Lifetimes and branching ratios of excited states of Na

The decay of ²⁴Na levels below 4.3 MeV excitation was studied by means of the ²³Na(d, pγ)²⁴Na reaction at E_d = 2.45 MeV. Gamma-ray spectra were measured at three angles, in coincidence with proton groups detected around 180°. Excitation energies, branching ratios and Doppler shifts were determined. Mean lives were obtained for the levels at 1341 keV (62±15 fs), and 1846 keV (200±50 fs). The 1347 keV level has τ >3 ps. For other levels above 1 MeV upper limits of ≈ 60 fs are set. In some cases spin restrictions follow. In particular J = 2 is assigned to the 1341 keV level.     

Energy levels of 24Na from the 23Na(d,pγ)24Na reaction

Excited states in ²⁴Na have been investigated by means of the ²³Na(d, pγ)²⁴Na reaction at incident deuteron energies of 2.5 and 2.8 MeV. Excitation energies and γ-ray decay for levels up to 4.2 MeV have been determined from proton-gamma coincidence spectra obtained with a surface barrier detector and a Ge(Li) detector on-line with a computer. Two new levels at 3944 ± 2 and 4195 ± 3 keV excitation energies are reported.     

Angular distribution measurements of Li(p,α)He reaction at 140 keV proton energy using nuclear track detectors

Angular distributions of a ⁶Li(p,α) ³He reaction were measured at six angles for 140 keV proton energy using nuclear track detectors (NTDs). The measurements were carried out over 60°–160° lab. angles in 20° increments using a scattering chamber of 80° beam line of the 350 kV accelerator. A semiconductor silicon surface barrier (SSB) detector was placed at +160° and was used as a monitor. The results have shown that the CR-39 detector has excellent capabilities to distinguish 1.4–2.7 MeV α+ ³He particles from the ⁶Li(p,α) ³He reaction and 8–9.4 MeV α-particles from the ⁷Li(p,α) ⁴He reaction through their track diameters. However, it was not possible to distinguish between the 2.3 MeV ³He ions and the 1.7 MeV ⁴He ions from the ⁶Li(p,α) ³He reaction from their track diameter measurements, but it was possible to differentiate between the two, from the darker contrast of the ³He particles caused by its deeper tracks as compared to those of ⁴He.     

Measurement of the Po concentration in air using makrofol-de detectors

The measurement of the ²¹⁴Po concentration in air with Makrofol-DE detectors is useful to estimate the long-term averaged equilibrium factors indoors. To differentiate α-particles emitted by ²¹⁴Po from those emitted by ²¹⁸Po and ²²²Rn, the detector must register only α-particles with energies between 6.2 and 7.5 MeV. The required energy response is obtained only if a removed layer of about 43 μm is achieved in a chemical etching of the detector. The methodology used to determine the etching conditions is described in this paper. The optimum conditions found are: a) chemical etching for 6 h at a temperature of 40°C, using 7.5 M KOH mixed with 50% ethanol as an etchant, and b) electrochemical etching for 1 h at a frequency of 3 kHz and an electric field strength of 34 kV cm⁻¹. Several dosimeters have exposed during 2 months in dwellings located in the Barcelona area, Spain. A ²¹⁴Po averaged concentration of (13.6 ± 8.6) Bq m⁻³ was obtained.     

Investigations on the scattering of α-particles on Li

Excitation functions of α-scattering on ⁷Li leading to the ground and first excited states have been measured in the bombarding energy regions 8.6–12.5 MeV and 17.0–22.5 MeV at c.m. scattering angles of 54.2°, 72.4° and 89.8°. A systematic deviation from smooth behaviour is revealed which, because of its regularity, is attributed to the exchange of a triton cluster between two α-particles.     

Final state spin dependence and mechanism of the Al(d, α)Mg and Mg(d, α)Na reactions

Differential cross section excitation functions and vector analysing powers of the ²⁷Al(d,α)²⁵Mg reaction and the vector analysing power of the ²⁵Mg(d, α)²³Na reaction were measured for incident deuteron energies up to 12.3 MeV. An attempt was made to describe the results obtained with the statistical model using the autocorrelation function method. A distinct dependence of the cross section and vector analysing power results upon the spin of the final state was observed.     

Polarization and phase shifts in Be(p, p)Be from 0.8 TO 2.7 MeV and the structure of B

Angular distributions of the analyzing power in Be have been measured to an accuracy of about ±0.03 at 21 energies from 0.9 to 2.7 MeV with a target thickness of 20 keV at 1 MeV. These data and the cross section measurements of others are reproduced well in the region from 0.8 to 1.6 MeV by a set of phase shifts that vary reasonably with energy. The ³S₁, ⁵S₂, ⁵P₁, and ⁵P₂ phases suffice to describe the data, although channel spin and s-d mixing are required. Three levels satisfy the data: at 0.980±0.010 MeV are two levels, a 1⁺ of width 0.10 MeV and a 2⁻ of width 0.11 MeV; at 1.37±0.02 MeV is a 1⁻ level of width 0.30 MeV. The 1⁺ and 1⁻ states do not agree with earlier assignments. Outside of the energy region from 0.8 to 1.6 MeV a satisfactory set of phases could not be obtained, owing to inadequate data. These regions were studied in the analysis, however, and the results are discussed.     

