大孔吸附树脂纯化杜仲叶加工剩余物中的京尼平苷酸

以杜仲叶加工剩余物为原料,研究(比较)了S-8、AB-8、D101和X-5 4种大孔吸附树脂对杜仲中的降血压活性成分京尼平苷酸(GPA)的吸附及脱附性能。以S-8型树脂吸附-水脱附工艺纯化GPA的优化工艺为:脱附剂用量300mL、脱附流速3mL/min、上柱液pH值1.0,脱附过程的最大影响因素为脱附剂流速,GPA的脱附率达89.64%,GPA含量由7.23%提高到45.18%。     

热脱附和气-质联用测定卷烟包装材料中的酞酸酯

建立热脱附-气相色谱-质谱的方法对卷烟包装材料中的酞酸酯(邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯和邻苯二甲酸正丁正辛酯)进行测定,采用正交实验优化了热脱附条件,优化条件为卷烟包装材料在100℃的热脱附系统(TDS)中热脱附4min,目标物随流量为50mL/min的载气进入-50℃的冷进样系统(CIS4)中冷却,脱附结束后CIS4升温至200℃将目标物挥发进入GC-MS中进行分离和鉴定.采用外标法进行定量,所得校准曲线的线性关系良好,4种酞酸酯在100℃时脱附2min的加标平均回收率范围为80%-90%,相对标准偏差分别为2.07%、3.57%、2.21%和6.38%.该方法样品用量少,前处理简单,重现性较好,可用于卷烟包装材料中酞酸酯的同时测定.     

脂松香、石炭酸松香树脂和马林酸松香树脂的红外光谱剖析及鉴别

本文对脂松香、石炭酸松香树脂和马林酸松香树脂的红外光谱剖析及鉴别，方法快速，简便，准确。     

高分子混合刷吸附/脱附蛋白质的模型化研究

本文基于扩散动力学,建立了一种新的理论模型研究高分子混合刷在蛋白质吸附/脱附过程中的动力学特性.理论模型考虑高分子混合刷中一种高分子链(P-高分子链)对蛋白质的吸附,另一种高分子链(N-高分子链)对蛋白质的脱附,以及吸附/脱附的时滞性.通过选取模型中各参数值,获得了具有不同化学、物理性质的高分子混合刷对蛋白质的部分吸附/脱附、完全吸附/脱附,以及周期性吸附/脱附的动力学特性.研究发现,由于外加交变电场的作用,高分子混合刷对蛋白质吸附/脱附过程呈现出周期性循环的动力学特性,并且平均吸附、脱附量增加.本文理论结果符合实验观测.可以预言,外加交变电场可实现高分子混合刷对蛋白质吸附/脱附的多次循环,为设计吸附/脱附蛋白质的高分子混合刷纳米材料提供必要的参考和新方案.     

萘在典型介孔碳上的脱附性能研究

本文基于程序升温脱附(TPD)热重实验对典型多环芳烃,萘,在三种典型介孔碳CMK-3、CMK-5和FDU-15以及传统椰壳活性炭(AC)上的脱附性能进行了研究。采用Kissinger方程预估、Coats-Redfern方程求算、主曲线法校验的组合式热分析方法准确获取了萘在四种吸附剂上的脱附动力学三因子(脱附活化能E_a、指前因子lnA与机理函数)。结果表明,CMK-3、CMK-5和FDU-15对萘的脱附再生性能明显优于椰壳AC,脱附峰值温度排序呈:CMK-5CMK-3≈FDU-15椰壳AC。萘在椰壳AC(E_a=101.5 kJ/mol)上的脱附内扩散阻力最大,CMK-3(E_a=67.0 kJ/mol)居其次,二者均为扩散控速。萘在CMK-5(E_a=58.3 kJ/mol)与FDU-15(Ea=46.5 kJ/mol)上的脱附过程均为反应控速,CMK-5由于微孔较多而E_a较高,但较FDU-15具备更为有序的多类型孔道分布,整体上对萘的脱附性能最佳。     

