Simultaneous determination of iridoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and saponins in Flos Lonicerae and Flos Lonicerae Japonicae by HPLC-DAD-ELSD coupled with principal component analysis

A method, HPLC coupled with diode-array and evaporative light scattering detectors (HPLC-DAD-ELSD), was newly developed to evaluate the quality of Flos Lonicerae (FL) and Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (FLJ), through a simultaneous determination of multiple types of bioactive components. By employing DAD, the detection wavelengths were set at 240 nm for the determination of iridoids, 330 nm for phenolic acids, and 360 nm for flavonoids, respectively. While ELSD, connected in series after DAD, was applied to the determination of saponins. This assay was fully validated with respect to precision, repeatability, and accuracy. Moreover, principal component analysis (PCA) was used for the similarity evaluation of different samples, and it was proven straightforward and reliable to differentiate FL and FLJ samples from different origins. For PCA, two principal components have been extracted. Principal component 1 (PC1) influences the separation between different sample sets, capturing 54.598% variance, while principal component 2 (PC2) affects differentiation within sample sets, capturing 12.579% variance. In conclusion, simultaneous quantification of bioactive components by HPLC-DAD-ELSD coupled with PCA would be a well-acceptable strategy to differentiate the sources and to comprehensively control the quality of the medicinal plants FL and FLJ.     

Pulsed-electric-field crossflow ultrafiltration of bovine serum albumin

A conventional crossflow ultrafiltration (CUF) apparatus was modified by the inclusion of electrodes which permitted a pulsed electric field to be produced across the ultrafiltration membrane (PEF-UF process). Using this apparatus, a discontinuous electrophoretic velocity was imposed upon the proteins being concentrated, opposing their convective movement toward the CUF membrane. This resulted in a lower concentration of rejected solute protein in the fluid boundary layer adjacent to the high-pressure side of the membrane and, hence, in a lower solute-related filtration resistance than in the case of conventional ultrafiltration (zero electric field). Studies of the PEF-UF process with bovine serum albumin (BSA) in the range of 0.5–5% w/v demonstrated a 25–40% decrease in the solute-related resistance to the permeate flux compared to the case of a zero electric field. Accordingly, higher permeate fluxes and, therefore, higher rates of concentration of the protein solution were obtained than for conventional crossflow ultrafiltration. When the electric field was reimposed following a period of operation under conventional CUF conditions, the permeate flux could be restored to nearly the same higher value observed initially for the PEF-UF process.     

Rapid and simple method for screening of natural antioxidants from Chinese herb Flos Lonicerae Japonicae by DPPH-HPLC-DAD-TOF/MS

A rapid and simple method has been developed for the screening and identification of natural antioxidants of Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (FLJ), derived from the flower buds of Lonicera japonica. The hypothesis is that upon reaction with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), the peak areas (PAs) of compounds with potential antioxidant effects in the HPLC chromatograms will be significantly reduced or disappeared, and the identity confirmation could be achieved by HPLC-DAD-TOF/MS hyphenated technique. Using the proposed approach, about 14 compounds in the FLJ extract were found to possess a potential antioxidant activity. They were identified as chlorogenic acid (1), 1-O-caffeoylquinic acid (1-O-CQA, 2), caffeic acid (4), 4-O-CQA (5), rutin (7), isoquercitrin (8), luteolin-7-O-glucoside (9), lonicerin (10), 4,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (4,5-O-diCQA, 11), 3,5-O-diCQA (12), 1,3-O-diCQA (13), 3,4-O-diCQA (14), 1,4-O-diCQA (16), and luteolin (17). In addition, the free radical scavenging capacities of the available identified compounds were also investigated by HPLC assay. The results indicated that the compounds with PAs significantly decreasing were natural antioxidants, whereas those with PAs not changing presented no activities, which accordingly indicated that this newly proposed method could be widely applied for rapid screening and identification of natural antioxidants from complex matrices including Chinese herbal medicines.     