The Fe(α, γ)Ni reaction at excitation energies in the region of the giant dipole resonance

Excitation functions for the ⁵⁶Fe(α, γ₀)⁶⁰Ni and ⁵⁶Fe(α, γ₁)⁶⁰Ni reactions have been measured at 90° to the beam direction over the bombarding energy range 8.0–17.6 MeV. Gamma-ray angular distributions were measured at ten bombarding energies. Excitation functions for the ⁵⁹Co(p, γ₀)⁶⁰Ni and ⁵⁹Co(p, γ₁)⁶⁰Ni reactions were measured over the range E_x = 16.58–16.92 MeV and compared with the (α, γ) data. The angular distribution data indicate that the (α, γ₀) and (α,γ₁) reactions proceed through 1⁻, and 1⁻ and 3⁻ states, respectively. The (α, γ) excitation functions are discussed with respect to isospin splitting of the ⁶⁰Ni giant dipole resonance. The fine structure observed in the excitation functions is shown to be most probably due to Ericson fluctuations. The gross (α, γ) cross sections are shown to be in reasonable agreement with the results of calculations made using the theory of Hauser and Feshbach assuming excitation of the giant dipole resonance.     

Observation of the π(1800) and (1880) mesons in decay

A partial-wave analysis of the reaction π⁻p→ηηπ⁻p at 18 GeV/c has been performed on a data sample of approximately 4000 events obtained by Brookhaven experiment E852. The J^PC=0⁻⁺π(1800) state is observed in the a₀(980)η and f₀(1500)π decay modes. It has a mass of 1876±18±16 MeV/c² and a width of 221±26±38 MeV/c². The J^PC=2⁻⁺π₂(1880) meson is observed decaying through a₂(1320)η. It has a mass of 1929±24±18 MeV/c² and a width of 323±87±43 MeV/c². Both states are potential candidates for non-exotic hybrid mesons.     

Isoscalar quadrupole strength in Ca from the (p,p′α0) reaction at Ep = 100 MeV

The ⁴⁰Ca(p,p′ α) reaction has been studied at an incident proton energy E_p = 99.5 MeV for proton laboratory scattering angles Θ_p^lab = 17°, 23° and 27°. Emission of α particles coincident with the scattered proton has been measured for an angular range Θ_α 0° − 180° relative to the recoil axis. A multipole decomposition for the α₀-decay channel to the ³⁶Ar ground state has been performed from the angular-correlation functions. The energy distribution of the dominating E2 strength deduced in the excitation energy range E_x = 11–21 MeV agrees reasonably well with the results from electron and α-induced α₀-decay investigations. The exhaustion of the E2 energy-weighted sum rule in this channel up to an energy of 17 MeV is 16.1(4.0)%, in accord with the study of the (α, α′ α₀) reaction. However, this value is twice what is found in the (e,e′ α₀) experiment in the same energy region. Thus, the puzzling discrepancy in the E2 strengths derived from electromagnetic and hadronic probes remains unsolved.     

Energy dependence of the C(O, α) reaction

The energy dependence of the ¹²C(¹⁶O, α) reaction was measured at incident energies of E_lab=112−191 MeV. In the range ofE_x(²⁴Mg)=30−56 MeV, the excitation energies of the structures in the inclusive α spectrum were found to vary continuously as a function of incident energy in this region. This fact indicates that these structures do not represent excitations in ²⁴Mg, but rather that they originate from a different process such as a sequential ejectile decay.     

Observation of γ-delayed 3α breakup of the 15.11 and 12.71 MeV states in C

The reactions at 4.9 MeV and at 8.5 MeV have been used to investigate the γ decay of states in ¹²C. By measuring the four-body final state in complete kinematics we are able to detect γ transitions indirectly. We find γ transitions from the 15.11 MeV state in ¹²C to the 12.71, 11.83, 10.3 and 7.65 MeV states followed by their breakup into three α particles. The relative γ-ray branching ratios obtained are (1.2±0.3), (0.32±0.12), (1.4±0.2) and (4.4±0.8)%, respectively, with the remaining (92.7±1.0)% of the γ decays going to the bound states. We obtain Γ_α/Γ=(2.8±1.2)% for the isospin-forbidden α decay of the 15.11 MeV state. From the 12.71 MeV state we find γ transitions to the 10.3 and 7.65 MeV states. The relative γ-ray branching ratios are and , respectively, with the remaining of the γ decays going to the bound states. Finally, we discuss the relation between the β decay of ¹²N and ¹²B to states in ¹²C and the γ decay of the 15.11 MeV analog in ¹²C to the same states.     

