Summary of ISO/TC 201 Standard: ISO 18115‐1:2010 – surface chemical analysis – vocabulary – general terms and terms used in spectroscopy

This International Standard revises ISO 18115:2001 and the two subsequent amendments by bringing the material up to date and separating out the general terms and terms used in spectroscopy into Part 1, and terms relating to scanning probe microscopy into Part 2. This part, Part 1, covers 548 terms used in Auger electron spectroscopy, elastic peak electron spectroscopy, reflected electron energy loss spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, ultra‐violet photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and so on, as well as 52 acronyms. The terms cover words or phrases used in describing the samples, instruments, and theoretical concepts involved in surface chemical analysis. Copyright © 2012 Crown copyright.     

Summary of ISO/TC 201 standard: ISO 18115‐2:2013 – surface chemical analysis – vocabulary – terms used in scanning probe microscopy

Amendments have been made to International Standard ISO 18115‐2:2010, extending the number of terms and, in a few cases where usage has changed, incorporating revisions. Part 2 covers 277 terms used in scanning probe microscopy as well as 98 acronyms. The terms cover words or phrases used in describing the samples, instruments and theoretical concepts involved. © 2014 Crown copyright. Surface and Interface Analysis © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Summary of ISO/TC 201 Standard: ISO 18115‐2:2010 – Surface chemical analysis – Vocabulary—Terms used in scanning probe microscopy

This International Standard revises ISO 18115:2001 and the two subsequent amendments by bringing the material up to date and by separating the general terms and terms used in spectroscopy into Part 1 and terms relating to scanning probe microscopy into Part 2. This part, Part 2, covers 227 terms used in scanning probe microscopy as well as 86 acronyms. The terms cover words or phrases used in describing the samples, instruments and theoretical concepts involved in surface chemical analysis. Copyright © 2012 Crown copyright.     

Summary of ISO/TC 201 standard: XXXIII,ISO 18115:2001/Amd. 2:2007—Surface Chemical Analysis—Vocabulary—Amendment 2

This International Standard adds a further 87 terms to this Vocabulary series, many for secondary ion mass spectrometry, elastic peak electron spectroscopy and reflected electron energy loss spectroscopy, together with 76 acronyms for scanned probes, 33 definitions of scanned probe techniques, 6 terms for contact mechanics and 147 terms for concepts in scanned probe analysis. This brings the total number of terms and acronyms to over 750 in these documents. The terms cover words or phrases used in describing the samples, instruments and theoretical concepts involved in surface chemical analysis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Summary of ISO/TC 201 Standard: XX ISO 18118: 2004 – Surface chemical analysis – Auger electron spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy – Guide to the use of experimentally determined relative sensitivity factors for the quantitative analysis of homogeneous materials

ISO 18118 provides guidance on the measurement and use of experimentally determined relative sensitivity factors for the quantitative analysis of homogeneous materials by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). This article provides a brief summary of this International Standard. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of surface analysis methods to nanomaterials: summary of ISO/TC 201 technical report: ISO 14187:2011 – surface chemical analysis – characterization of nanomaterials

The ISO technical report 14187 provides an introduction to (and examples of) the information that can be obtained about nanostructured materials by using surface analysis tools. In addition, both general issues and challenges associated with characterizing nanostructured materials and the specific opportunities and challenges associated with individual analytical methods are identified. As the size of objects or components of materials approaches a few nanometers, the distinctions among ‘bulk’, ‘surface’, and ‘particle’ analysis blur. This technical report focuses on issues specifically relevant to surface chemical analysis of nanostructured materials. The report considers a variety of analysis methods but focuses on techniques that are in the domain of ISO/TC 201 including Auger electron spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and scanning probe microscopy. Measurements of nanoparticle surface properties such as surface potential that are often made in a solution are not discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Summary of ISO/TC 201 Technical Report: ISO/TR 19319:2013 – Surface chemical analysis – Fundamental approaches to determination of lateral resolution and sharpness in beam‐based methods

This Technical Report revises ISO/TR 19319:2003 —Surface chemical analysis—Auger electron spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy—Determination of lateral resolution, analysis area and sample area viewed by the analyser. The revised Technical Report gives a short introduction to basic models of image formation and introduces functions which characterize the performance of imaging instruments with respect to lateral resolution and sharpness. The determination of lateral resolution by imaging of square‐wave gratings and the determination of sharpness by imaging of narrow stripes and straight edges are described in detail. Finally, physical factors affecting lateral resolution, analysis area and sample area viewed by the analyser are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Summary of ISO/TC 201 Standard: ISO 14701:2011 – Surface chemical analysis – X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy—measurement of silicon oxide thickness

