铈对酸雨胁迫下大麦种子萌发的影响

研究了铈对酸雨胁迫大麦种子萌发的影响,随着雨ｐＨ值的增加,大麦发芽势,发芽率、幼苗地下与地上部干重及叶绿素含量递减,根系质膜透性递增;酸雨对铈浸种的大麦种子的胁迫作用减轻,表明有缓解酸雨胁迫种子萌发的作用。     

The Effect of Bio-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles on Germination,Early Seedling Development,and Metabolome of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Changes in the metabolome of germinating seeds and seedlings caused by metal nanoparticles are poorly understood. In the present study, the effects of bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles ((Bio)Ag NPs) on grains germination, early seedlings development, and metabolic profiles of roots, coleoptile, and endosperm of wheat were analyzed. Grains germinated well in (Bio)Ag NPs suspensions at the concentration in the range 10–40 mg/L. However, the growth of coleoptile was inhibited by 25%, regardless of (Bio)Ag NPs concentration tested, whereas the growth of roots gradually slowed down along with the increasing concentration of (Bio)Ag NPs. The deleterious effect of Ag NPs on roots was manifested by their shortening, thickening, browning of roots tips, epidermal cell death, progression from apical meristem up to root hairs zone, and the inhibition of root hair development. (Bio)Ag NPs stimulated ROS production in roots and affected the metabolic profiles of all tissues. Roots accumulated sucrose, maltose, 1-kestose, phosphoric acid, and some amino acids (i.e., proline, aspartate/asparagine, hydroxyproline, and branched-chain amino acids). In coleoptile and endosperm, contrary to roots, the concentration of most metabolites decreased. Moreover, coleoptile accumulated galactose. Changes in the concentration of polar metabolites in seedlings revealed the affection of primary metabolism, disturbances in the mobilization of storage materials, and a translocation of sugars and amino acids from the endosperm to growing seedlings.     

Enhancement of Germination and Seedling Growth of Wheat Seed Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma with Various Gas Sources

The influences of non-thermal discharge plasma treatment on wheat seed germination and seedling growth were investigated using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma system at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. DBD plasma with various gas sources (oxygen, air, argon, and nitrogen) was employed in this study. Germination characteristics, seedling growth parameters, surface changes of the seed coat, permeability, and soluble protein of the seedlings were measured after the DBD plasma treatments. The experimental results showed that moderate-intensity DBD plasma had active impacts on wheat seed germination and seedling growth. Germination potential significantly increased by 24.0, 28.0, and 35.5% after 4 min of the air plasma, nitrogen plasma, and argon plasma treatments, respectively, compared with the control; and the shoot and root length also increased; however, no enhancement was observed after the oxygen plasma treatment. Scanning electron microscope analysis showed that etching effects on the seed coat occurred after the air plasma, nitrogen plasma, and argon plasma treatments, which affected the hygroscopicity and permeability of the wheat seed. In addition, moderate-intensity DBD plasma could also activate several physiological reactions in wheat seed, resulting in the increase of soluble protein production in wheat seedlings.     

Effect of Salt Stress on Growth and Metabolite Profiles of Cape Gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) along Three Growth Stages

Colombia is the main producer of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.), a plant known for its various consumption practices and medicinal properties. This plant is generally grown in eroded soils and is considered moderately tolerant to unfavorable conditions, such as nutrient-poor soils or high salt concentrations. Most studies conducted on this plant focus on fruit production and composition because it is the target product, but a small number of studies have been conducted to describe the effect of abiotic stress, e.g., salt stress, on growth and biochemical responses. In order to better understand the mechanism of inherent tolerance of this plant facing salt stress, the present study was conducted to determine the metabolic and growth differences of P. peruviana plants at three different BBCH-based growth substages, varying salt conditions. Hence, plants were independently treated with two NaCl solutions, and growth parameters and LC-ESI-MS-derived semi-quantitative levels of metabolites were then measured and compared between salt treatments per growth substage. A 90 mM NaCl treatment caused the greatest effect on plants, provoking low growth and particular metabolite variations. The treatment discrimination-driving feature classification suggested that glycosylated flavonols increased under 30 mM NaCl at 209 substages, withanolides decreased under 90 mM NaCl at 603 and 703 substages, and up-regulation of a free flavonol at all selected stages can be considered a salt stress response. Findings locate such response into a metabolic context and afford some insights into the plant response associated with antioxidant compound up-regulation.     