The (γ,p) reaction in Au

Proton energy spectra of the ¹⁹⁷Au(e,p) reaction were measured in the region between 17 and 30 MeV at three angles: 40°, 90° and 140°. Two prominent bumps were observed in the (γ,p) spectra converted using virtual photon theory. The higher-energy bump shifts with photon energies and the lower-energy one stays at 10.5 MeV. The higher-energy bump is much larger at 40° than at 140°; on the contrary the angular dependence of the lower-energy bump is small. Neither bump can be described by a statistical calculation. A calculation of a microscopic shell model shows that the lower-energy bump is attributed to the decay of proton-particle–neutron-hole pairs in the T_> states, leaving a neutron hole around the Fermi surface. The higher-energy bump can be ascribed to the direct–semidirect mechanism. This paper gives the solution to a part of the long-standing question about the origin of photo-proton emission in heavy nuclei.     

Search for anomalous production of single photons at and 136 GeV

This letter reports the results of the measurement of single photon production in the reaction e⁺e⁻ → γ+ invisible particles at centre-of-mass energies and 136 GeV and an integrated luminosity of 5.83 pb⁻¹, collected with the DELPHI detector at LEP. The signal is compatible with the prediction of the Standard Model for the process , and the number of neutrino families has been determined to be N_ν = 3.1 ± 0.6. Limits have been derived on anomalous neutral gauge boson couplings and on compositeness in the framework of a specific model.     

No pre-critical enhancement observed in C(π, γ)N(g.s.) at q 2mπ

The cross section and angular distribution for the reaction ¹³C(π⁺, γ)¹³N(g.s.) have been measured from 37 to 85° in the laboratory, at a pion energy of 115.5 MeV. The observed cross section ranges from 320 to 660 nb/sr. These results do not show the large magnitude and wide-angle peaking expected if pre-critical effects due to nascent pion condensation were present. In addition, the observed cross section is less than one-half of the predictions of available theoretical calculations which do not include the pre-critical effect. Data on the reaction ¹H(π⁻, γ)n at T_π = 116.6 MeV were also obtained for calibration purposes. These data agree with expectations based on knowledge of the inverse reaction and previous measurements.     

Determination of the (Na) Sternheimer antishielding factor by Na NMR spectroscopy on sodium oxide chloride, Na3OCl

The (Na⁺) Sternheimer antishielding factor γ_∞ (Na⁺) was determined by ²³Na NMR spectroscopy on sodium oxide chloride, Na₃OCl. The quadrupolar coupling constant of the sodium ion in Na₃OCl was determined to QCC=11.34 MHz, which presents the largest coupling constant of a sodium nucleus observed so far. Applying a simple point charge model, the largest principal value of the electric field gradient at the sodium site was calculated to V_zz=−6.76762·10²⁰ V/m². From these values we calculated the (Na⁺) Sternheimer antishielding factor to γ_∞ (Na⁺)=−5.36. In sodium oxide, Na₂O, we observed an isotropic chemical shift of δ_CS=55.1 ppm, referenced to 1 M aqueous NaCl (δ=0 ppm).     

Absolute yield measurement of the reaction27Al(γ, 2pn)24Na

The reaction²⁷Al(γ, 2pn)²⁴Na is suitable as a secondary standard in high energy photonuclear studies. Thus, the absolute yields at bremsstrahlung maximum energies between 95 and 965 MeV have been measured.     

Gamma-ray spectroscopy of Cr

A study of low-lying states in the self-conjugate nucleus ⁴⁸Cr has been performed with the reaction ⁴⁰Ca(¹⁰B, pnγ)⁴⁸Cr. Several techniques of γ-ray spectroscopy have been used: activity measurements, γ-ray angular distributions, γ-γ coincidences, p-n-γ triple coincidences, and recoil-distance lifetime measurements. The following level energies, spin-parity assignments, and lifetimes have been found: 752.4±0.5 keV, 2₁⁺, τ_m = 9.7±2.6 ps; 1858.7±0.7 keV, 4₁⁺, τ_m = 1.5_−0.5^+2.0 ps; 3532.7±1.2 keV, (6₁⁺); 4064.3±1.3 keV, ( 4), τ_m < 60 ps. The 2₁⁺ state in ⁴⁸Cr is found to have the lowest excitation energy and highest E2 transition strength (33±9 W.u.) among the 2₁⁺ states of even nuclei in the 1f shell.     

Lifetimes and branching ratios of excited states of 24Na

The decay of ²⁴Na levels below 4.3 MeV excitation was studied by means of the ²³Na(d, pγ)²⁴Na reaction at E_d = 2.45 MeV. Gamma-ray spectra were measured at three angles, in coincidence with proton groups detected around 180°. Excitation energies, branching ratios and Doppler shifts were determined. Mean lives were obtained for the levels at 1341 keV (62±15 fs), and 1846 keV (200±50 fs). The 1347 keV level has τ >3 ps. For other levels above 1 MeV upper limits of ≈ 60 fs are set. In some cases spin restrictions follow. In particular J = 2 is assigned to the 1341 keV level.     

Observation of χb production in the exclusive reaction ′→γγχb→γγ→γγ(eeorμμ−)

We report on the observation of 1 ³P_J (χ_b) production in the reaction ′→γχ_b→γγ→γγ(e⁺e⁻ or μ⁺μ⁻). The data were recorded with the nonmagnetic CUSB detector at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring, CESR. We observe 124 γγ events with either an electron or muon pair in the final state. In the γγ correlation plot about 40% of the events cluster around (120, 430) MeV.