This International Standard specifies several methods for measuring the oxide thickness at the surfaces of (100) and (111) silicon wafers as an equivalent thickness of silicon dioxide when measured using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is only applicable to flat, polished samples and for instruments that incorporate an Al or Mg X‐ray source, a sample stage that permits defined photoelectron emission angles and a spectrometer with an input lens that may be restricted to less than a 6° cone semiangle. For thermal oxides in the range 1‐ to 8‐nm thickness, using the best method described in this International Standard, uncertainties at a 95% confidence level around 2% may be typical and around 1% at optimum. A simpler method is also given with slightly poorer, but often adequate, uncertainties. Copyright © 2012 Crown copyright.     

Summary of ISO/TC201 standard: ISO/TR 18394:2006—surface chemical analysis—Auger electron spectroscopy—derivation of chemical information

ISO/TR 18394 provides guidance for the identification of chemical effects on x‐ray or electron‐excited Auger electron spectra as well as for applications of these effects in chemical characterization of surface/interface layers of solids. In addition to elemental composition, information can be obtained on the chemical state and the surrounding local electronic structure of the atom with the initial core hole from the changes of Auger electron spectra upon the alteration of its local environment. The methods of identification and use of chemical effects on Auger electron spectra, as described in this Technical Report, are very important for accurate quantitative applications of Auger electron spectroscopy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Investigation of the resonance‐assisted hydrogen bond in model β‐diketones through localized molecular orbital analysis of the spin–spin coupling constants related to the O–H · · · O hydrogen bond

The resonance‐assisted hydrogen bond (HB) phenomenon has been studied theoretically by a localized molecular orbital (LMO) decomposition of the spin–spin coupling constants between atoms either involved or close to the O–H · · · O system of some β‐diketones and their saturated counterparts. The analysis, carried out at the level of the second‐order polarization propagator approximation, shows that the contributions in terms of LMO to the paramagnetic spin orbital and the spin dipolar Ramsey terms proof the importance of the delocalized π‐electron structure supporting the idea of the existence of the resonance‐assisted HB phenomenon phenomenon. The LMO contributions to the Fermi contact term indicate mainly the presence of the HB that may or not be linked to the π‐electrons. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Summary of ISO/TC 201 standard: ISO 11775:2015 – Surface chemical analysis – Scanning probe microscopy – Determination of cantilever normal spring constants

This International Standard describes five methods for the determination of normal spring constants for atomic force microscope cantilevers to an accuracy of 5 to 10%. Each method is in one of the three categories of dimensional, static experimental and dynamic experimental methods. The method chosen depends on the purpose, convenience and instrumentation available to the analyst. For accuracies better than 5 to 10%, more sophisticated methods, not described in the standard, are required. Copyright © 2016 Crown copyright. Surface and Interface Analysis © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of TiO2–Ti and TiO2–TiN composite coatings on corrosion behavior of NiTi alloy

Two kinds of biocompatible coatings were produced in order to improve the corrosion resistance of nickel titanium (NiTi) alloy. A titanium oxide–titanium (TiO₂–Ti) composite was coated on NiTi alloy using electrophoretic method. After the coating process, the samples were heat‐treated at 1000 °C in two tube furnaces, the first one in argon atmosphere and the second one in nitrogen atmosphere at 1000 °C. The morphology and phase analysis of coatings were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis, respectively. The electrochemical behavior of the NiTi and coated samples was examined using polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests. Electrochemical tests in simulated body fluid demonstrated a considerable increase in corrosion resistance of composite‐coated NiTi specimens compared to the non‐coated one. The heat‐treated composite coating sample in nitrogen atmosphere had a higher level of corrosion resistance compared to the heat‐treated sample in argon atmosphere, which is mainly due to having nitride phases. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Summary of ISO/TC 201 Technical Report: ISO/TR 19319: 2003—Surface chemical analysis—Auger electron spectroscopy and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy—Determination of lateral resolution,analysis area and sample area viewed by the analyser

ISO Technical Report 19319:2003 contains information on the determination of lateral resolution, analysis area and sample area viewed by the analyser in surface analyses by Auger electron spectroscopy and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This article provides a brief summary of this information. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone)–polydimethylsiloxane amphiphilic ABA triblock copolymers