Comparative chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Nyman and Calamintha grandiflora (L.) Moench (Labiatae)

The two studied Calamintha species showed different polyphenolic content and sterol composition. Calamintha grandiflora possessed twice the polyphenolic content of Calamintha nepeta subsp. glandulosa, while the latter contained a higher number of sterols. Among them, stigmast-5-en-3β-ol was found to be the major constituent. The methanolic extract of C. grandiflora was more potent than the C. nepeta subsp. glandulosa methanolic extract in a DPPH assay, while the activity of the C. grandiflora EtOAc fraction was weaker than its C. nepeta subsp. glandulosa counterpart. Fractions of C. nepeta subsp. glandulosa showed higher activity using a β-carotene bleaching test. The petrol ether fraction of C. grandiflora showed significant inhibition of NO production.     

Separation and Purification of Three Flavonoids from Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench by HSCCC

Following an initial clean-up step on a Sephadex LH-20 column, high-speed countercurrent chromatography was successfully applied to the isolation and purification of three flavonoids from a crude sample of Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench. HSCCC was performed with a two-phase solvent system composed of ethyl acetate–water (1:1, v/v). Naringenin-7-O-β-d-glycoside (2.3 mg), isoquercitrin (3.5 mg), and astragalin (6.7 mg), with purities of 96.05%, 93.63%, 95.23%, respectively, were separated from 160 mg of crude sample in a one-step separation. The structure identification was by ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR.     

Seed Germination and Early Growth Responses to Seed Pre-treatment by Non-thermal Plasma in Hemp Cultivars (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cannabis sativa</Emphasis> L.)

The two key questions addressed in this paper were whether different cultivars of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) have the same reactions to non-thermal plasma seed pre-treatments and whether different plasma sources have different effects on the seeds. Seed germination and early growth of hemp in design of hierarchical analysis of variance was conducted. Differences in response among seeds of three hemp cultivars (‘Finola’, ‘Bialobrzeskie’, ‘Carmagnola’) to the non-thermal plasma pre-treatment generated by two apparatuses (gliding arc and downstream microwave devices) in four time expositions (0, 180, 300, 600 s) were found. The high importance was found in type of apparatus and time exposition. A positive/neutral effect was observed in all measured characteristics after gliding arc plasma pre-treatment. Gliding arc pre-treatment increased the length of seedlings, seedling accretion and weight of seedling in both cv. ‘Finola’ and cv. ‘Bialobrzeskie’ hemp. On the other hand, the downstream microwave apparatus had an inhibiting effect on all tested hemp cultivars. It was the first time when significant differences in response to non-thermal pre-treatment were found in taxonomically close plants. The results obtained in this study describes different effect of various plasma treatment on germination and early growth of hemp seeds. The direct pre-treatment of non-thermal plasma discharge in condition of atmospheric pressure was better. Results of our experiment show that the use of non-thermal plasma pre-treatment may increase survival of some hemp cultivars during seedlings establishment in a drier period and may be used in new agro-technical measures in unconventional agriculture.     

镧、铈对酸雨胁迫下龙眼(Dimocarpus longana Lour.)花粉萌发和坐果的影响

研究了La3+和Ce3+对酸雨胁迫下龙眼花粉萌发和坐果的影响.结果表明,酸雨胁迫下,低浓度(0.1～1 μmol·L-1)的La(NO3)3或Ce(NO3)3可以减轻酸雨对花粉的伤害,提高花粉萌发率,高浓度(10 μmol·L-1)则加重了酸雨的伤害作用;0.1～10 mmol·L-1的La(NO3)3和Ce(NO3)3均可以提高龙眼的坐果率,减轻酸雨对龙眼果实的伤害.     

