An easy approach to optically active alpha-amino phosphonic acid derivatives by chiral Zn(II)-catalyzed enantioselective amination of phosphonates

A catalytic direct enantioselective electrophilic amination of beta-keto phosphonates has been developed applying chiral bisoxazoline-zinc(II) complexes as the catalyst. The reaction proceeds well for both acyclic and cyclic substrates in high yields and with up to 98% ee using azodicarboxylates as the nitrogen source. The scope of the reaction is, for example, the further transformation to optically active beta-hydroxy-alpha-amino phosphonates with very high stereoselection.     

Catalytic asymmetric addition of beta-keto phosphonates to an activated imine--formation of optically active functionalized phosphonate alpha-amino acid derivatives

The direct stereoselective addition of an activated imine to beta-keto phosphonates in the presence of chiral Lewis acid complexes is developed. The evaluation of different activated imines shows that an N-tosyl-alpha-imino ester adds in a diastereo- and enantioselective fashion to beta-keto phosphonates activated by especially chiral copper(II)-bisoxazoline complexes. An evaluation of Lewis acids, chiral ligands and reaction conditions, such as solvent, bases and other additives, shows that high yields, moderate diastereoselectivity and good enantioselectivity are obtained. The scope of the reaction is demonstrated for the reaction of beta-keto phosphonates and finally, the mechanism for the catalytic stereoselective step is presented.     

Zinc-mediated chain extension of beta-keto phosphonates

A variety of beta-keto phosphonates can be converted to gamma-keto phosphonates through reaction with ethyl(iodomethyl)zinc. The presence of alpha-alkyl substituents, Lewis basic functionality, and modestly acidic NH-protons are accommodated in substrates of this reaction. Chain extension of beta-keto phosphonates that contained olefinic functionality proceeded more quickly than cyclopropanation; however, it was not possible to effect the chain extension to the exclusion of cyclopropane formation. A primary reason for this imperfect chemoselectivity appears to be the slow chain extension of beta-keto phosphonates. Nevertheless, the simplicity, the scope, and efficiency of this method serve to make it an attractive alternative to the established methods for gamma-keto phosphonate formation.     

Copper‐Catalyzed α‐Amination of Phosphonates and Phosphine Oxides: A Direct Approach to α‐Amino Phosphonic Acids and Derivatives

A direct approach to important α‐amino phosphonic acids and its derivatives has been developed by using copper‐catalyzed electrophilic amination of α‐phosphonate zincates with O‐acyl hydroxylamines. This amination provides the first example of C? N bond formation which directly introduces acyclic and cyclic amines to the α‐position of phosphonates in one step. The reaction is readily promoted at room temperature with as little as 0.5 mol % of catalyst, and demonstrates high efficiency on a broad substrate scope.     

Electrophilic Amination with Nitroarenes

An exceptionally general electrophilic amination, which directly transforms commercially available nitroarenes into alkylated aromatic aminoboranes with zinc organyl compounds was developed. The reaction starts with a two‐step partial reduction of the nitro group to a nitrenoid, which is used in situ as the electrophilic amination reagent. To facilitate isolation, the resulting air‐ and moisture‐sensitive aminoboranes were reacted with a range of electrophiles. The method not only represents a direct transformation of nitro compounds into electrophilic amination reagents but also provides an elegant alternative to dehydrocoupling methods for the generation of aminoboranes.     

A Catalyst‐Free Amination of Functional Organolithium Reagents by Flow Chemistry

Reported is the electrophilic amination of functional organolithium intermediates with well‐designed aminating reagents under mild reaction conditions using flow microreactors. The aminating reagents were optimized to achieve efficient C?N bond formation without using any catalyst. The electrophilic amination reactions of functionalized aryllithiums were successfully conducted under mild reaction conditions, within 1 minute, by using flow microreactors. The aminating reagent was also prepared by the flow method. Based on stopped‐flow NMR analysis, the reaction time for the preparation of the aminating reagent was quickly optimized without the necessity of work‐up. Integrated one‐flow synthesis consisting of the generation of an aryllithium, the preparation of an aminating reagent, and their combined reaction was successfully achieved to give the desired amine within 5 minutes of total reaction time.     

