1, 3-环己二烯与丙烯反应exo和endo机理的理论研究

采用从头算方法在3-21G基组上研究了1, 3-环己二烯与丙烯生成exo和endo产物的反应机理。该反应生成exo和endo产物各存在三条反应途径, 其中两条为分步途径, 一条为协同途径。经计算研究表明:1, 3-环己二烯与丙烯生成exo和endo产物的有利途径为经过一个双自由基中间体的分步过程, 由丙烯端位碳原子先进攻的分步过程最为容易。对应于该过程, 生成exo和endo产物的反应速控步骤的位垒值分别为80.69kJ/mol和75.58kJ/mol。表明生成endo产物的反应比生成exo产物的反应略为有利。     

氰基丙二烯与乙烯环加成机理的理论研究

应用AM1方法研究了氰基丙二烯和乙烯环加成反应的反应机理,讨论了氰基对反应机理的影响。结果表明乙烯和氰基丙二烯之间的反应是自由基反应,乙烯进攻氰基丙二烯的中心碳原子从能量上考虑比进攻两端碳原子更为有利,且位垒比丙二烯上无取代基时低,比氨基取代时高,说明吸电子基团氰基取代氢原子后,使环加成反应易于进行,但没有供电子基团氨基的作用大。以上结论均与实验结果一致。     

联烯的自由基反应

联烯是含有1,2-丙二烯官能团的重要化合物,具有很高的反应活性.概述了联烯及其衍生物的自由基反应,包括分子间自由基链加成和分子间-分子内自由基串联加成反应,及其在天然产物中的应用.联烯进行分子间自由基链加成反应时,自由基对联烯的加成既可发生在中间碳原子上,也可发生在末端碳原子上,主要取于所形成中间体的稳定性,空间效应、电负性和溶剂等因素也有影响.一般以碳为中心的自由基(如CH3·,CCl3·等)易进攻末端碳原子,而以杂原子为中心的自由基(如Br·,RS·,ArSO2·等)易进攻联烯的中心碳原子.联烯及其衍生物也易与烯烃、联烯、烯炔和乙烯酮进行[2 2]环加成反应,还可以与卡宾环丙烷化,这些反应都是通过自由基机理进行的.     

烯烃光敏氧化反应机理——Ⅲ.丙烯与单重态氧Ene反应途径的解析

用MINDO/3法对丙烯与单重态氧Ene反应机理进行了详细研究。利用Fukui提出的IRC理论计算了整个反应途径。计算结果预期反应是分步进行的,且经由桥环过氧化物中间体。通过沿反应途径的分析,对反应过程中,反应物间的相互作用的情况,立体化学等进行了较为详细的讨论。     

聚2-对丙烯酰氧苯基-5,10,15,20-四苯基卟啉镍的合成

2－对羟基苯基－5，10，15，20－四苯基卟啉镍（Ⅰ)和2－邻羟基苯基－5，10，15，20－四苯基卟啉镍（Ⅰ′）分别与丙烯酰氯反应，生成了2－对丙烯酰氧苯基－5，10，15，20－四苯基卟啉镍（Ⅱ）和2－邻丙烯酰氧苯基－5，10，15，20－四苯基卟啉镍（Ⅱ′），在引发剂作用下，前者聚合生成了聚2－对丙烯酰氧苯基－5，10，15，20－四苯基卟啉镍（Ⅲ）。通过元素分析、红外光谱、紫外－可见光谱、核磁共振谱和质谱对单体和聚合物的结构进行了表征。     

β—蒎烯／苯乙烯接枝共聚物的合成

研究了聚β－蒎烯的溴化及其接枝聚苯乙烯反应．首先利用高选择性的烯丙位溴化剂Ｎ－溴代琥珀酰亚胺在聚β－蒎烯链节双键的烯丙位引入溴，再在单独对苯乙烯无引发聚合活性的ＡｌＥｔ２Ｃｌ的活化下引发苯乙烯聚合，从而获得β－蒎烯／苯乙烯接枝共聚物．用ＧＰＣ、１ＨＮＭＲ、ＤＳＣ等手段对接枝产物进行了分析表征     

N-甲基-N-丙烯醛基-甲酰氨与甲基-AICA-碳单元转移反应的量子化学研究

本文用量子化学方法研究了N-甲基-N-丙烯醛基-甲酰氨向甲基-AICA转移一碳单元的反应机理，阐明了亲核进攻和质子转移先后分步进行的反应机制。计算表明：反应通道A所需的活化能较低，在竞争反应中占优势。此外，本文同时分析了甲基-AICA中C(4)上取代的甲酰胺基对该反应的影响。所有计算结果与实验结论一致。     