Influence of Helium-Neon Laser Irradiation on Seed Germination In Vitro and Physico-Biochemical Characters in Seedlings of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) var. Mattu Gulla

In the present study, the seeds of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) var. Mattu Gulla were irradiated with single exposure of He–Ne laser at different doses of 5–40 J cm^?2 and germinated aseptically. Thirty day old seedlings were harvested and the germination, growth, physiological and biochemical parameters were estimated and compared with un‐irradiated control seedlings. A significant enhancement in growth characters were noted with respect to length, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots. In addition, chlorophyll (a and b), carotenoid content, anthocyanin and amylases (α and β) activities were found to be altered. Significant alterations in percentage of seed germination (P < 0.001) and time to 50% germination (P < 0.001) were observed in the irradiated seeds compared with the un‐irradiated controls. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that low dose (5–30 J cm^?2) of He–Ne laser irradiation enhanced the germination process and altered growth, by positively influencing physiological and biochemical parameters of the brinjal seedlings compared with un‐irradiated control under in vitro conditions.     

Beneficial Effects of Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) and Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) Extract on Rat Health

Polyphenols of Laurel and Myrtle exhibit structural diversity, which affects bioavailability, metabolism, and bioactivity. The gut microbiota plays a key role in modulating the production, bioavailability and, thus the biological activities of phenolic metabolites, particularly after the intake of food containing high-molecular-weight polyphenols. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the polyphenolic components of Laurel and Myrtle aqueous extract have beneficial effects on rat health. The growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), β-glucuronidase, β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase activity, pH value, body weight change and food efficacy ratio after intragastric treatment of rats with Laurel and Myrtle extract at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg for two weeks were investigated. The endogenous populations of colonic probiotic bacteria (Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria) were counted on selective media. According to the obtained data, Laurel extract in the applied dose of 50 and 100 and Myrtle extract (100 mg/kg) positively affects the rats health by increasing the number of colonies of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria compared to the control group, causes changes in glycolytic enzymatic activity and minor change in antioxidative tissue activity. In addition, high doses of Laurel increase food efficiency ratio, while Myrtle has the same effect at a lower dose.     

稀土对NaCl胁迫下矮牵牛幼苗生长抑制的缓解效应

以矮牵牛为材料,采用组织培养的方法,探讨硝酸稀土对NaCl胁迫下矮牵牛幼苗生长抑制的缓解效应.结果表明,在试验区间范围内,采用90 mg·L-1硝酸稀土对0.4%的NaCl胁迫下矮牵牛的株高、单株鲜重和根长有明显的缓解效应,分别为:14.5%,19.9%和53.2%,对生根率缓解效应不明显;当NaCl浓度为0.8%,硝酸稀土对株高和单株鲜重缓解效应不明显,对根长和生根率反而有抑制作用,抑制效应分别达到34.6%和48.4%.在一定范围内硝酸稀土对NaCl胁迫矮牵牛根系的POD,SOD和CAT同工酶的活性均有促进作用,表达种类无明显变化.随着硝酸稀土处理浓度的提高,叶片POD同工酶活性呈现低-高-低变化,表达种类无明显变化;SOD同工酶活性增强,表达种类增多;CAT同工酶活性下降,表达种类减少.     

Effect of Sorbent Additives to Copper-Contaminated Soils on Seed Germination and Early Growth of Grass Seedlings

Heavy metal and metalloid-contaminated soil is a serious barrier to colonization for many plant species. The problem of the elimination of toxic waste accumulated in technogenous soils in many highly transformed regions is extremely important. Hence, another attempt was made to analyze the effect of the addition of sorbents (BCH—biochar, B—bentonite, ChM—chicken manure, OS—organo-zeolitic substrate) to contaminated copper soil on the germination and early growth of Eurasian common grass species (Agrostis capillaris, A. stolonifera, Festuca rubra and Poa pratensis), which could potentially be used in recultivation. This experiment was based on the laboratory sandwich method. Standard germination indexes, morphometry and biomass analysis were used. The percentage of germinating seeds was lower in each of the soil variants and sorbents used compared to the control. Dry mass was positively stimulated by all sorbents. The response to the addition of sorbents, expressed as the electrolyte leakage of seedlings, was different depending on the species and type of sorbent. Among all sorbents, the most positive effects on germination and growth were observed in the case of OS. Overall, the response to the addition of sorbents was different in the studied species, depending on their stage of development.     

