一氧化碳有机荧光探针和光控释放剂研究进展

一氧化碳(CO)是人体内重要的气体信号分子,在多种重要的生理病理代谢活动中起着关键性的调控作用,被认为是具有广泛医学应用前景的药物活性分子.CO生理学效应与其浓度、空间分布密切相关.因此,生物体内特异检测CO以及可控性供给CO对于充分理解并有效利用其生理病理功能具有十分重要的意义.荧光检测和光控释放因其无侵入性、时空可...     

Applications and uses of resistant starch

For the past 30 years there has been a steady increase in our knowledge of the sources, uses and physiological effects of resistant starch. However, it has only been in the past decade that the use of ingredients with a high resistant starch content has occurred in foods, initially in Australia but now throughout the world. Foods containing these resistant starch-rich ingredients include not only staple foods, such as bread and breakfast cereals, but also foods designed for those with special physiological or medical needs, such as celiac sensitivity and ulcerative colitis, or for individuals who are seeking to manage energy intake and control weight. Resistant starch has other benefits when compared with traditional sources of dietary fiber in that the preparation and design of foods with additional health benefits have the appearance, taste, and texture characteristics that encourage people to consume these "better for you" foods. As our knowledge of the range of physiological effects that occur through the consumption of resistant starch increases, more applications will be found for their inclusion in an expanding range of foods around the world.     

Comparison of subcellular responses for the evaluation and prediction of the chemotherapeutic response to cisplatin in lung adenocarcinoma using Raman spectroscopy

Confocal Raman Micro-spectroscopy (CRM) is employed to examine the chemical and physiological effects of anticancer agents, using cisplatin and A549 adenocarcinoma cells as a model compound and test system respectively. Spectral responses of the membrane and cytoplasm of the cell are analysed independently and the results are compared to previously reported spectroscopic studies of the nucleus. Moreover, Raman spectra from the proteins extracted from the control and exposed samples are acquired and analysed to confirm the origin of the molecular changes of the cell membrane and cytoplasm of the A549 cells. Multivariate data analysis techniques including Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) along with PLS-Jackknifing are used to analyse the data measured from the cell membrane and cytoplasm of the A549 cells and results are correlated with parallel measurements from the cytotoxicity assay MTT. A PLSR model is used to differentiate between the chemical effect of the chemotherapeutic agent and the physiological response of the A549 cells and to identify regions of the spectrum that are associated with these processes respectively. The PLSR model is also employed to predict, on the basis of the Raman spectra, the effective dose as well as the level of physiological response, using spectra data from the cytoplasmic and cell membrane regions. The effectiveness of the models based on spectral datasets from the cell membrane and cytoplasm is compared to similar models constructed using spectral data from the nuclear region as well as one combining spectral data from all regions. In all cases, higher prediction accuracy is found for regression against the cisplatin dose, and for both regression against the dose and the physiological response, nuclear data yield higher precision.     

Herbizide für die Landwirtschaft: Chemische Unkrautbekämpfung

This article describes the most important herbicides relevant in the market place at the moment as well as their molecular modes of action and plant physiological effects. Furthermore also new herbicidal modes of action and the importance of safeners are referred to.     

Promising therapeutics with natural bioactive compounds for improving learning and memory - a review of randomized trials

Cognitive disorders can be associated with brain trauma, neurodegenerative disease or as a part of physiological aging. Aging in humans is generally associated with deterioration of cognitive performance and, in particular, learning and memory. Different therapeutic approaches are available to treat cognitive impairment during physiological aging and neurodegenerative or psychiatric disorders. Traditional herbal medicine and numerous plants, either directly as supplements or indirectly in the form of food, improve brain functions including memory and attention. More than a hundred herbal medicinal plants have been traditionally used for learning and memory improvement, but only a few have been tested in randomized clinical trials. Here, we will enumerate those medicinal plants that show positive effects on various cognitive functions in learning and memory clinical trials. Moreover, besides natural products that show promising effects in clinical trials, we briefly discuss medicinal plants that have promising experimental data or initial clinical data and might have potential to reach a clinical trial in the near future.     

FRET Monitoring of Intracellular Ketal Hydrolysis in Synthetic Nanoparticles

Degradable synthetic crosslinking is a versatile strategy to harness nanomaterials against disassembly in a complex physiological medium prompted by dilution effects or competitive interaction. In particular, chemical bonds such as ketals that are stable at physiological conditions but are cleaved in response to disease‐mediated or intracellular conditions (e.g., a mildly acidic pH) are of great relevance for biomedical applications. Despite the range of spectroscopic or chromatographic analyses methods that allow chemical degradation in solution to be assessed, it is much less straightforward to interrogate synthetic nanomaterials for their degradation state when located inside a living organism. We demonstrate a method based on FRET analysis to monitor intracellular disassembly of block‐copolymer‐derived nanoparticles engineered with a FRET couple on separate polymer chains, which after self‐assembly are covalently crosslinked with a pH‐sensitive ketal‐containing crosslinker.     