硫酸氢钠催化合成羧酸烯丙酯

硫酸氢钠能够代替硫酸作为酯化催化剂。利用－水硫酸氢钠催化合成了甲酸烯丙酯、乙酸烯丙酯、丙酸烯丙酯、丁酸烯丙酯和戊酸烯丙酯,产物用折射率、元素分析和红外光谱表征。研究了硫酸氢钠用量对丙酸烯丙酯收率的影响。     

丙烯在Fe-Sb-W-O/SiO2催化剂上氧化机理的研究Ⅱ.吸附丙烯的程序升温脱附

用程序升温脱附技术研究了丙烯与铁锑氧化物催化剂之间的反应,结果表明该催化剂有两种不同结合强度的活性晶格氧和两种吸附丙烯中心,催化剂活性主要取决于表面晶格氧的活动性。比较了铁锑和钼系(C-41)两种氧化物催化剂上吸附丙烯后的程脱结果,并提出了丙烯在铁锑氧化物催化剂上的氧化机理。     

DFT研究Schrock钼催化剂催化的丙烯和丙烯腈复分解反应机理

使用密度泛函理论方法研究了Schrock钼催化剂催化的丙烯和丙烯腈复分解反应机理。研究结果表明：所有金属环丁烷中间体都是三角双锥结构,配体OCF₃和NMe占据三角双锥结构的2个顶点。大部分过渡态具有与金属环丁烷中间体相似的结构特征。Schrock钼催化剂催化的丙烯和丙烯腈的复分解反应包含了3个反应步骤。基于不同通道过渡态结构的相对能量,我们预测顺式和反式产物的产率为9∶1,这个结果与实验事实吻合得很好。     

C-甲基硝酮与丙烯腈1,3-偶极环加成反应从头算研究

用从头算方法在MP2 / 6 31G(d)水平上研究了C 甲基硝酮与丙烯腈 1,3 偶极环加成反应 ,该反应可生成endo 4,exo 4,endo 5 ,exo 5四种不同的产物 ,反应势垒分别为 8.35、17.2 3、-0 .18和 4.88kJ/mol。在C 甲基硝酮与丙烯腈接近的过程中 ,首先生成 3个不同的氢键复合物 ,相对能量为 -4 7.8、-4 6 .6和 -33 .7kJ/mol。由这 3个不同的氢键复合物导致了 4个不同的过渡态而形成 4个不同的产物     

Evidence that epoxide-opening cascades promoted by water are stepwise and become faster and more selective after the first cyclization

A detailed kinetic study of the endo-selective epoxide-opening cascade reaction of a diepoxy alcohol in neutral water was undertaken using (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The observation of monoepoxide intermediates resulting from initial endo and exo cyclization indicated that the cascade proceeds via a stepwise mechanism rather than through a concerted one. Independent synthesis and cyclization of these monoepoxide intermediates demonstrated that they are chemically and kinetically competent intermediates in the cascade. Analysis of each step of the reaction revealed that both the rate and regioselectivity of cyclization improve as the cascade reaction proceeds. In the second step, cyclization of an epoxy alcohol substrate templated by a fused diad of two tetrahydropyran rings proceeds with exceptionally high regioselectivity (endo:exo = 19:1), the highest we have measured in the opening of a simple trans-disubstituted epoxide. The origins of these observations are discussed.     

Modeling the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrones to vinylboranes in competition with boration, cyclization, and oxidation reactions