The Effect of Nano-ZnO on Seeds Germination Parameters of Different Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Cultivars

The agriculture sector faces numerous problems. One of the beforementioned problems relates to the proper crop plants’ fertilization. The conventional bulk fertilizers are becoming less effective and have a negative impact on the environment. Nanomaterials such as zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are widely used in various sectors such as medicine or electronics. Several studies indicate that nano-ZnO may likewise be considered as a potential nanofertilizer. In present research, an attempt was made to study the influence of two different sized ZnO NPs (<50 nm and <100 nm) on the seed germination of chosen tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivars. The seeds of three cherry tomato cultivars were placed on a Petri dish with the NPs suspensions (0, 50, 150, and 250 mg/L) in order to examine the influence on germination parameters at a certain size of NPs and at a chosen concentration. In addition, within this study, we verified that the implicated conditions have the exact impact on all three cultivars. The obtained results indicate that all the factors affect the seed sprouting, however, this process mainly depends on the type of tomato cultivar and the size of the used nanoparticles. The parameter of the germination percentage (GP) was the only of the assumed factors that did not influence it significantly. Nevertheless, the values of other examined parameters such as the MGT, GRI, CVG, or VI depend strongly on all assumed features including the type of chosen cultivar. The obtained results vary significantly between all cultivars which indicates that the plants from the same family may require different conditions for optimal growth. In this research the <50 nm ZnO nanoparticles had more beneficial influence on sprouting parameters then parallelly used <100 nm ZnO nanoparticles.     

Air Atmospheric Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Induced Germination and Growth Enhancement of Wheat Seed

Air atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge plasma (DBD) was attempted to pretreat wheat seed to improve its germination and growth in this study. The effects of the DBD plasma treatment on the wheat seed germination, seedling growth, osmotic-adjustment products, lipid peroxidation level, and antioxidant enzymes activity were investigated. The experimental results showed that the DBD plasma treatment with an appropriate time scale could promote the wheat seed germination and seedling growth. The germination potential, germination rate, germination index, and vigor index increased by 26.7, 9.1, 16.9, and 46.9% after 7 min’s DBD plasma treatment, respectively; the root length, shoot length, fresh weight, and dry weight of the seedlings also increased after the DBD plasma treatment. The osmotic-adjustment products, proline and soluble sugar contents, in the wheat seedlings were significantly enhanced after the DBD plasma treatment with an appropriate time scale, while the malondialdehyde content decreased. Moreover, the activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase also increased after the DBD plasma treatment. The DBD plasma treatment led to etching effect on the wheat seed coat, resulting in the improvement of its water absorption capacity.     

Relative efficacy of water use in five varieties of Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. under water-limited conditions

In the present investigation, five varieties of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.) were screened for their water use efficiency under two water regimes, viz., 60% and 100% filed capacity. Drought stress was imposed at 60% field capacity from 30 to 70 days after sowing, while the control pots were maintained at 100% field capacity throughout the period of entire growth. Biomass and yield, leaf area duration, cumulative water transpired water use efficiency, net assimilation rate, mean transpiration rate and harvest index under water deficit level were measured. Water use efficiency significantly increases in all the okra varieties under water-limited environment. Drought stress decreased the biomass and yield, leaf area duration, cumulative water transpired, net assimilation rate, mean transpiration rate and harvest index in the okra varieties studied. But among the varieties, variety JK Haritha showed better results. None of the varieties studied had showed increased drought tolerance than the control.     