球状胶束中表面活性剂脱附的离子调控机制

建立耦合伞状采样的粗粒度分子动力学方法,研究球状胶束中表面活性剂分子的脱附过程,揭示表面活性剂聚集数、盐种类及浓度对表面活性剂脱附过程的影响机制。发现球状胶束半径及偏心率均随聚集数增加而增大,盐浓度的影响主要取决于抗衡离子的半径和吸附特性,半径更大、吸附更强的水杨酸根离子对胶束结构的影响更为显著;基于伞状采样方法获得了表面活性剂脱附自由能、脱附时间等关键参数,发现球状胶束中表面活性剂脱附自由能和脱附时间均随聚集数和盐浓度呈非单调变化,揭示其主要机制为离子吸附引起的静电屏蔽作用;发现自由能在表面活性剂脱附过程中起主导作用,结合胶束热力学理论发展了临界胶束浓度预测方法,获得了临界胶束浓度下胶束尺寸的分布范围。     

负离子光致脱附实验紫外激光光路设计及测试

本为开展紫外区负离子激光光致脱附实验研究，设计了一套紫外激光光路系统，并对光路进行了性能测试。测试结果表明此光路能够满足负离子激光光致脱附实验的基本要求。该光路系统即将用于负离子光致脱附的物理研究工作中。     

低能脉冲电子探束研究“气-固”界面

介绍了利用低能脉冲电子探束研究“气-固”界面的基本原理和方法，并实验研究了室温T=300K、1×10^-3Pa真空条件下， O₂，N₂-Ni，W“气-固”界面的相互作用，即吸附、脱附与置换作用，测量了电子诱导脱附产额、脱附截面和阈值能量，给出了实验结果分析与结论. 关键词： 脉冲电子探束 电子诱导脱附 阈值能量 脱附截面     

GH39不锈钢和LFM铝的热脱附

本文用线性升温热脱附法研究GH39不锈钢及LFM铝的脱附现象。得到它们的主要脱附气体的脱附速率的温度特性,即热脱附谱,脱附反应级数和脱附激活能。可为聚变装置真空室的选材和清洗提供参考。     

负离子光致脱附实验紫外激光光路设计及测试

本文为开展紫外区负离子激光光致脱附实验研究,设计了一套紫外激光光路系统,并对光路进行了性能测试.测试结果表明此光路能够满足负离子激光光致脱附实验的基本要求.该光路系统即将用于负离子光致脱附的物理研究工作中.     

Effect of ultrasound on desorption kinetics of phenol from polymeric resin

This work mainly involves the study of desorption kinetics of phenol from polymeric resins under the influence of an ultrasound field. A new phase equilibrium-kinetics model (PEKM), for estimation of diffusion coefficient was proposed, kinetic experiments of phenol desorption on NKA-II resin in the presence and the absence of ultrasound were separately conducted, and diffusion coefficients of phenol within an adsorbent particle were estimated by means of proposed PEKM. Results showed that the use of ultrasound could enhance the diffusion of phenol within the resin. The diffusion coefficient of phenol in the resin in an ultrasonic field increased by an order of magnitude in comparison with the diffusion coefficient in the absence of ultrasound. The more intense the ultrasonic field the larger was the diffusion coefficient.     

Desorption of a fixed-bed adsorber by ultrasound

Adsorption processes offer the possibility to remove trace impurities of liquid process streams. An important step in adsorption processes is the regeneration of the adsorbent as it does not only affect the adsorption-desorption cycle but also the expenses of the following process steps. In this study, various desorption experiments of a loaded polymeric resin have been conducted. They were performed with cold and hot water as well as with ultrasound at different frequencies and intensities. The results indicate, that an important factor of ultrasound enhanced desorption is the temperature rise due to ultrasonication. But as regeneration is more effective at higher frequencies even though temperatures inside the column are lower, another ultrasonic effect occurs during ultrasonic desorption.     

Regeneration of granular activated carbon using ultrasound

To evaluate the feasibility of ultrasonic regeneration of granular activated carbon (GAC), desorption of trichloroethylene (TCE) from GAC by ultrasound was investigated at 20 kHz. About 64% of TCE was desorbed from 5 g of GAC loaded with 6.5 mg TCE for 1 h in ultrasonic field and TCE desorbed to liquid phase were rapidly degraded by ultrasound. 34-43% of stoichiometrically calculated chloride, final degradation product of TCE, was observed in liquid phase during ultrasonic treatment. However, there was desorption limitation at 20 kHz ultrasound. Despite of prolonged ultrasonic irradiation, desorption efficiency of TCE did not exceed critical value. And also, the higher percentage of TCE was desorbed when a sample of 2 mg TCE/4 g GAC was treated ultrasonically than that of 2 mg TCE/g GAC under the same experimental conditions. These results indicate that desorption of TCE by 20 kHz ultrasound occurred mainly at a nearby surface of GAC. In conclusion, the ultrasonic regeneration showed a possibility as an alternative to chemical and thermal regenerations of GAC.     

