Oxidative dehydrogenation of propane over chromium and nickel oxide modified V2O5/ZrO2 catalysts

The effect of addition of chromium and nickel oxides on the physicochemical properties and performance of V₂O₅/ZrO₂ catalysts was studied for the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane. Addition of chromium oxide increased, whereas addition of nickel oxide lowered the activity. Selectivity for propene was lower for the doped catalysts. The selectivity was lowered by higher total acidity as well as the higher concentration of stronger acid sites in doped catalysts.     

Effect of the rhenium additive to VOx/TiO2 and MoOx/TiO2 catalysts on their properties in oxidative dehydrogenation of propane

VO_x/TiO₂ and MoO_x/TiO₂ catalysts with the addition of Re (Re/V or Mo = 0.5) were synthetized and tested in oxidative dehydrogenation of propane and in reduction by propane. XPS measurements showed depletion of the surface in Re. The Re additive does not affect the total conversion of propane, but increases the selectivity to propene. The effect is more pronounced for the MoO_x/TiO₂ catalyst. The increase in the selectivity to propene is accompanied with the increase in the reducibility of the catalysts.     

Supported MgO–V<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>5</Subscript>/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> catalysts for oxidative propane dehydration: Effect of the molar Mg : V ratio on the phase composition and catalytic properties of samples

The physicochemical properties of V₂O₅/Al₂O₃ and MgO–V₂O₅/Al₂O₃ supported catalysts (Mg : V = 1 : 1, 2 : 1, and 3 : 2) obtained by consecutive impregnation of the support with solutions of vanadium and magnesium precursors are studied using a complex of mutually complementary methods (XRD, Raman spectroscopy, UV–Vis spectrometry, and TPR-H₂). The effect of the formation of surface magnesium vanadates of various composition and structure on the catalytic properties of the supported vanadium oxide catalysts in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane is studied. The introduction of magnesium in the samples and an increase in its content, accompanied by a change in the structure of the surface vanadium oxide phases from polymeric VO₆/VO₅ species to surface metavanadate species, magnesium metavanadate, and further to magnesium divanadate, significantly affects their catalytic properties in the reaction of the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene.     

Catalytic properties of the VO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">х</Emphasis></Subscript>/Ce<Subscript>0.46</Subscript>Zr<Subscript>0.54</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript> oxide system in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane

Ce_0.46Zr_0.54O₂ solid solution prepared using a cellulose template was employed as a carrier for vanadium catalysts of the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane. The properties of VO _х /Ce_0.46Zr_0.54O₂ catalyst (5 wt % vanadium) are compared with the properties of the neat support. The carrier and catalyst are studied by means of BET, SEM, DTA, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy. It is shown that the CeVO₄ phase responsible for the ODH process is formed upon interaction between vanadate ions and cerium ions on the surface of the solid solution. The catalytic properties of the catalyst and the support are studied in the propane oxidation reaction at temperatures of 450 and 500°C with pulse feeding of the reagent. It is found that the complete oxidation of propane occurs on the support with formation of CO₂ and H₂O. Three products (propene, CO₂, and H₂O) form in the presence of the vanadium catalyst. It is suggested that there are two types of catalytic centers on the catalyst’s surface. It is concluded that the centers responsible for the complete oxidation of propane are concentrated mainly on the carrier, while the centers responsible for propane ODH are on the CeVO₄.     

Simultaneous propane dehydrogenation andco2hydrogenation overCrOx/SiO2catalyst

Summary Single reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) and dehydrogenation of propane with CO₂(DH-CO₂) reactions in the presence and absence of the CrO_x/SiO₂ catalyst have been studied between 673 and 873 K. It was found that the CrO_x/SiO₂ catalyst is active both in the dehydrogenation of propane and in the RWGS reactions. The obtained results suggest that the dehydrogenation of propane to propene in the presence of CO₂on CrO_x/SiO₂can be facilitated by the RWGS reaction.</o:p>     

Bulk and surface structures of V2O5/ZrO2 catalysts for n-butane oxidative dehydrogenation

The present investigation focuses on the structural properties and reactivity of zirconia-supported vanadium oxide catalysts, prepared by equilibrium adsorption in basic (pH 10) or in acid (pH 2.7) conditions with vanadium content up to 6 wt.% (pH 10) and up to 11.6 wt.% (pH 2.7). The samples, heated at 823 K for 5 h in air, were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and TPR, both as prepared and after leaching with an ammonia solution to remove species not anchored to the zirconia surface. Some representative samples were also tested for the n-butane oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) reaction. Depending on vanadium content, various vanadium species were identified by Raman spectroscopy that reacted differently on exposure to H₂. At similar loading, the fraction of vanadium in a dispersed state and thus interacting with the support was higher in samples prepared at pH 10 than in those at pH 2.7. Samples prepared at pH 2.7 contained a higher fraction of large polymeric structures in addition to ZrV₂O₇ and V₂O₅.In line with literature data for propane ODH on similar catalysts, our catalytic results suggested that the active sites for the ODH reaction are associated with the V–O–V bonds of the polymeric exposed structures, whereas the Zr–O–V sites favour alkane combustion.     

