损伤断裂的宏细观过程

损伤断裂的宏细观过程（１９９４—１９９６年工作总结）国家自然科学基金重大项目“材料损伤、断裂机理和宏微观力学理论”子课题国家自然科学基金委员会设立的重大项目“材料损伤断裂机理和宏微观力学理论”第２课题“损伤断裂的宏细观过程”自１９９４年１月至１９９６...      

基于有限断裂法和比例边界有限元法的裂纹扩展模拟

基于有限断裂法和比例边界有限元法提出了一种裂缝开裂过程模拟的数值模型。采用基于有限断裂法的混合断裂准则作为起裂及扩展的判断标准,当最大环向应力和能量释放率同时达到其临界值时,裂缝扩展。结合多边形比例边界有限元法,可以半解析地求解裂尖区域附近的应力场和位移场,在裂尖附近无需富集即可获得高精度的解。计算能量释放率时,只需将裂尖多边形内的裂尖位置局部调整,无需改变整体网格的分布,网格重剖分的工作量降至最少。裂缝扩展步长通过混合断裂准则确定,避免了人为假设的随意性,并可以实现裂缝变步长扩展的模拟,更符合实际情况。通过对四点剪切梁的复合型裂缝扩展过程的模拟,对本文模型进行了验证,并应用于重力坝模型的裂缝扩展模拟,计算结果表明,本文提出的模型简单易行且精度较高。     

基于扩展有限元的地质聚合物混凝土断裂过程研究

扩展有限元法是基于常规有限元框架分析裂纹等不连续力学问题的一种有效数值方法,在常规的有限元位移表达式中,增加了能够反映位移不连续性的跳跃函数和渐进缝尖位移场函数来对不连续结构附近的节点自由度进行局部加强。本文介绍了扩展有限元法及粘聚力模型的基本原理,给出了基于扩展有限元法的地质聚合物混凝土断裂过程分析方法。分别采用四种不同的软化曲线对I型缺口地质聚合物混凝土梁从裂纹萌生、扩展直至断裂破坏的全过程进行了模拟,并基于双K断裂准则分析了其断裂韧性。结果表明,Petersson模型与试验结果吻合较好,最后基于模拟结果进一步揭示了断裂过程区的演化过程。     

混凝土破坏理论研究进展

本文综述了混凝土的材料性质、破坏特点及机理,回顾了断裂力学与损伤力学在混凝土材料破坏研究中的应用,对当前混凝土破坏研究的主要问题和今后方向进行了讨论与展望。      

混凝土拉伸断裂的细观数值分析

根据混凝土试件拉伸和三点弯曲的物理模型,用梁-颗粒模型BPM 2D(B eam-Particle M ode l)模拟了混凝土拉伸和三点弯曲试件微裂纹的萌生、扩展直至试件宏观破坏的全过程。在梁-颗粒模型中用三种类型梁单元形成混凝土细观数值模型,每种类型梁单元的力学性质均按韦伯(W e ibu ll)分布随机赋值以模拟混凝土细观结构的非均匀性。数值模拟结果给出了混凝土拉伸应力-应变曲线和三点弯曲载荷-位移曲线,以及混凝土试件破坏过程最大应力分布图和裂纹扩展图。数值模拟结果显示混凝土破坏过程实际上就是微裂纹萌生、扩展、贯通,直到宏观裂纹产生导致混凝土失稳断裂的过程。通过对数值模拟结果的分析,揭示出混凝土在拉伸条件下裂纹尖端的拉应力集中是裂纹扩展的动力,混凝土组成材料力学性质的非均匀性是造成裂纹扩展路径曲折的重要原因。     

混凝土断裂过程的力学模型与数值模拟

混凝土是一种典型的非均匀准脆性材料,其断裂过程是非常复杂的.评述了混凝土断裂以及断裂过程研究的进展状况,主要总结了一些研究混凝土断裂的宏观力学方法和模型,介绍了从混凝土的细观层次出发模拟其断裂过程的数值模型.最后,简单介绍了作者用细观数值方法模拟混凝土宏观断裂过程的研究成果.      

断裂损伤与细观力学

本文从力学发展的角度,对断裂力学、损伤力学与细观力学的主要内容及其发展,作了简要的介绍和评述.指出:固体力学与其它学科的交缘汇合,并深入到细观结构的层次进行研究,这一研究发展的势头已是很明显的了.细观力学、损伤力学与断裂力学构成了从细观尺度直至宏观尺度以描述材料与结构的破坏过程的破环理论的主要内容.它使得作为固体材料的力学的基本内容之一的破坏理论,面临一个新的发展阶段.     