Ultrasound-assisted adsorption/desorption for the enrichment and purification of flavonoids from baobab (Adansonia digitata) fruit pulp

This work described the purification and enrichment of flavonoids from baobab (Adansonia digitata) fruit pulp (BFP) by ultrasound-assisted adsorption/desorption procedure using macroporous resins. Four resins were tested and HPD-500 polar resin exhibited the best adsorption/desorption properties. Based on preliminary experiments and literature reports, the effects of various ultrasonic conditions including high power short time (HPST, 540 W for 5 min), medium power medium time (MPMT, 270 W for 15 min) and low power long time (LPLT, 45 W for 30 min) as well as different temperatures (T = 25–45 °C) on the adsorption of Total Flavonoids Content (TFC) were investigated in comparison with orbital shaking/no sonication (NS). Also, the effect of ultrasound on the desorption capacity and recovery of TFC was determined at different concentrations of ethanol (30–100%). Remarkably, ultrasonic treatment significantly increased the adsorption/desorption capacity and recovery and shortened the equilibrium time. The pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models better delineated the adsorption process under ultrasound. Moreover, the adsorption process was both spontaneous and thermodynamically favourable with physical adsorption and multilinear intraparticle diffusion being the predominant mechanisms of the whole process. HPST treatment at 25 °C with 80% ethanol as the desorption solvent most noticeably enhanced the adsorption/desorption of flavonoids and contributed to the highest recovery of TFC, Total Phenolic Content (TPC), and antioxidant capacity in addition to a 5–8-fold reduction in total sugar and acid contents when compared with NS treatment. Moreover, HPLC analysis revealed that the content of nine out of thirteen phenolic compounds from the HPST treatment was the highest, and the individual flavonoids content increased by 2–3-fold compared with the other treatments. Our analyses suggested that ultrasound can be employed as a practical approach to intensify the adsorption and desorption of functional compounds in BFP.     

Effects of ultrasound on adsorption-desorption of p-chlorophenol on granular activated carbon

The aim of this work is the evaluation of the effects of ultrasound on p-chlorophenol adsorption-desorption on granular activated carbon. Adsorption equilibrium experiments and batch kinetics studies were carried out in the presence and the absence of ultrasound at 21 kHz. Results indicate that the adsorption of p-chlorophenol determined in the presence of ultrasound is lower than the adsorption observed in the absence of ultrasound. Desorption of p-chlorophenol from activated carbon with and without the application of ultrasound was studied. The desorption rates were favoured by increased ultrasound intensity. This rise is more noticeable as temperature increases. The addition of ethanol or NaOH to the system causes an enhancement of the amount of p-chlorophenol desorbed, especially in the presence of ultrasound. A synergetic enhancement of the desorption rate was observed when ultrasonic irradiation was coupled with ethanol chemical regeneration.     

Ultrasound-assisted regeneration of zeolite/water adsorption pair

The use of ultrasound to enhance the regeneration of zeolite 13X for efficient utilization of thermal energy was investigated as a substitute to conventional heating methods. The effects of ultrasonic power and frequency on the desorption of water from zeolite 13X were analyzed to optimize the desorption efficiency. To determine and justify the effectiveness of incorporating ultrasound from an energy-savings point of view, an approach of constant overall input power of 20 or 25 W was adopted. To measure the extent of the effectiveness of using ultrasound, the ultrasonic-power-to-total power ratios of 0.2, 0.25, 0.4 and 0.5 were investigated and the results compared with those of no-ultrasound (heat only) at the same total power. To analyze the effect of ultrasonic frequency, identical experiments were performed at three nominal ultrasonic frequencies of ~28, 40 and 80 kHz. The experimental results showed that using ultrasound enhances the regeneration of zeolite 13X at all the aforementioned power ratios and frequencies without increasing the total input power. With regard to energy consumption, the highest energy-savings power ratio (0.25) resulted in a 24% reduction in required input energy and with an increase in ultrasonic power, i.e. an increase in acoustic-to-total power ratio, the effectiveness of applying ultrasound decreased drastically. At a power ratio of 0.2, the time required for regeneration was reduced by 23.8% compared to the heat-only process under the same experimental conditions. In terms of ultrasonic frequency, lower frequencies resulted in higher efficiency and energy savings, and it was concluded that the effect of ultrasonic radiation becomes more significant at lower ultrasonic frequencies. The observed inverse proportionality between the frequency and ultrasound-assisted desorption enhancement suggests that acoustic dissipation is not a significant mechanism to enhance mass transfer, but rather other mechanisms must be considered.     