Oxidative dehydrogenation of propane on the VO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>/CeZrO/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> supported catalyst

The oxidative dehydrogenation of propane on a supported vanadium catalyst was studied (the support was a complex oxide system consisting of a ceria–zirconia solid solution deposited on γ-Al₂O₃ (CeZrO/γ-Al₂O₃)). A comparative analysis of the properties of the support and the catalyst prepared on its basis was performed. The support and catalyst were characterized by the BET method, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and Raman spectroscopy. The catalytic properties of the catalyst and support were studied in propane oxidation at 450 and 500°C with pulse feeding of the reagent. The effect of propane on the support was found to improve the oxidative properties of the latter. This behavior of the support is related to the preparation procedure, which leads to the formation on its surface of the crystalline phase of the ceria–zirconia solid solution and amorphous ZrO₂ and Al₂O₃ phases and/or their solid solution. Similar processes occur with the catalyst support during the oxidative dehydrogenation, giving rise to additional active centers (CeVO₄).     

SBA-15负载高分散纳米NiO的丙烷氧化脱氢制丙烯催化性能

采用浸渍法通过改变焙烧气氛制备了系列NiO/SBA-15 (w_NiO=20%)催化剂, 并考察了催化剂的丙烷氧化脱氢(ODHP)反应性能. 实验结果表明, 与在静止和流动空气中焙烧的催化剂相比, 在1%NO/He (V_NO/V_He=1:99)气氛中焙烧的NiO/SBA-15-NO具有优异的低温丙烷氧化脱氢制丙烯性能, 在350 ℃时, 丙烷的转化率和丙烯收率分别约达29%和13%. 反应温度升至450 ℃时, 丙烯的选择性仍保持在45%左右. X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)测试结果表明, 1%NO/He气氛可有效抑制焙烧过程中NiO纳米颗粒的团聚, 使NiO物种高分散于SBA-15 的孔道中. H₂-程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)和O₂-程序升温脱附(O₂-TPD)测试结果表明, 随着NiO在SBA-15上分散度的提高, 催化剂的抗还原性增强, ODHP活性氧物种O-的含量增加, 进而使1%NO/He气氛中焙烧的NiO/SBA-15-NO在较宽的温度范围内(350-450 ℃)均具有良好的丙烯选择性, 并显著提高了催化剂的低温活性.     

Cu/NiO-V2O5/SiO2催化剂光催化CO2和甲醇合成碳酸二甲酯的研究

采用表面改性法和等体积浸渍法制备了NiO-V₂O₅/SiO₂和Cu/NiO-V₂O₅/SiO₂光催化剂. 用TPR, XRD, UV-Vis DRS, IR和TPD-MS技术对催化剂的结构、吸光性能和化学吸附性能进行了表征, 研究了催化剂上CO₂和甲醇光促表面催化反应的反应性能. 结果表明, 半导体NiO和V₂O₅复合后部分形成了Ni^2＋—O—V^5＋键联, 而且NiO和V₂O₅在催化剂表面有相互修饰作用, NiO的加入有助于提高V₂O₅在载体SiO₂表面的分散程度, 抑制V₂O₅的聚集, 而且金属Cu和NiO的引入扩展了催化剂的光响应范围. 在催化剂表面存在多种活性吸附位, 催化剂对CO₂和甲醇的有效吸附使得其在较低温度下就能促进碳酸二甲酯的紫外光化学合成. 用Cu/NiO-V₂O₅/SiO₂催化剂, 在常压、空速300 h^－1、140 ℃和125 W紫外灯辐照的情况下, CH₃OH的转化率为14.2%, 碳酸二甲酯的选择性可达89.9 %.     