Catalytic enantioselective electrophilic α-hydrazination of β-ketoesters using bifunctional organocatalysts

The catalytic enantioselective electrophilic α-hydrazination promoted by chiral bifunctional organocatalysts is described. Treatment of β-ketoesters with azodicarboxylates as electrophilic amination reagents under mild reaction conditions afforded the corresponding α-amino β-ketoesters with excellent enantiomeric excesses (93-99% ee).     

Catalytic enantioselective fluorination of beta-keto esters by phase-transfer catalysis using chiral quaternary ammonium salts

[reaction: see text] The catalytic enantioselective electrophilic fluorination promoted by quaternary ammonium salt from cinchonine as a phase-transfer catalyst is described. Treatment of beta-keto esters with N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide as the fluorine source under mild reaction conditions afforded the corresponding alpha-fluoro beta-keto esters in exellent yields with good to moderate enantiomeric excesses     

Enantioselective Nitrogen Transfer to Sulfides from Nitridomanganese(V) Complexes

We describe the facile preparation of novel, optically active nitridomanganese(V) complexes which serve as reagents for the electrophilic amination of sulfides. This amination method has several appealing features, including: i) the facile preparation of large quantities of the starting nitridomanganese reagent 3 , ii) the preparation of acylsulfilimines 2 in optically active form, and iii) the mild reaction conditions employed.     

Synthesis of 3-Aminopyrocatechol via Lithiated Intermediates

We report the synthesis of 3-aminopyrocatechol (7) through electrophilic amination of lithiated pyrocatechol, protected in the form of a ketal. For this purpose the lithiation reaction of protected pyrocatechol (1) was studied. The synthesis of compounds (3) was achieved by the reaction of organolithium derivative (2) and a series of electrophilic reagents. Lithium-t-butyl-N-tosyloxycarbamate (5) was used as the electrophilic aminating reagent. With the cupro derivative (4) the protecting groups in compound (6) are removed in an acid medium by heating in ethanol-HCl solution (4:1).     

Amination of grignard reagents with retention of configuration

[see reaction]. The stereochemistry of electrophilic amination has been probed using the chiral Grignard reagent 5, in which the magnesium-bearing carbon atom is the sole stereogenic center. Amination with azidomethyl phenyl sulfide 1 and with O-sulfonyloxime 2 were found to proceed with full retention of configuration.     

A Novel Amination Reaction with Diphenyl Phosphorazidate: Synthesis of α-amino-acid derivatives

The reaction of enolates of α-unsubstituted carboxamides 3 with diphenyl phosphorazidate (DPPA) and di(tert-butyl) dicarbonate (‘Boc anhydride’) in THF at ?78° yielded 2-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}carboxamides 5 (Scheme 2) which are derivatives of α-amino acids. In this reaction, DPPA acts as an electrophilic amination reagent. A reaction mechanism is proposed in Scheme 3.     

Catalytic enantioselective electrophilic α-amination of β-ketoesters catalyzed by chiral palladium complexes

The catalytic enantioselective electrophilic α-amination promoted chiral palladium complexes is described. Treatment of β-ketoesters with azodicarboxylates as electrophilic amination reagents under mild reaction conditions afforded the corresponding α-amino β-ketoesters with excellent enantiomeric excesses (91-99% ee). Palladium complexes were immobilized in [bmim]PF₆, and their applications to catalytic α-amination of β-ketoesters were successfully demonstrated.     

Synthesis of 1H-1,5,7-triazacyclopenta[<Emphasis Type="Italic">c,d</Emphasis>]phenalenes by the electrophilic amination of perimidines using sodium azide in PPA

A method was developed for the synthesis of 1H-1,5,7-triazacyclopenta[c,d]phenalenes by the electrophilic amination of perimidines using the new sodium azide/PPA reagent system and a subsequent one-pot reaction with 1,3,5-triazines. A multicomponent variant of this reaction is possible in the case of 2,4,6-trimethyl- and 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazines.     