Structures and energetics of reactants, reactant complexes, concerted transition structures, and products of the cycloaddition of the prototypical nitrone with vinylborane have been produced and discussed. Structure optimizations have been performed at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) and B3LYP/AUG-cc-pVDZ levels of approximation, and single-point calculations on the B3LYP geometries have been carried out at the MP4(SDTQ) level with the same basis sets. Kinetic contributions to standard enthalpies, entropies, and free enthalpies have been computed at the same levels of geometry optimizations. The effects of methyl and chloro substitution on the BH2 group and of methyl substitution on the vinyl moiety has been also explicitly considered. The most striking theoretical features of this cycloaddition are (i) the formation of reactant complexes where the nitrone oxygen is strictly bound up to the boron atom (B...O interactions), (ii) their persistence in the endo/exo transition structures, and (iii) energy profiles suggesting very high reaction rates, regiospecificity (5-borylisoxazolidines) and complete endo-stereoselectivity. The BH2 (BX2) substituent appears to induce a sort of intramolecular catalysis which is also largely selective in favor of the endo reaction path. Possible competitive reaction paths such as cyclization, organoboration, and oxidation have equally been investigated, on the same grounds, both with prototypical reagents and with dimethylvinylborane, dichlorovinylborane, 2-methyl-1-propenylborane, and 2-methyl-1-propenyldichloroborane. The transition structures for these reaction paths are significantly higher in energy than those of the corresponding 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions in the sequence oxidation > cyclization > boration > cycloaddition, whereas the resulting reaction products show the reversed sequence. Polar solvents appear to increase the competition of boration although maintaining its character of secondary reaction. As expected, the reaction rate of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is lowered by dimethyl substitution on the vinyl CH2 reacting center (i.e., for the reaction of 2-methyl-1-propenylborane and 2-methyl-1-propenyldichloroborane) whereas the reaction rate of boration is increased, the boration results being significantly competitive even in the gas phase. Experiments for the control of the above predictions are not yet available.     

Stereoselectivity in Diels-Alder reactions of diene-substituted N-alkoxycarbonyl-1,2-dihydropyridines

Diene substituent effects on the regiochemical and stereochemical outcomes of uncatalyzed Diels-Alder reactions of N-alkoxycarbonyl-1,2-dihydropyridines with both styrene and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) were studied. Alkyl substitution on the diene in all cases examined resulted in a kinetic preference for 7-endo isomers (7-phenyl 51-96% exo and 7-acetyl 54-96% exo). For both dienophiles, the highest stereoselectivities (>or=89% endo) were observed with 5-methyl or 6-methyl substituents in the dihydropyridine. Theoretical calculations of the energies of gas phase endo and exo transition states at the RHF/3-21G(*) predict that total entropy, DeltaStotal, considerations favor endo cycloadducts for both dienophiles with DHP, while total energy considerations, DeltaEo, favor endo cycloadducts for styrene and exo cycloadducts for MVK. At this level, favored endo-phenyl isomers are correctly predicted for styrene reactions, but the calculation of 7-acetyl exo or endo isomer dominance is diene-substituent-dependent for MVK reactions. The preference for endo addition of MVK to the parent, 5-methyl, and 6-methyl-DHPs was successfully predicted by calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G* theory level.     

Synthesis of (+/-)-bakkenolide-A and its C-7, C-10, and C-7,10 epimers by means of an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction

(+/-)-bakkenolide-A (1) was prepared in five steps from ethyl 4-benzyloxyacetoacetate by sequential alkylations with tiglyl bromide and (Z)-5-bromo-1,3-pentadiene, followed by an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of (E,Z)-triene 25b as the key step. The hydrindane cycloadduct 28 was subjected to hydrogenation and spontaneous or acid-catalyzed lactonization, followed by a Witttig reaction to introduce the exocyclic methylene group of 1. The known 7-epibakkenolide-A (2) and novel 10-epi- and 7,10-diepibakkenolide-A (3 and 4, respectively) stereoisomers were obtained as minor byproducts. When (E)-5-bromo-1,3-pentadiene was used instead of the Z-isomer, the 10-epi- and 7,10-diepibakkenolides were the major products. In both cases exo cyclization was preferred over endo. An alternative approach was based on a similar intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition, using dimethyl malonate instead of ethyl 4-benzyloxyacetoacetate as the starting material for the double alkylation preceding the cycloaddition step. The cycloadduct was then converted into the corresponding alpha-phenylseleno propargyl esters 16 or 22. However, attempted formation of the spiro center by a radical cyclization resulted chiefly in reductive deselenization.     