Molecular mechanism of propane oxidative dehydrogenation on surface oxygen radical sites of VO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>/TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> catalysts

Minimum energy pathways of propane oxidative dehydrogenation to propene and propanol on supported vanadium oxide catalyst VO _x /TiO₂ were studied by periodic discrete Fourier transform (DFT) using a surface oxygen radical as the active site. The propene formation pathway was shown to consist of two consecutive hydrogen abstraction steps. The first step includes C_β–H bond activation of propane followed by the formation of a surface hydroxyl group V–O _t H and a propyl radical n-C₃H₇. This step with the activation energy E* = 0.56 eV (54.1 kJ/mol) appears to be rate-determining. The second step involves the reaction of the bridging O _b oxygen atom with the methylene C–H bond of propyl radical n-C₃H₇ followed by the formation of a hydroxylated surface site HO _t –V⁴⁺–O _b H and propene. The initial steps of the C–H bond activation during propane conversion to propanol and propene by ODH on V⁵⁺–(O _t O _b )^? active sites are identical. The obtained results demonstrate that participation of surface oxygen radicals as the active sites of propane ODH makes it possible to explain relatively low activation energies observed for this reaction on the most active catalysts. The presence of very active radical species in low concentration seems to be the key factor for obtaining high selectivity.     

钒元素在铬铝丙烷氧化脱氢催化剂中的助催化作用

研究了丙烷在以钒元素为助剂的Ｃｒ－Ａｌ－Ｏ催化剂上的氧化脱氢反应性能，利用ＸＲＤ、ＤＲＳ、ＸＰＳ等方法，讨论了钒元素的助催化作用，实验结果表明，钒元素的添加，使得催化剂表面产生Ｏ物种，并且可以改变催经上表面组成，提高催化剂表面Ｃｒ＾３＋的浓度，从而影响催化剂的氧化脱氢活性。     

ZrO2‐Based Alternatives to Conventional Propane Dehydrogenation Catalysts: Active Sites,Design, and Performance

Non‐oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propene is an established large‐scale process that, however, faces challenges, particularly in catalyst development; these are the toxicity of chromium compounds, high cost of platinum, and catalyst durability. Herein, we describe the design of unconventional catalysts based on bulk materials with a certain defect structure, for example, ZrO₂ promoted with other metal oxides. Comprehensive characterization supports the hypothesis that coordinatively unsaturated Zr cations are the active sites for propane dehydrogenation. Their concentration can be adjusted by varying the kind of ZrO₂ promoter and/or supporting tiny amounts of hydrogenation‐active metal. Accordingly designed Cu(0.05 wt %)/ZrO₂‐La₂O₃ showed industrially relevant activity and durability over ca. 240 h on stream in a series of 60 dehydrogenation and oxidative regeneration cycles between 550 and 625 °C.     

Thermal activation of typical oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst precursors belonging to the Ni−Mo−O system

NiMoO₄ obtained by calcination of precursors has been shown to be a very effective catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane into propene. Preparation conditions and thermal decomposition of two precursors have been studied by TG-DTA, HTXRD, FFT-IR, and thermo-desorption coupled to mass spectroscopy in order to determine their composition and to define the best treatment to favour the oxidative dehydrogenation process. The selectivity and activity for propane transformation into propene are very different depending on the nature of the precursor and of the active phases obtained after thermal activation. The more selective high-temperature β phase of NiMoO₄ has been obtained at a lower temperature (500°C) than previously reported (700°C).     

Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane to Propene over Barium Promoted Ni-Mo-O Catalyst

Oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propene was investigated over Ba- promoted Ni_0.9MoO₄ catalysts (molar ratio of Ba/Mo: 1%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, 15%). The selectivity for propene increases with the increasing number of basic sites on the catalyst, and molybdenum ions play an important role in propane activation. No significant deactivation of the 6% Ba- Ni_0.9MoO₄ and Ni_0.9MoO₄ at 773 K for 80 h and for 40 h, respectively, appeared, indicating that the 6% Ba- Ni_0.9MoO₄ has great advantage over the Ni_0.9MoO₄. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

SBA-15 负载 β-Mg2V2O7 催化剂的制备及其催化丙烷选择氧化脱氢的性能

 以 MgO 修饰的 SBA-15 为载体, 采用浸渍法制备了负载 β-Mg2V2O7 催化剂, 并运用 X 射线衍射、拉曼光谱、紫外-可见漫反射光谱和 H2 程序升温还原等技术对催化剂 V 中心的结构和还原性能进行了表征. 结果表明, β-Mg2V2O7 具有与 α-Mg2V2O7 相同的结构单元, 但其催化丙烷氧化脱氢 (ODH) 反应的初始活性和初始选择性均低于后者. 与体相 β-Mg2V2O7 相比, 负载的 β-Mg2V2O7 上 V 中心分散度以及丙烷 ODH 反应活性和选择性更高, 520 oC 时丙烷 ODH 反应的初始活性提高了约 20 倍, 丙烯初始选择性也从体相的 88.3% 提高到 94.1%, 接近于 α-Mg2V2O7 (94.6%), 并且在 20% 的丙烷转化率时也表现出相似的规律. 这与表征催化剂选择性的两个本征动力学参数 k1/k2 (丙烷初级 ODH 和燃烧反应速率常数之比) 和 k3/k1 (次级丙烯燃烧和初级丙烷 ODH 反应速率常数之比) 反映出的规律一致. 这些对体相和负载的 Mg2V2O7 催化剂催化丙烷 ODH 反应本征特性的认识将有助于设计合成更高效的 Mg-V-O 催化剂, 如基于 α-Mg2V2O7 结构的高分散催化剂, 以获得更高的丙烷 ODH 反应活性和选择性.     

