颗粒物Mie散射对差分吸收光谱技术的影响

差分吸收光谱法(DOAS)应用于固定污染源烟气排放在线监测时,由于烟气中烟尘颗粒物含量较高,烟尘颗粒物Mie散射引起的消光对准确反演气体浓度应有一定影响,通过对1～10μm烟尘颗粒物Mie散射对DOAS影响的数值模拟和实验研究得出,烟尘颗粒物的散射光强与颗粒粒径分布、颗粒数密度有关,随着颗粒粒径和颗粒数密度增加,气体的差分吸收度随之而增加,差分吸收度曲线的频率特性发生变化,传统DOAS算法中的应用多项式滤波已无法消除颗粒物Mie散射对气体差分吸收度的影响,气体浓度的反演结果远远偏离真实值.     

湿式相变凝聚技术协同湿式电除尘器脱除微细颗粒物研究

针对传统除尘设备对0.1~2μm微细颗粒物的超低脱除能力,本文首次提出了将湿式相变凝聚除尘与湿式静电除尘两者结合,以强化微细颗粒之间的团聚与长大而实现高效脱除的新型除尘方法。基于饱和烟气中可凝结气体的强制相变冷凝作用原理,同时考虑惯性、拦截、布朗扩散和热泳力作用等综合脱除机制,自行开发与设计了湿式相变凝聚器。该装置协同湿式电除尘器在江苏省某600 MW机组进行了工程化示范研究,并采用低压撞击器得到了凝聚器开关状态下系统进、出口的颗粒物粒度分布。结果表明:饱和烟气的相变冷凝与柔性管排的合理布置可明显提高微细颗粒物的凝聚效果;加装湿式相变凝聚器可以显著增加微细颗粒物的脱除效率,同时能够保证系统出口颗粒物排放浓度小于2 mg·m~(-3)。该技术的提出为燃煤烟气的"近零排放"指出了新的发展方向。     

新型气流声源发声特性及其对气溶胶的团聚 实验研究*

为提高气溶胶颗粒物的声波团聚效果,创新性地设计了一种具有气声分离特性的气流声源。新声源使乏气从侧面开口排出,避免了对团聚效果的影响。通过实验研究了侧面开口尺寸对号角出口处气流量与声压级的影响,发现侧面开口尺寸对乏气排出及声压级有较大影响,当侧面开口尺寸约为6.5 mm时排气效果较好,此时在0.3 MPa驱动压力下声压级可达159.6 dB,同时乏气已基本全部从侧面开口排出。利用该声源对超细液滴气溶胶进行团聚实验,结果显示,声源驱动压力越大,声压级越大,气溶胶受声场作用力越强,颗粒间碰撞几率增大,团聚速率越快;初始气溶胶浓度越高,前期团聚效果越好,透光率增长速度越大,而后期团聚效果则趋近一致。     

燃煤细微颗粒声波团聚的机理研究

采用声波团聚疗法促使燃煤电厂产生的细微烟尘颗粒在较高强度下的声场巾团聚为较大颗粒,以此提高除尘器对细微颗粒的脱除效率.建立了以同向凝聚和流体力学作用为机理的烟尘气溶胶声波团聚动力学模型,经过数值模拟求解得到烟尘粒子团聚后的再分布曲线.模拟计算结果与声压(SPL)为130～150 dB,频率为1000～4000 Hz,烟尘浓度为2～10g/m3条件下的团聚实验相比较,得到较好的吻合.当声压SPL增加时,PM10和PM2.5质量百分比相对于初始分布均有明显下降,表明细微颗粒的团聚效果明显.     

