hall systems at total filling factor nu=1 in drag geometries as a function of interlayer bias, in the limit where the disorder is sufficiently strong to unbind meron-antimeron pairs, the charged topological defects of the system. We compute the typical energy barrier for these objects to cross incompressible regions within the disordered system using a Hartree-Fock approach, and show how this leads to multiple activation energies when the system is biased. We then demonstrate using a bosonic Chern-Simons theory that in drag geometries current in a single layer directly leads to forces on only two of the four types of merons, inducing dissipation only in the drive layer. Dissipation in the drag layer results from interactions among the merons, resulting in very different temperature dependences for the drag and drive layers, in qualitative agreement with experiment.     

掩埋隧道结垂直面激光器速率方程参量提取

为了设计和优化高速激光二极管的高频特性,其速率方程模型参量的精确提取方法非常重要.本文针对新型长波长高带宽的掩埋隧道结垂直面激光器,给出一种速率方程模型参量提取方法.此方法是主要基于阈值电流、输出光功率、张弛振荡频率、阻尼因子和高偏置下增益压缩因子非线性效应等因素,根据已测量的不同偏置下芯片的小信号频率响应来拟合出方程中的张弛振荡频率和阻尼因子.通过考虑增益压缩因子,分别非线性拟合已提取的偏置光功率下的张弛振荡频率和阻尼因子,即可提取速率方程模型中的参量.     

Large Negative Differential of Heat Generation in a Two-Level Quantum Dot Coupled to Ferromagnetic Leads

Heat current exchanged between a two-level quantum dot(QD) and a phonon reservoir coupled to it is studied within the nonequilibrium Green's function method. We consider that the QD is connected to the left and right ferromagnetic leads. It is found that the negative differential of the heat generation(NDHG) phenomenon,i.e.,the intensity of the heat generation decreases with increasing bias voltage,is obviously enhanced as compared to that in single-level QD system. The NDHG can emerge in the absence of the negative differential conductance of the electric current,and occurs in different bias voltage regions when the magnetic moments of the two leads are arranged in parallel or antiparallel configurations. The characteristics of the found phenomena can be understood by examining the change of the electron number on the dot.