Plasma metabolomics analysis of endogenous and exogenous metabolites in the rat after administration of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos

Lonicerae Japonicae Flos (LJF) is a typical herbal medicine and is used as a functional food. LJF, which has complex chemical compounds, has various biological effects. The global metabolomics, focusing on both the endogenous and exogenous metabolites, have not yet been investigated for LJF in normal healthy rats using LC–MS. In this study, plasma metabolomics was analyzed after the administration of LJF at different time intervals, and the exogenous metabolites were identified. Partial least squares discriminant analysis showed significant differences in chemical content in the dosed rats. Cholic acid, indoleacrylic acid, indolelactic acid, hippuric acid, N-acetyl-phenylalanine, and N-acetyl-serotonin significantly accumulated in the dosed rats. Lysophosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylcholine content, including plasmalogen, increased. There were 25 components of LJF, including 15 prototypes and 10 metabolites, that were identified. The 15 prototypes included phenolic acids, flavonoids, and iridoids, and their contents decreased with an increase in the administration time. Glucuronidation and sulfation of polyphenols were found for LJF. The exogenous glucuronide and sulfate metabolites—including dihydrocoumaric acid-sulfate, dihydrocaffeic acid-sulfate, dihydroferulic acid-sulfate, apigenin-glucuronide, apigenin-glucuronide-sulfate, isorhamnetin-glucuronide-sulfate, and others—were identified with a neutral loss of 176 and 80, respectively. The metabolic differences found in the study may serve as biomarkers of LJF consumption and promote the understanding of the mechanism of action of LJF.     

Simultaneous quantification of seven bioactive components in Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae by high performance liquid chromatography

This study presents a new HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of seven major components, namely chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, loganin, sweroside, secoxyloganin, rutin and luteolin 7-O-glucoside in Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae, a commonly used traditional Chinese medicinal herb derived from the caulis of Lonicera japonica Thunb. These seven compounds, belonging to the chemical types of phenolic acids, iridoids and flavonoids, were separated on a C18 column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5.0 microm) with the column temperature at 30 degrees C. The mobile phase was composed of (A) aqueous acetic acid (0.4%, v/v) and (B) acetonitrile using a gradient elution of 10% B at 0-12 min, 10-17% B at 12-25 min and 17% B at 25-35 min. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and detection wavelength was set at 245 nm. The limit of detection (S/N = 3) ranged from 0.10 to 0.23 microg/mL and the limit of quantification (S/N = 10) ranged from 0.69 to 3.56 microg/mL. All calibration curves showed good linear regression (r2 > 0.9990) within the test ranges. The intra- and inter-day precisions as determined from sample solutions were below 1.24 and 2.28%, respectively. The recoveries for seven compounds were found to range from 94.2 to 103.6%. This verified method has been successfully applied to evaluation of commercial samples of Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae from different markets in China.     

金银花的毛细管电泳指纹图谱研究

采用毛细管区带电泳法,以50 mmol/L硼砂(含20 mmol/L β-环糊精(CD),用磷酸调pH 8.0)为背景电解质,运行电压12 kV,紫外检测波长254 nm,重力进样15 s（高度8.5 cm）,建立了金银花药材水提取液的毛细管电泳指纹图谱(CEFP)。将13个不同产地的金银花药材供试液的CEFP进行比较,以电泳峰出现率100%计,确定金银花的共有指纹峰为18个。该CEFP具有较好的精密度和重现性,分离效能高且成本低廉。提出了指纹图谱宏观含量相似度R、投影含量相似度C和定量相似度P的概念,可从总体上评价药材化学组分的整体含量情况。从两个方面评价各产地药材与对照CEFP间的总体相似性,合格药材应具备以下两个条件：(1)代表化学成分分布相似性的定性相似度(S)≥0.90;(2)描述药材整体化学成分含量的定量相似度(R,C,P,Q)应在80%～120%。以此二类相似度指标控制金银花的质量,建立了指纹图谱评价的又一新方法。     

Binding of naproxen to bovine serum albumin and tryptophan-modified bovine serum albumin

Two classes of binding sites, a single high-affinity site with an association constant of 4·8×10⁶ M⁻¹ and two low-affinity sites with association constant of about 0·05×10⁶ M⁻¹ have been observed in the interaction of Naproxen with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Chemical modification of two tryptophan residues in BSA with 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide has led to a reduction in the association constant of the high-affinity site by 89% and its number of binding sites by 66% suggesting the involvement of tryptophan residues in the high-affinity site. In contrast, the two low-affinity sites were not affected by the modification. Binding of Naproxen to the low-affinity sites of BSA induces microdisorganisation of the albumin structure leading to conformational changes as evident from fluorescence measurements with 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulphonic acid as the probe.     