Synthesis of α-trifluoromethyl-β-keto phosphonates by electrophilic trifluoromethylation with Togni reagent

A new synthetic method of trifluoromethylated phosphonates was developed via electrophilic trifluoromethylation with Togni reagent. A variety of β-keto phosphonates were converted into the corresponding α-trifluoromethyl-β-keto phosphonates in moderate to good yields. This protocol could also be extended to other fluoroalkylation reactions, such as pentafluoroethylation.     

Direct catalytic asymmetric Mannich-type reaction of beta-keto phosphonate using a dinuclear Ni2-Schiff base complex

Direct catalytic asymmetric Mannich-type reactions of beta-keto phosphonates are described. A homodinuclear Ni 2-Schiff base complex promoted the reaction at 0 degrees C, giving beta-amino phosphonates in up to 90% yield, 20:1 dr, and 99% ee. Control experiments suggested that two Ni metals are important for achieving high yield and stereoselectivity.     

Asymmetric organocatalytic α-amination of 2-oxindoles with bis(2,2,2-trichloroethyl)azo-dicarboxylate

An enantioselective electrophilic amination of 3-substituted-2-oxindoles is reported, using bis(2,2,2-trichloroethyl)azo-dicarboxylate and commercially available Cinchona alkaloid organocatalysts. The best results were obtained in the reaction of 3-aryl substrates, with high to excellent yields (75% to quantitative) and good stereoselectivity (64–77% ee). Facile reductive conversion of the protected 3-hydrazino fragment into the corresponding primary amine was also demonstrated, to expand the synthetic flexibility of asymmetric electrophilic amination with azo-dicarboxylic esters en route to enantioenriched 3-amino-2-oxindoles. The absolute configuration of 3-amino-3-phenyl-2-oxindole was independently established by electronic circular dichroism (ECD), combined with time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT).     

Enantioselective chlorination and fluorination of beta-keto phosphonates catalyzed by chiral Lewis acids

The direct chiral Lewis acidic enantioselective chlorination and fluorination of beta-keto phosphonates is presented; the chlorination proceeds in high yields and with up to 94% ee using NCS as the chloro source, while the fluorination with (PhSO2)2NF (NFSI) gives the optically active alpha-fluoro-beta-keto phosphonates in moderate to good yields and with up to 91% ee.     

Transition-Metal Free Electrophilic Aminations of Polyfunctional O-2,4,6-Trimethylbenzoyl Hydroxylamines with Zinc and Magnesium Organometallics

We reported a new electrophilic amination of various primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl, benzylic, allylic zinc and magnesium organometallics with O-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl hydroxylamines (O-TBHAs) in 52–99 % yield. These O-TBHAs displayed an excellent long-term stability and were readily prepared from various highly functionalized secondary amines via a convenient 3 step procedure. The amination reactions showed remarkable chemoselectivity proceeding without any transition-metal catalyst and were usually complete after 1–3 h reaction time at 25 °C. Furthermore, this electrophilic amination also provided access to enantioenriched tertiary amines (up to 88 % ee) by using optically enriched secondary alkylmagnesium reagents of the type s-AlkylMgCH₂SiMe₃.     

Copper-catalyzed electrophilic amination of organozinc nucleophiles: documentation of O-benzoyl hydroxylamines as broadly useful R2N(+) and RHN(+) synthons

[reaction: see text] This paper details new copper-catalyzed electrophilic amination reactions of diorganozinc reagents using O-benzoyl hydroxylamines as electrophilic nitrogen sources that may be accessed in one step. Simple and functionalized aryl, heteroaryl-, benzyl, n-alkyl, sec-alkyl, and tert-alkyl nucleophiles couple with R2NOC(O)Ph and RHNOC(O)Ph reagents in the presence of catalytic quantities of copper salts to provide tertiary and secondary amines, respectively, in generally good yields. In many cases, the product may be isolated analytically pure after a simple extractive workup. The amination process is shown to tolerate a significant degree of steric demand. The amination of nominally unreactive C(aryl)-H bonds via a sequential directed ortho metalation/transmetalation/catalytic amination reaction sequence is detailed. The direct Cu-catalyzed amination of Grignard reagents using cocatalysis by ZnCl2 is described.