Dependence of transition state structure on substrate: the intrinsic C-13 kinetic isotope effect is different for physiological and slow substrates of the ornithine decarboxylase reaction because of different hydrogen bonding structures

Ornithine decarboxylase is the first and the rate-controlling enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis; it decarboxylates l-ornithine to form the diamine putrescine. We present calculations performed using a combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) method with the AM1 semiempirical Hamiltonian for the wild-type ornithine decarboxylase reaction with ornithine (the physiological substrate) and lysine (a "slow" substrate) and for mutant E274A with ornithine substrate. The dynamical method is variational transition state theory with quantized vibrations. We employ a single reaction coordinate equal to the carbon-carbon distance of the dissociating bond, and we find a large difference between the intrinsic kinetic isotope effect for the physiological substrate, which equals 1.04, and that for the slow substrate, which equals 1.06. This shows that, contrary to a commonly accepted assumption, kinetic isotope effects on slow substrates are not always good models of intrinsic kinetic isotope effects on physiological substrates. Furthermore, analysis of free-energy-based samples of transition state structures shows that the differences in kinetic isotope effects may be traced to different numbers of hydrogen bonds at the different transition states of the different reactions.     

小檗碱衍生物合成及生理活性研究进展

小檗碱是一种季铵型异喹啉生物碱,主要存在于毛茛科、芸香科和小檗科等植物中,具有多种药理功能.近年来,大量小檗碱衍生物的合成,极大提高了小檗碱的生理活性及拓展了小檗碱的应用范围.文章重点综述了小檗碱及其衍生物的生物及化学合成,简述了其生理活性,并对新型小檗碱衍生物合成的设计方向作了展望.     

Evaluation of peptide electropherograms by multivariate mathematical-statistical methods. I. Principal component analysis.

Depository effects in slowly metabolised proteins, typically glycation or the estimation of products arising from the reaction of unsaturated long-chain-fatty acid metabolites (possessing aldehydic groups) are very difficult to assess owing to their extremely low concentration in the protein matrix. In order to reveal such alterations we applied deep enzymatic fragmentation resulting in a set of small peptides, which, if modified, are likely to change their electrophoretic properties and can be visualised on the resulting profile. Peptide maps of collagen (a mixture of collagen types I and III digested by bacterial collagenase) were applied as the model protein structure for detecting the nonenzymatic posttranslational changes originating during various physiological conditions like high fructose diet and hypertriglyceridemic state. Capillary electrophoresis in acidic media (sodium phosphate buffer, pH 2.5) was used as the separation method capable of (partial) separation of over 60 peptide peaks. Two to 13 changes were revealed in the profiles obtained reflecting the physiological conditions of the animals tested. Combination of peptide profiling with subsequent t-test evaluation of individual peak areas and principal component analysis based on cumulative peak areas of individual sections of the electropherograms allowed to determine in which section (part) of the electropherogram the physiological state indicating changes occurred. Simultaneously it was possible to reveal the qualitative differences between the four physiological regimes investigated (i.e., which regime affects the collagen molecules most and which affects them least). The approach can be used as guidance for targeted preseparation of the very complex peptide mixture.     

功能性鸡蛋

功能性鸡蛋是指除营养和味美外，还具有调节人体生理活动功能的鸡蛋。通过调节微量元素、维生素、不饱和脂肪酸等功能性物质在蛋鸡饲粮中的添加数量及饲喂时间，可获得比正常值高的富集功能性物质和鸡蛋。本文对生产功能性鸡蛋的添加剂、添加技术及其在蛋中的转化率等作了综述。同时也介绍了功能性鸡蛋的食疗效果。     

生理和病理过程中重要的磷脂类化合物

作为膜的功能性砌块的磷脂酰胆碱及其类似物, 近年来被发现参与多种重要的生理过程和病理过程, 除了用作磷脂酶抑制剂和血小板活化因子, 还具有抗肿瘤的细胞毒性、潜在的抗AIDS剂以及抗真菌活性等, 这些活性与其结构密切相关, 而且通过膜的介入实现, 代表了一类新型的具有广阔医药学前景的强生理活性化合物。     

On the Role of Exponential Smoothing in Circadian Dosimetry

The effects lighting has on health through modulation of circadian rhythms are becoming increasingly well documented. Data are still needed to show how light exposures are influenced by architecture and lighting design and circadian dosimetry analyses should provide duration, phase and amplitude measures of 24 h exposure profiles. Exponential smoothing is used to derive suitable metrics from 24 h light measurements collected from private dwellings. A further application of these modified exposure time series as physiological models of the light drive is discussed. Unlike previous light drive models, the dose rate persists into periods of darkness following exposures. Comparisons to long duration exposure studies suggest this type of persistent light drive model could be incorporated into contemporary physiological models of the human circadian oscillator.     