Comparative DSC study of human and bovine serum albumin

The thermal denaturation process of bovine and human both fatty acid containing and fatty acid free albumins in aqueous solution was studied by use of differential scanning calorimetry. Human serum albumins were found to be more stable than their bovine counterparts. Fatty acid free albumins were characterized as generally less stable, more susceptible to aggregation, their unfolding endothermic transition was less cooperative and with the smaller degree of reversibility. Deconvolution analysis with using a non-two-state model with two component transitions showed essential differences in the thermodynamic parameters between all studied albumins, particularly regarding the high-temperature component transition.     

Thermal stability of bovine serum albumin DSC study

A calorimetric study of thermal denaturation of bovine serum albumin in aqueous solutions has shown essential differences in stability of fatty acid containing and defatted albumin. The first one shows a single endotherm peak in DSC curve near 69°C with enthalpy change about 1000 kJ mol^-1. Defated albumin melts in two different temperature ranges: near 56 and 69°C with enthalpy changes about 300 and 200 kJ mol^-1 respectively. Deconvolution analysis shows that the single endotherm is well approximated as the sum of three independent two-state transitions. Two transitions of bimodal DSC curve for defatted albumin are not of a two-state type. This molecule melts probably as two structurally independent parts. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于超高效液相色谱联用高分辨质谱自动解析方法的金银花不同加工方式分析

金银花干燥加工方式直接影响其药用价值及经济效益。 采用基于超高效液相色谱联用静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱的非靶向代谢组学技术结合化学计量学自动化数据分析策略,分析了不同加工方式对金银花中化学成分的影响。金银花样品经甲醇-水（8∶2,体积比）溶液超声提取30 min,两次离心后取上清液,以Waters Acquity UPLC HSS T3色谱柱（2.1×100 mm, 1.8 μm）分离,乙腈-水溶液（均含有体积分数0.1%的甲酸）进行梯度洗脱。高分辨质谱选择正离子扫描模式（ESI+）并采用FULL MS/DD-MS2（TOP4）模式完成数据采集。在自动化解析方法软件平台对仪器采集的原始信号直接解析,鉴定出绿原酸、芦丁和异槲皮苜等16种差异性化合物。在化学成分解析的基础上,利用层次聚类分析和主成分分析等方法评价了晒干、阴干、电热烘干、烘房烘干、热泵烘干和真空冷冻干燥这6种加工方式获得的金银花样品品质差异。真空冷冻干燥、烘房烘干和热泵干燥等加工方式能够获得外观特征优质的金银花。在真空冷冻干燥方式下,金银花样品中的抗氧化功能性成分能够得到更好的保存。     

水飞蓟素与牛血清白蛋白相互作用的荧光光谱研究

采用同步荧光光谱技术研究了pH=7.40的Tris-HCl缓冲体系中水飞蓟素与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的相互作用以及水飞蓟素对BSA构象的影响.结果表明,水飞蓟素对BSA的荧光猝灭过程为静态猝灭,结合热力学参数△rH∞=-45.21 kJ·mol-1,△rSm=-61.61 J·K-1·mol-1;据此可以推断,水飞蓟素...     

绞股蓝皂苷与牛血清白蛋白相互作用的荧光光谱研究

用荧光光谱技术研究了绞股蓝皂苷与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)在pH=7.40的Tris-HCl缓冲溶液中的相互作用;通过计算确定了绞股蓝皂苷与BSA的结合位点数和结合常数,利用热力学分析探讨了绞股蓝皂苷与BSA之间的结合方式;同时采用同步荧光技术考察了绞股蓝皂苷对BSA构象的影响.结果表明,绞股蓝皂苷对牛血清白蛋白的荧光猝灭过程为静态猝灭;二者主要靠疏水作用和静电引力结合.     

肌醇与牛血清白蛋白相互作用的荧光光谱研究

应用荧光光谱研究了肌醇与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)分子间的相互作用;求出了猝灭常数,讨论了肌醇对BSA构象的影响,并依据能量转移理论确定了肌醇与蛋白的最近距离.结果表明,肌醇与BSA两者间的相互作用为单一的动态猝灭过程.     