Ultrasonic processes for the advanced remediation of contaminated sediments

Sediments play a fundamental role in the aquatic environment, so that the presence of contaminants poses severe concern for the possible negative effects on both environmental and human health. Sediment remediation is thus necessary to reduce pollutant concentrations and several techniques have been studied so far. A novel approach for sediment remediation is the use of Advanced Oxidation Processes, which include ultrasound (US). This paper focuses on the study of the ultrasonic effects for the simultaneous reduction of both organic and inorganic contaminants from sediments. To this end, the US technology was investigated as a stand-alone treatment as well as in combination with an electro-kinetic (EK) process, known to be effective in the removal of heavy metals from soil and sediments. The US remediation resulted in higher organic compound degradation, with an average 88% removal, but promising desorption yields (47–84%) were achieved for heavy metals as well. The combined EK/US process was found to be particularly effective for lead. Experimental outcomes highlighted the potential of the ultrasonic technology for the remediation of contaminated sediments and addressed some considerations for the possible scale-up.     

Liquid-phase adsorption and desorption of phenol onto activated carbons with ultrasound

The effect of 48-kHz ultrasound on the adsorption and desorption of phenol from aqueous solutions onto coconut shell-based granular activated carbons was studied at 25 degrees C. Experiments were performed at different carbon particle sizes (1.15, 2.5, 4.0 mm), initial phenol concentrations (1.06-10.6 mol/m3), and ultrasonic powers (46-133 W). Regardless of the absence and presence of ultrasound, the adsorption isotherms were well obeyed by the Langmuir equation. When ultrasound was applied in the whole adsorption process, the adsorption capacity decreased but the Langmuir constant increased with increasing ultrasonic power. According to the analysis of kinetic data by the Elovich equation, it was shown that the initial rate of adsorption was enhanced after sonication and the number of sites available for adsorption was reduced. The effect of ultrasonic intensity on the initial rate and final amount of desorption of phenol from the loaded carbons using 0.1 mol/dm3 of NaOH were also evaluated and compared.     

Power ultrasound and its applications: A state-of-the-art review

Ultrasonic processing has attracted increasing attention by people because ultrasonic technology may represent a flexible ‘green’ alternative for energy efficient processes. The major challenges for the power ultrasound application in real situations are the design and development of specific power ultrasonic systems for large-scale operations. Thus, new families of power ultrasonic transducers have been developed in recent years to meet actual needs, and this contributes to the implementation of power ultrasound of application in many fields such as chemical industry, food industry and manufacturing. This paper presents the current state of ultrasonic transducers of magnetostrictiv type and piezoelectric type as well as applications of power ultrasound in various industrial fields including chemical reactions, drying/dehydration, welding, extraction, heat transfer enhancement, de-ice, enhanced oil recovery, droplet atomization, cleaning and fine particle removal. The review paper helps to understand the current development of power ultrasonic technology and its applications in various situations, and induce extended applications of power ultrasound to more and more fields.     

肺超声伪影的产生机理、检测技术及临床应用

近年来,肺部超声技术越来越受到人们的关注.肺部超声可以对肺组织以及胸膜进行快速的视觉评估,用来诊断心源性肺水肿、急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)等肺部疾病.相较于CT、磁共振成像(MRI)而言,超声对人体无辐射危险,且超声技术简单、安全、成本相对较低.而肺超声伪影可以反映出诸多肺部组织病理信息,临床诊断中能观察到的肺部伪...