Nanostructures-based sensing strategies for hydrogen sulfide

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a very toxic, flammable, and harmful gas. It may be formed naturally or be released into the environment due to human activities. Exposure of humans to a high level of H₂S leads to many hazardous effects. On the other hand, H₂S is produced in vivo and it has many physiological actions as the third physiological gas transmitter. Therefore, it is crucial to develop sensitive, selective, and easily operated sensors to monitor H₂S in its two-sided nature as toxic gas and as a physiological gas transmitter. Recently, the revolution in nanotechnology has a great impact on the development of many sensing techniques that adopt nanosensors for the detection of H₂S. Herein, we abridged the nanostructure-based electrochemical and optical sensors for H₂S in different matrices with a special emphasis on their advantages and applications. A discussion of the sensing mechanisms and the analytical features are also addressed. Finally, the future perspectives and recommended trends for H₂S detection are discussed.     

黄酮类化合物生理活性及合成研究进展

黄酮类化合物是一类植物次生代谢产物, 广泛存在于多种植物中, 不仅数量种类繁多, 而且结构类型复杂多样. 黄酮类化合物因其独特的化学结构而对哺乳动物和其它类型的细胞具有许多重要的生理、生化作用, 是许多中草药的有效成分. 据报道, 适量摄入黄酮类化合物能减少癌症、肿瘤、心血管疾病、脂质过氧化以及骨质疏松等疾病的发病率. 因此, 其引起了国内外化学家的广泛重视, 近年来研究进展很快. 随着对其构效关系的深入研究, 发现了黄酮类化合物部分药理作用的作用机制, 为其在医药、食品领域的应用提供了理论依据, 加快了黄酮类化合物的开发利用. 迄今为止, 人们已经合成了一系列溶解性好, 具有多种生物活性的黄酮类衍生物. 综述了黄酮类化合物的生理活性及其合成研究进展.     

毛喉萜的合成研究概况

毛喉萜(1),forskolin,具有抗高血压、抗肿瘤转移和抗青光眼等药理活性,以及复杂分子结构所具有的挑战性,引起世界上众多有机合成化学家和药物化学家的研究兴趣。本文主要综述该化合物合成研究的各种策略以及路线设计。同时也简要介绍毛喉萜衍生物的合成及其构效关系。     

微量元素硒与人体健康的研究

就微量元素硒对人体健康的影响，生理作用，致病机理和药物治疗等方面进行了比较系统的研究和阐述，为阐述上一些疾病的诊断和治疗提供参考。     

Soluble Dietary Fiber,One of the Most Important Nutrients for the Gut Microbiota

Dietary fiber is a widely recognized nutrient for human health. Previous studies proved that dietary fiber has significant implications for gastrointestinal health by regulating the gut microbiota. Moreover, mechanistic research showed that the physiological functions of different dietary fibers depend to a great extent on their physicochemical characteristics, one of which is solubility. Compared with insoluble dietary fiber, soluble dietary fiber can be easily accessed and metabolized by fiber-degrading microorganisms in the intestine and produce a series of beneficial and functional metabolites. In this review, we outlined the structures, characteristics, and physiological functions of soluble dietary fibers as important nutrients. We particularly focused on the effects of soluble dietary fiber on human health via regulating the gut microbiota and reviewed their effects on dietary and clinical interventions.     

Appearance of liquid crystals in acupuncture points

Liquid crystals of biomolecules occur ubiquitously in biological systems, and to study the physiological mechanism of acupuncture, methods involving the detection of liquid crystals have been introduced. It is revealed that liquid crystals appear in the acupuncture point Zusanli 15 min after the appropriate stimulus in the acupuncture point Jiexi, which is located on the same meridian with Zusanli according to the Meridian Theory of Chinese Medicine, whereas liquid crystals are rarely observed in the points beside the Zusanli in the same condition. Subsequent studies on the composition of the liquid crystals detected, using energy dispersive X-ray analysis and histochemical analysis, suggest that the liquid crystals consist of proteins and perhaps phospholipids. The results show that these biomolecules, which are accumulated in the extracellular fluid of the acupuncture point, may function in the acupuncture effects, and moreover that liquid crystal detection can serve as a simple method to start studies of such complicated physiological phenomena.     

Appearance of liquid crystals in acupuncture points

Liquid crystals of biomolecules occur ubiquitously in biological systems, and to study the physiological mechanism of acupuncture, methods involving the detection of liquid crystals have been introduced. It is revealed that liquid crystals appear in the acupuncture point Zusanli 15 min after the appropriate stimulus in the acupuncture point Jiexi, which is located on the same meridian with Zusanli according to the Meridian Theory of Chinese Medicine, whereas liquid crystals are rarely observed in the points beside the Zusanli in the same condition. Subsequent studies on the composition of the liquid crystals detected, using energy dispersive X-ray analysis and histochemical analysis, suggest that the liquid crystals consist of proteins and perhaps phospholipids. The results show that these biomolecules, which are accumulated in the extracellular fluid of the acupuncture point, may function in the acupuncture effects, and moreover that liquid crystal detection can serve as a simple method to start studies of such complicated physiological phenomena.     

Beryllium coordination chemistry

The coordination chemistry of beryllium with particular emphasis on chelates under physiological or near physiological conditions is surveyed. Hard donors such as oxygen are emphasized; equilibrium data and formation constants are reported as an indication of the strength of the complex.