多轴加载下混凝土细观破坏模拟的强度准则探讨

实际工程结构中混凝土材料大多处于双轴或三轴的复杂应力状态,已有的细观力学数值研究工作大多针对单轴加载问题,对于双轴或者三轴加载条件下混凝土破坏模拟的研究相对较少。复杂受力条件下的混凝土材料破坏模拟中,细观组分强度准则选取的合理与否将成为混凝土破坏模式及宏观力学性能数值研究准确和成功与否的关键。本文旨在探讨单轴强度准则,如最大拉应变准则在多轴加载条件下混凝土破坏过程研究中运用的合理性。鉴于此,首先在细观尺度上建立了混凝土试件的二维随机骨料模型,分别采用弹性损伤本构关系模型及塑性损伤本构关系模型来描述细观组分(即砂浆基质)的力学性能,对双轴加载条件下混凝土的细观破坏过程进行数值模拟,对比了单轴强度准则和多轴强度准则下混凝土试件破坏路径及宏观应力-应变关系的差异。数值结果表明,简单的单轴强度准则难以反映双轴加载下混凝土内部应力状态的复杂性,不宜采用单轴强度准则来描述多轴加载下混凝土的破坏行为。     

断裂过程的有限元模拟

讨论了材料断裂过程的有限元模拟技术。基于自适应有限元的一般原理，并针对多相材料的裂纹扩展的特点，提出了一种简化的高精度和高效率有限元网格的动态重新划分策略。裂纹被假设沿着单元之间的路径连续扩展，利用节点力释放技术生成新的裂纹自由表面，发展了一种可随裂尖连续移动的网格动态加密和释放方法。这种方法已在各种裂纹问题中得以实现与应用。     

管材包裹混凝土柱轴压细观力学数值模拟

将不同模量管材包裹下的轴压混凝土圆柱构件内部混凝土看作由骨料、砂浆骨料过渡层、砂浆组成的三相复合材料,利用骨料随机投放程序确定骨料在试件中的随机位置,并考虑各相材料的弹塑性性质,建立了构件的三维非线性细观分析模型.通过对不同模量管材(PE,HDPE,PVC,钢)包裹下的轴压混凝土圆柱的内部细现力学性能进行分析,探讨不同材料外包下轴压混凝上柱破坏的开展与其内部各种材料(如骨料、过渡层、砂浆等)及外部包裹材料的细观受力状况的关系.     

基于扩展有限元法的裂尖场精度研究

扩展有限元方法基于单元分解的基本思想,通过引入位移加强函数来表征裂纹的不连续性和裂尖的奇异性。在裂尖加强单元与常规单元之间有一层混合单元,当对裂尖特定区域进行加强时,混合单元个数相应增加,混合单元个数与计算精度存在一定联系。本文提出一种正方形裂尖加强区域的选择方式,可得到较单个加强和圆形加强精度更高、更稳定的计算结果。对于不同长度的裂纹,表征裂尖场奇异性所需的裂尖加强范围存在较大差异,以正方形裂尖加强方式进行计算,得到了不同裂纹长度下最优的加强尺寸。     

扩展有限元方法计算多夹杂问题时圆形夹杂与四边形单元的几何关系

用扩展有限元法XFEM(Extended Finite Element Method)解决夹杂问题时,夹杂与基质的界面把单元分成若干部分.求单元刚度矩阵时,需要分别在这各个部分求积分.找到便于程序编制的描述各积分区域几何形状的方法是亟待解决的问题.本文把各积分区域的形成过程看成是圆对四边形的多次切割.考虑切剩区域与圆的关系时,把不完整的边仍看作完整的边,把切剩区域看成是四边形或是切去一两条边的四边形.采用排列组合的方法,把它们与圆的所有位置关系列了出来.     

Thermoelastic analysis of multiple defects with the extended finite element method

In this paper, the extended finite element method (XFEM) is adopted to analyze the interaction between a sin-gle macroscopic inclusion and a single macroscopic crack as well as that between multiple macroscopic or micro-scopic defects under thermal/mechanical load. The effects of different shapes of multiple inclusions on the material thermomechanical response are investigated, and the level set method is coupled with XFEM to analyze the interaction of multiple defects. Further, the discretized extended finite element approximations in relation to thermoelastic prob-lems of multiple defects under displacement or temperature field are given. Also, the interfaces of cracks or materials are represented by level set functions, which allow the mesh assignment not to conform to crack or material interfaces. Moreover, stress intensity factors of cracks are obtained by the interaction integral method or the M-integral method, and the stress/strain/stiffness fields are simulated in the case of multiple cracks or multiple inclusions. Finally, some numer-ical examples are provided to demonstrate the accuracy of our proposed method.     