The effect of proton donors on the facial stereoselectivity in SmI2 reduction of norcamphor

The endo/exo product ratio in the reactions of SmI(2) with norcamphor in the presence of various proton donors was determined. The effect of MeOH, EtOH, trifluoroethanol (TFE), ethylene glycol (EG), and water was investigated at various concentrations of these proton donors. At low concentrations of EtOH, TFE, and EG, an endo/exo ratio near unit was found. This ratio increased as the concentration of the proton donor increased. However, MeOH and water gave a U-type curve, in a plot of the endo/exo ratio vs proton donor concentration. The difference between the two groups of proton donors was shown not to result from differences in their acidities or polarity effects. It is suggested that at low MeOH and water concentrations, the second electron transfer takes place from the dimer of SmI(2) rather than from the monomer. This bulky electron donor approaches the radical anion preferentially from the exo direction giving rise to the high endo/exo ratio at the left arm of the U-shaped curve. Comparison of kinetic and product H/D isotope effects shows that protonation on carbon, the step that locks the stereochemistry, is a post rate determining step.     

Conformational preferences of methacrolein in Diels-Alder and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions

A B3LYP/6-31G* study has been carried out for the reactions of methacrolein with cyclopentadiene, parent nitrone, 1-pyrroline-1-oxide, and (Z)-C,N-diphenylnitrone, in which the coordination of a Lewis acid (borane) and the solvent polarity (dichloromethane) have been taken into account. Calculated activation parameters, regioselectivities (for 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions), and endo/exo stereoselectivities show good agreement with available experimental data. Gas-phase calculations show a varied behavior of the s-cis/s-trans TS stability for noncatalyzed reactions (from the systematic s-cis preference for the cyclopentadiene reaction to the systematic s-trans predilection encountered in the diphenylnitrone cycloaddition). BH3 coordination leads to a preferential stabilization of s-trans TSs in the reactions of cyclopentadiene (exo approach) and diphenylnitrone but a larger stabilization of s-cis structures in the processes involving the parent nitrone or 1-pyrroline-1-oxide. Additionally, a rather systematic preferential stabilization of s-trans structures is induced by solvent polarity in most reactions. As a consequence, an s-trans preference is predicted in solution for both thermal and catalyzed types of reactions in most approaches. Such a conclusion is consistent with some experimental results suggesting a preference for a particular conformation of the methacrolein-Lewis acid complexes.     

An experimental and theoretical study of stereoselectivity of furan-maleic anhydride and furan-maleimide diels-alder reactions

The stereoselectivity of the reaction of furan (1) with maleic anhydride (2) and maleimide (3) was studied experimentally and theoretically. Although the two reactions are highly similar with regard to their preference for endo and exo steroisomers, notable differences were experimentally observed and explained on the basis of calculated reaction-free energies and transition-state barriers. The experimental values of rate constants (k(1+2endo) = (1.75 +/- 0.48) x 10(-5); mol(-1) l s(-1); k(1+2exo) = (3.10 +/- 0.55) x 10(-5); mol(-1) l s(-1); k(1+3endo) = (1.93 +/- 0.082) x 10(-5); mol(-1) l s(-1), k(1+3exo) = (1.38 +/- 0.055) x 10(-5); mol(-1) l s(-1) all at 300 K) and the observed reaction course clearly confirm that neither of these reactions are prototypical examples of Diels-Alder [4 + 2] cycloadditions, whose dominant preference is for endo isomers. However, only by comparing their energetics-calculated at the CCSD(T) level of theory-with the analogous reactions involving cyclopentadiene (8) as a diene can these observations be understood. The low thermodynamic stability of furan [4 + 2] adducts opens retro-Diels-Alder reaction channels and overrules the very small kinetic preference (calculated and measured here) of initial formation for endo stereoisomers. On a macroscopic scale "an irregular"-thermodynamically more stable-exo stereoisomer was consequently observed as a dominant species.     

A theoretical study of the reaction between cyclopentadiene and protonated imine derivatives: a shift from a concerted to a stepwise molecular mechanism

The reaction between cyclopentadiene and protonated pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde imine derivatives has been studied by using Hartree-Fock (HF) and B3LYP methods together with the 6-31G basis set. The molecular mechanism is stepwise along an inverted energy profile. This results from the protonation on both nitrogen atoms of the imine group and the pyridine framework. The first step corresponds to the nucleophilic attack of cyclopentadiene on the electron-poor carbon atom of the iminium cation group to give an acyclic cation intermediate, and the second step is associated with the ring closure of this intermediate via the formation of a C-N single bond yielding the final cycloadduct. Two reactive channels have been characterized corresponding to the endo and exo approach modes of the cyclopentadiene to the iminium cation. The role of the pyridium cation substituent and the nitrogen position (ortho, meta, and para) along the reaction pathway has been also considered. Solvent effects (dichloromethane) by means of a continuum model have been taken into account to model the experimental environment.