Antioxidant and Toxic Activity of Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench and Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don Essential Oils and Extracts

Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench (sandy everlasting) is the only species from genus Helichrysum Mill that grows spontaneously in Lithuania. The chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) from inflorescences and leaves of H. arenarium wild plants was analysed by GC-MS. Palmitic (≤23.8%), myristic (≤14.9%) and lauric (6.1%) acids, n-nonanal (10.4%), and trans-β-caryophyllene (≤6.5%) were the major constituents in the EOs. For comparison, the main components in EO from flowers (commercial herb material) of H. italicum were γ-curcumene (21.5%), β-selinene (13.6%), α-selinene (8.1%), β-eudesmol (8.3%), and α-pinene (6.5%). Composition of H. arenarium methanolic extracts was investigated by HPLC-DAD-TOF. The main compounds were the following: luteolin-7-O-glucoside, naringenin and its glucoside, apigenin, chlorogenic acid, arenol, and arzanol. Antioxidant activity of EOs and extracts was tested by DPPH^● and ABTS^●+ assays. Sandy everlasting extracts exhibited significantly higher radical scavenging activities (for leaves 11.18 to 19.13 and for inflorescences 1.96 to 6.13 mmol/L TROLOX equivalent) compared to those of all tested EOs (0.25 to 0.46 mmol/L TROLOX equivalent). Antioxidant activity, assayed electrochemically by cyclic and square wave voltammetry correlated with total polyphenolic content in extracts and radical scavenging properties of EOs and extracts. The toxic activity of EOs of both Helichrysum species was evaluated using a brine shrimp (Artemia salina) bioassay. H. italicum inflorescence EO was found to be toxic (LC₅₀ = 15.99 µg/mL) as well as that of H. arenarium (LC₅₀ ≤ 23.42 µg/mL) oils.     

新型苯并噁唑杂芳基硫醚化合物的合成及其对小麦种子发芽率的影响

根据活性基团拼接原理,分别以4-甲基-2-氨基苯酚和邻氨基苯酚为原料,SCH₂为“桥梁”基团,设计并合成了9个苯并噁唑杂芳基硫醚化合物(6a~6e和10a~10d),其中6, 10a和10d为新化合物,其结构经¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, IR和元素分析表征。采用培养皿滤纸发芽法考察了6和10对小麦种子发芽率的影响。结果表明：在合适的浓度下,6和10对小麦种子发芽率均有促进作用。     

Effects of Solar UVB Radiation on Growth, Flowering and Yield of Central and Southern European Maize Cultivars (Zea mays L.)

Abstract— Different cultivars of maize ( Zea mays L.) originating from Central and South Europe were grown from June to September 1994 for 16 weeks in two greenhouses covered with different UVB-absorbing (280–320 nm) plastic foils. Using the ambient UVB radiation level of a southern location (Portugal, 38.7°N) in one of the greenhouses as an enhanced radiation compared to the reduced radiation in the second greenhouse, an increase of about 12% of UVB was simulated. Six of the eight cultivars examined showed significant reductions in height of up to 18.9% at all developmental stages under increased UVB. In contrast to this, the fresh and dry weight as well as the leaf area was reduced under UVB only at early developmental stages, but with ongoing development the UVB stressed plants caught up. The total content of absorbing compounds of the maize cultivars was completely unaffected by UVB. A flowering delay up to a maximum of 5 days was observed under higher UVB in several cultivars. Probably due to this delay in the cob development the yield decreased to 27.7% under higher UVB at the first harvest after 12 and 14 weeks, whereas at the second harvest after 14 and 16 weeks yield reduction levelled off.     

镧对UV-C胁迫下番茄幼苗的防护作用

在温室中研究了La3+对UV-C辐射胁迫下番茄幼苗保护酶活性及光合色素的影响.结果表明:UV-C胁迫降低了番茄幼苗SOD和POD活性,增加了膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量.La3+对UV-C胁迫下番茄幼苗SOD和POD有显著的调控作用.与单一UV-C胁迫组相比,番茄幼苗SOD活性平均增加了38.03%,POD活性平均增加了20.43%,番茄幼苗MDA含量平均降低18.63%,表明La3+有效防止了番茄幼苗细胞膜脂过氧化作用,一定程度上缓解了番茄幼苗膜系统的伤害.La3+能够显著缓解UV-C辐射胁迫对光合色素的降解作用.与单一UV-C胁迫组相比,番茄幼苗叶绿素a平均提高了17.65%.叶绿素b平均提高了17.11%,类胡萝卜素含量维持较高水平.综合比较各项指标,30 mg·L-1LaCl3在UV-C辐射胁迫下对番茄幼苗的防护效果好于60 mg·L-1LaCl3.