应用三维有限元法探讨RC梁柱节点的破坏机理

为了探究节点加强后RC梁柱节点的抗剪承载力、延性提高以及节点破坏模式由剪切破坏转变为梁弯曲破坏的实质,本文在RC节点的三维有限元分析的基础上探讨RC梁柱节点加强后的破坏机理。通过详细考察加固前后节点内部不同位置混凝土的应力-应变发展规律,探讨加强前后节点混凝土的宏观损伤发展过程;同时,通过考察核心混凝土的应力-应变关系及发展过程定量探讨加强钢板、梁柱主筋及箍筋对核心混凝土的约束作用。基于上述混凝土损伤过程的宏观分析,可以得出由于梁主筋的粘结加强、加强钢板以及箍筋对混凝土约束作用,使节点核心混凝土的实际强度增大、损伤延迟,RC节点由加强前的节点剪切破坏模式转变成梁端的弯曲破坏模式,从而提高RC梁柱节点的抗剪承载力和延性。     

一类混凝土力学参数的迭代多尺度有限元预测方法

根据多级配骨料混凝土特点,给出了一种迭代多尺度有限元方法预测其等效力学参数。本文首先介绍了多级配骨料混凝土的材料特点并给出了计算混凝土多尺度模型,然后基于多尺度方法介绍了计算混凝土力学参数的计算程序,最后针对小湾大坝中混凝土给出了算例说明了此种方法在预测混凝土等效力学参数的有效性。     

Wave propagation modeling of fluid-filled pipes using hybrid analytical/two-dimensional finite element method

In this paper, a Hybrid Analytical/Two-Dimensional Finite Element Method (2-D HAFEM) is proposed to analyze wave propagation characteristics of fluid-filled, composite pipes. In the proposed method, a fluid-filled pipe with a constant cross-section is modeled by using a 2-D finite element approximation in the cross-sectional area while an analytical wave solution is assumed in the axial direction. Thus, it makes possible to use a small number of finite elements even for high frequency analyses in a computationally efficient manner. Both solid and fluid elements as well as solid–fluid interface boundary conditions are developed to model the cross-section of the fluid-filled pipe. In addition, an acoustical transfer function (ATF) approach based on the 2-D HAFEM formulation is suggested to analyze a pipe system assembled with multiple pipe sections with different cross-sections. An ATF matrix relating two sets of acoustic wave variables at the ends of each individual pipe section with a constant cross-section is first calculated and the total ATF matrix for the multi-sectional pipe system is then obtained by multiplying all individual ATF matrices. Therefore, the HAFEM-based ATF approach requires significantly low computational resources, in particular, when there are many pipe sections with a same cross-sectional shape since a single 2-D HAFEM model is needed for these pipe sections. For the validation of the proposed method, experimental and full 3-D FE modeling results are compared to the results obtained by using the HAFEM-based ATF procedure.     

Modeling quasi-static crack growth with the extended finite element method Part I: Computer implementation

The extended finite element method (X-FEM) is a numerical method for modeling strong (displacement) as well as weak (strain) discontinuities within a standard finite element framework. In the X-FEM, special functions are added to the finite element approximation using the framework of partition of unity. For crack modeling in isotropic linear elasticity, a discontinuous function and the two-dimensional asymptotic crack-tip displacement fields are used to account for the crack. This enables the domain to be modeled by finite elements without explicitly meshing the crack surfaces, and hence quasi-static crack propagation simulations can be carried out without remeshing. In this paper, we discuss some of the key issues in the X-FEM and describe its implementation within a general-purpose finite element code. The finite element program Dynaflow™ is considered in this study and the implementation for modeling 2-d cracks in isotropic and bimaterial media is described. In particular, the array-allocation for enriched degrees of freedom, use of geometric-based queries for carrying out nodal enrichment and mesh partitioning, and the assembly procedure for the discrete equations are presented. We place particular emphasis on the design of a computer code to enable the modeling of discontinuous phenomena within a finite element framework.     

Development and application of an adaptive finite element method to reaction-diffusion equations

An adaptive finite element method is developed and applied to study the ozone decomposition laminar flame. The method uses a semidiscrete, linear Galerkin approximation in which the size of the elements is controlled by an integral which minimizes the changes in mesh spacing. The sizes and locations of the elements are controlled by the location and magnitude of the largest temperature gradient. The numerical results obtained with this adaptive finite element method are compared with those obtained using fixed-node finite-difference schemes and an adaptive finite-difference method. It is shown that the adaptive finite element method developed here using 36 elements can yield as accurate flame speeds as fourth-order accurate, fixed-node, finite-difference methods when 272 collocation points are employed in the calculations.