丙烷在负载型V2O5/Zr3(PO4)4催化剂上的氧化脱氢

制备了无定型的磷酸锆Ｚｒ３（ＰＯ４）４载体,采用浸渍法在载体上负载０６％～６０％的Ｖ２Ｏ５．所制备的催化剂在丙烷氧化脱氢反应中具有较好的催化性能,如３０％Ｖ２Ｏ５／Ｚｒ３（ＰＯ４）４催化剂在丙烷转化率为１７０％时,丙烯选择性可达５３８％,丙烯收率达９１％．考察了不同反应条件下催化剂的性能．ＸＲＤ、ＩＲ和Ｒａｍａｎ光谱表明,Ｖ２Ｏ５在Ｚｒ３（ＰＯ４）４载体上主要是以高度分散的钒氧物种存在;ＥＳＲ分析结果证明催化剂中存在Ｖ４＋物种,表明Ｖ５＋／Ｖ４＋参与了氧化还原反应．     

Dehydrogenation of propane in the presence of carbon dioxide over oxide-based catalysts

In the present study, we show the advantages of CO₂ use for the dehydrogenation of propane to propene on the basis of thermodynamic considerations and some experimental results. Several metal oxides Ga₂O₃, Cr₂O₃, Fe₂O₃ unsupported and supported on g- Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ were tested. Ga₂O₃ catalyst was found to be an effective agent for dehydrogenation of propane to propene. The yield of propene at 873 K was 30.1 %. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Selective Alkane Oxidation by Manganese Oxide: Site Isolation of MnOx Chains at the Surface of MnWO4 Nanorods

The electronic and structural properties of vanadium‐containing phases govern the formation of isolated active sites at the surface of these catalysts for selective alkane oxidation. This concept is not restricted to vanadium oxide. The deliberate use of hydrothermal techniques can turn the typical combustion catalyst manganese oxide into a selective catalyst for oxidative propane dehydrogenation. Nanostructured, crystalline MnWO₄ serves as the support that stabilizes a defect‐rich MnO_x surface phase. Oxygen defects can be reversibly replenished and depleted at the reaction temperature. Terminating MnO_x zigzag chains on the (010) crystal planes are suspected to bear structurally site‐isolated oxygen defects that account for the unexpectedly good performance of the catalyst in propane activation.     

Oxidative dehydrogenation of propane by nitrous oxide and/or oxygen over Co beta zeolite

The oxidative dehydrogenation of propane has been studied with nitrous oxide (or mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen) as oxidant. Nitrous oxide is a more selective but less active oxidant as compared with molecular oxygen. Upon increasing the concentration of N2O in the reaction mixture of propane and oxygen results in a substantial increase of propane conversion, while the selectivity to propene remains constant. The synergistic effect of O₂ and N₂O leads to a threefold higher yield of propene relative to than that of oxygen or nitrous alone. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Selective oxidation of crotyl alcohol and crotonaldehyde on V2O5/MgO: In situ FTIR study

The adsorption of crotyl alcohol, crotonaldehyde and crotonic acid on MgO, V₂O₅ and V₂O₅/MgO mixed oxide was studied under oxidizing conditions by in situ FTIR spectroscopy. The results were further analyzed in order to investigate the surface intermediates of crotonaldehyde oxidative dehydrogenation to maleic anhydride. A stable surface compound, alkoxide, was found during the crotyl alcohol adsorption for all oxides at room temperature (RT). The reaction between the adsorbed crotonaldehyde and the oxygen atom of the catalyst resulted in the formation of carboxylate at higher temperatures (T>373 K). The formation of two different reaction products (furane and maleic anhydride) was detected from IR spectra following the crotonaldehyde adsorption at various oxygen pressures. It can be deduced that crotonic acid easily dissociates to form the surface carboxylate-crotonate, which is further oxidized to maleate and consequently to maleic anhydride at 573 K.