Hydrophobic interactions of phenoxazine modulators with bovine serum albumin

The interaction of 10-(3′-N-morpholinopropyl)phenoxazine [MPP], 10-(4′-N-morpholinobutyl)phenoxazine [MBP], 10-(3′-N-morpholinopropyl)-2-chlorophenoxazine [MPCP], 10-(3′-N-piperidinopropyl)-2-chlorophenoxazine [PPCP] or 10-(3′-N-morpholinopropyl)-2-trifluoromethylphenoxazine [MPTP] with bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been studied by gel filtration and equilibrium dialysis methods. The binding of these modulators, based on dialysis experiments, has been characterized using the following parameters: percentage of bound drug (Β), the association constant (K ₁), the apparent binding constant (k) and the free energy change (δF‡). The binding of phenoxazine derivatives to serum transporter protein, BSA, is correlated with their octanol-water partition coefficient, log₁₀ P. In addition, effect of the displacing activities of hydroxyzine and acetylsalicylic acid on the binding of phenoxazine derivatives to albumin has been studied. Results of the displacement experiments show that phenoxazine benzene rings and tertiary amines attached to the side chain of the phenoxazine moiety are bound to a hydrophobic area on the albumin molecule.     

毛细管电泳应用于测定牛血清白蛋白与脂质体的相互作用

建立了一种用毛细管电泳法检测牛血清白蛋白(BSA)与脂质体相互作用的分析方法。氧化指数的测定实验结果表明经过冷冻干燥的脂质体稳定性更好;毛细管电泳表征脂质体的电荷性质实验结果表明脂质体在pH 5.0～8.0的条件下呈电中性。在pH 7.0的条件下,以各种浓度的脂质体混悬液为电泳缓冲液,以0.8%二甲亚砜(DMSO)为内标,随着缓冲液中脂质体质量浓度从0增加到2.4 mg/mL,BSA的有效淌度从-2.232×10-4 cm2·V－1·s－1变化到-3.046×10-4 cm2·V－1·s－1;结合Scatchard分析,测得BSA与脂质体的结合常数为2.522×103(g/mL)－1。该方法简单、快速,为研究蛋白质与脂质体的相互作用提供了新的技术手段。     

槲皮素-铝配合物的制备及其与BSA的结合作用

在甲醇溶液中合成了槲皮素-铝配合物(Que-Al),并用紫外-可见吸收光谱和红外光谱进行了表征;运用荧光光谱探讨了Que-Al与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的相互作用;求得了结合常数KA和热力学参数△H、△G、和△S.结果表明,Que-Al对BSA具有荧光猝灭作用,其猝灭方式为动态猝灭;Que-Al与BSA之间的作用力主要为疏水作用力.     

Stability of bovine serum albumin at different pH

Summary The effect of pH on the thermal denaturation of BSA containing fatty acids was studied by use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thermal scanning of BSA aqueous solutions gave various types of DSC curves depending on the protein concentration and on the pH. The broad bimodal endothermic transition was suggested to be connected with loose protein structure in contradistinction to single peak for compact molecule structure. The propensity toward precipitation at pH conditions ranging from 3.8 to 5 was observed. A scan-rate independent and partly reversible behavior of the thermal heating of BSA was found. Deconvolution of DSC traces in non-two-state model with assumption of two- or three-component transition allowed to study the effect of pH on different parts of BSA molecule.     

3-乙基苯并噻唑螺萘并噁嗪与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用

采用荧光光谱法和热力学方法研究了3-乙基苯并噻唑螺萘并噁嗪(EBSN)与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的相互作用.结果表明,在pH为7.46的Tris-HCl及0.01mol·L-1的NaCl介质中,EBSN能强烈猝灭BSA的荧光,猝灭机理为形成复合物的静态猝灭.在298、306和313K时,两者的表观结合常数Kb分别为1.762 0×104,3.396 3×104和6.123 5×104 L·mol-1.与此同时,EBSN与BSA的结合反应是自发的,作用力主要为疏水作用力;BSA和EBSN的工作曲线分别为F0-F=2.439c-8.322和(F0-F)/F=0.061 89c+0.556 6,对BSA和EBSN的检出限分别为0.015mg·L-1和7.61×10-7 mol·L-1.     

甲苯胺蓝与牛血清白蛋白作用的光谱特性研究

应用荧光光谱法研究了甲苯胺蓝(TB)与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)相互作用的光谱特性.测定了TB与BSA在20℃,30℃和40℃3个温度下的结合常数KA分别为8.94×103,1.75×104,1.74×104L/mol,结合位点数n分别为0.66,0.71和0.93.实验表明:TB与BSA的荧光猝灭主要为静态猝灭;利用Gibbs-Helmholtz方程计算得到热力学参数ΔH为49.416kJ,ΔS为244.876J.mol-1.K-1,探讨了它们的相互作用机理,结果表明TB主要以氢键作用力与BSA相互作用;应用同步荧光技术研究了TB对BSA构象的影响.