小流量高浓度颗粒物光学计数及重叠校正方法研究

传统的光学粒子计数方法受到粒子回波脉冲带宽限制,难以直接应用于超细颗粒物凝结增长后端的颗粒物数量检测。基于粒子光散射原理,采用高带宽粒子回波脉冲方案设计了颗粒物光学计数模块,在0.3L·min^-1采样流量下,15μm标准聚苯乙烯颗粒回波脉冲半宽为650ns,粒子计数效率得到有效提高。为了提高颗粒数浓度测量上限与精度,基于概率统计提出了粒子重叠校正方法,利用此方法颗粒物数浓度测量上限可达2×10⁵ cm^-3。在自制的正丁醇超细颗粒物凝结增长装置中开展了对比实验。结果表明,该系统与环境空气数浓度测量设备TSI-3788和Airmous-A20的相关性均超过0.98,与机动车尾气固态颗粒物数浓度法规测量设备MEXA-200SPCS的相关性高达0.96,从而验证了所设计的颗粒物光学计数模块及重叠校正方法的准确性。     

工业污染排放中气──固两相流的光学测量

烟尘及各种工业性粉尘排放是典型的气-固两相系．迄今为止，国内外尚缺少有效的监测其排放的手段．本文基于光的散时原理，提出了一种非接触的光学方法，能对上述固体颗粒物的污染排放浓度及粒径大小进行实时、在线的监测。计算机模拟和实验研究表明，该方法具有广阔的工业应用前景。     

煤燃烧超细颗粒物生成和控制的实验研究

为了解煤燃烧过程中温度对超细颗粒物生成的影响和吸附剂抑制超细颗粒物生成的有效性,本文进行了小龙潭褐煤的滴管炉燃烧试验。收集的超细颗粒物的尺寸分布已经在不同的操作参数下进行了测量。超细颗粒物主要通过汽化-成核-冷凝机理形成。因为小于100 nm的颗粒物没有得到充分的控制,一种加入蒸汽吸附剂的方法在煤燃烧系统中得到应用,事实证明这种方法可以有效地抑制超细颗粒物的生成。     

准东煤灰沉积与无机元素迁徙特性研究

本文在一维沉降炉实验系统中进行准东煤燃烧实验,在沉降炉底部不同烟气温度处采用沉积取样探针收集灰样,采用低压撞击器(DLPI)与水冷稀释取样探针收集微细颗粒物,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)与X射线能谱仪(EDS)对灰样及细颗粒物进行分析获得准东煤燃烧过程中灰沉积特性与微细颗粒物形成机理,进而得到Na、Ca及S的迁移规律及其在结渣过程中所起作用。结果表明,准东煤中Na、Ca一共分为两类,一部分Na、Ca与硅铝结合形成硅铝酸盐,在燃烧过程中不可气化;剩余含Na、Ca化合物释放到烟气中并与S结合形成气相Na2SO4与CaSO4。随着烟气温度降低,Na、Ca的硫酸盐一部分在灰颗粒表面凝结,一部分形成气溶胶颗粒直接释放到大气中或发生团聚黏附在灰颗粒表面。     

基于低频光闪烁的烟气流速和颗粒物浓度的测量

介绍了一种利用颗粒物浓度的随机起伏引起的光闪烁信号测量烟气流速和颗粒物浓度的光学方法.探讨了烟气流中光闪烁的成因,对湍流作用下基于分离式双光路测量系统结构的光闪烁互相关进行了分析,得到相关函数的理论表达式.采用互相关技术反演流速,证明了光强起伏的标准差与颗粒物浓度之间存在着确定的线性关系.使用自行研制的烟气流速及颗粒物浓度测量系统于2013年6月在潍坊市某化工厂对燃煤锅炉矩形排气管道进行了连续测量,并与使用皮托管同步测量烟气流速结果进行对比,结果表明两者具有较好的一致性.使用光学粒子计数器测量烟气流中的颗粒物浓度,同时记录对应的光闪烁标准差,对得到的数据进行线性拟合,拟合相关系数为0.9703,为光闪烁法测量颗粒物浓度提供了依据.     

表面增强拉曼光谱检测水中微量的芬太尼

通过化学法合成了具有表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)活性的银胶体,利用透射电子显微镜和紫外可见光谱仪分别对银胶体的形貌和光学性质进行了表征;采用这种衬底对水相中微量的芬太尼进行了SERS检测研究,并对芬太尼的SERS信号进行了归属,考察了各种实验条件对SERS检测的影响。实验结果表明,增大银胶体浓度有利于芬太尼SERS信号的检测;随着团聚剂氯化钠浓度增大芬太尼的SERS信号强度会先增大后减小,即团聚剂浓度存在一个最佳值;在优化的实验条件下芬太尼的检测限可以达到0.1ppm量级。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.