Triblock copolymers of N‐vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were synthesized by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization using two different types of difunctional telechelic PDMS‐based dixanthate macroinitiators. The incorporation of PDMS into the triblock copolymers was evidenced by ¹H NMR spectroscopy and varied between 4 mol % and as high as 20 mol %, dependent on reaction time and monomer conversion. The copolymer homogeneity was characterized in terms of molecular weight distribution determined by GPC to estimate the level of control over the chain length. Monomodal molecular weight distributions were observed, and ¹H NMR spectroscopy indicated the copolymers had number average molecular weights (M_n) ranging between 28,000 and 160,000 g/mol. In addition, thin film phase separation and critical micelle concentrations for these copolymers were analyzed via transmission electron microscopy and surface tension measurements, respectively. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017 , 55, 3387–3394     

Development of standards for reliable surface analyses by ISO technical committee 201 on surface chemical analysis

The need for reliable surface analyses together with quality‐management requirements for analytical laboratories led the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to form its Technical Committee (TC) 201 on Surface Chemical Analysis in 1991. This article describes the organization of TC 201, the strategies that have been found useful for identifying and assessing possible projects for new international standards, and the 57 international standards and other documents prepared to date by TC 201. Standards have now been developed for Auger‐electron spectroscopy, glow‐discharge spectroscopy, various types of scanning probe microscopy, secondary‐ion mass spectrometry, sputter‐depth profiling, total‐reflection X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X‐ray reflectometry. In addition, standards have been developed with definitions of terms used in surface chemical analysis; the handling, preparation of specimens for surface analysis; information and data‐transfer formats; and methods for determining the lateral resolution of beam‐based methods of surface analysis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Summary of ISO/TC 201 Standard: XXVIII,ISO 18115:2001/Amd. 1:2006—surface chemical analysis—vocabulary—amendment 1

This International Standard adds 5 abbreviations and 71 terms, many for glow discharge spectrometry, to the 340 defined terms for surface chemical analysis in ISO 18115:2001. The terms cover words or phrases used in describing the samples, instruments and theoretical concepts involved in surface chemical analysis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Metal–organic framework MIL‐125(Ti) for efficient adsorptive removal of Rhodamine B from aqueous solution

A metal–organic framework material, MIL‐125(Ti), was solvothermally prepared and characterized using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and surface area measurements. MIL‐125(Ti) was then used as an adsorbent for Rhodamine B (RhB) removal in aqueous solution. The adsorption kinetics, adsorption mechanism, adsorption isotherm, activation energy and various thermodynamic parameters were studied in detail. The maximum adsorption capacity of MIL‐125(Ti) for RhB was 59.92 mg g^?1. MIL‐125(Ti) appears to be a promising material for RhB adsorption from aqueous solutions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Layered double hydroxide – montmorillonite – a new nano‐dimensional material

A new nano‐dimensional material, layered double hydroxide – montmorillonite (LDH‐MMT), has been synthesized by the formation of an LDH in the presence of MMT. The structure is studied using X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis. The LDH‐MMT shows a novel layered structure containing negatively charged MMT layers and positively charged LDH layers with some sodium ions required to balance the charge. LDH‐MMT can be ion‐exchanged to obtain organically modified LDH‐MMT, and this material can be well‐dispersed in polystyrene. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Lanthanum immobilized on chitosan: a highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst for facile synthesis of novel (α,β‐unsaturated) β‐aminoketones

A new heterogeneous catalyst, lanthanum immobilized on chitosan, was synthesized and used for the aza‐Michael reaction of β‐enaminone under microwave irradiation. The characteristic structural features of the catalyst were determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopies and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The stability of the catalyst was evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis. The use of recyclable catalyst and glycerol as solvent makes this procedure environmentally benign and economically viable. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Silica aerogel–poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) composite for transparent heat retention films

Poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) (EVA) plastic films are widely used for solar coverings including photovoltaic modules and commercial greenhouse films, but are poor at controlling heat flow. In this work, silica aerogel (SA) nanogels were examined for preparing transparent heat retention EVA films that block far infrared spectra radiation to maintain heat, without compromising the optical performance of the films. SA nanogels were melt‐mixed using a mini twin‐screw extruder with EVA pellets to form SA/EVA composite, which were pressed into thin films with controlled thickness. The composite films were characterized in terms of optical properties using a variety of analytical methods including FTIR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, electron, confocal, and atomic force microscopy. Both thermicity and thermal conductivity of commercial and experimental SA/EVA films were measured. The results demonstrated that the SA/EVA films gave improved infrared retention compared to commercial thermal plastic films without compromising visible light transmission, showing the potential for this approach in next generation heat retention films. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014 , 52, 927–935